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SETTING UP UNIX
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Enclosed are:
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	1. "UNIX Time Sharing System"
	2. "UNIX Assembler Reference Manual"
	3. "C Reference Manual"
	4. "UNIX Programmer's Manual"
	5. "ED Tutorial"
	6. "Regenerating System Software"
	7. The UNIX software on magtape or disk pack.
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If your system
is on magtape,
perform the following bootstrap procedure to obtain
a disk pack.
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	1. Mount magtape on drive 0 at load point.
	2. Mount formatted disk pack on drive 0.
	3. Key in and execute at 100000
		012700
		172526
		010040
		012740
		060003
		000777
	   The tape should move and the CPU loop.
	   (This is not___ the DEC bulk ROM for tape.)
	4. Halt and restart the CPU at 0.
	   The tape should rewind.
	   The console should type '='.
	5. Copy the magtape to disk by the following:
		=		(machine)
		mcopy<		(you) (< is CR or LF)
		p for RP; k for RK< (machine)
		p		(you) (or k as the case may be)
		disk offset<	(machine)
		0<		(you)
		tape offset<	(m)
		75<		(y) (the tape should move)
		count<		(m)
		4000<		(y) (the tape moves more)
		=		(m)
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If you have a UNIX disk and want to extract and
execute UNIX from it,
key in and execute the following program
at location 100000
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	  RP		  RK
	012700		012700
	176726		177414
	005040		005040
	005040		005040
	005040		010040
	010040		012740
	012740		000005
	000005		105710
	105710		002376
	002376		005007
	005007
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NOTE: These programs correspond to the
DEC bulk ROM for RP and RK resp.
The CPU should loop.
At this point type p for RP or k for RK.
A CR will be echoed.
Now type
usr/sys/unix
followed by a CR.
After a delay,
UNIX will come up by announcing
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	mem = xxx
	:login:
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The mem message gives user available memory
in .1K units.
The number should be 120 (for 12K)
or larger for UNIX to fully support
all of its software.
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UNIX is now running.
The "UNIX Programmer's manual" now applies.
(Below references to section X entitled Y
of the programmer's manual are given (Y-X).)
The only valid user names are
root and bin.
The root is the super-user and bin
is the owner of nearly every file in the file system.
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Before UNIX is turned up completely,
a few configuration dependent exercises must be
performed.
First login (login-I) as root.
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FLOATING POINT
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If your machine does
not have the 11/45 floating point option,
(this includes all 11/40 systems)
you must execute the following
command
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	sh /usr/sys/conf/flrc
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This sequence
recompiles the C compiler and the debugger not to use floating point.
It also installs the floating point interpreter
in the standard library and reloads basic, and fortran
to have their floating point interpreted.
The execution should take about 3.5 minutes
and produce various
roman and arabic digits.
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TIME CONVERSION
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If your machine is not in the eastern time zone,
you must edit (ed-I) the subroutine
/usr/source/s4/ctime.c to reflect your local time.
The variable timezone should be changed
to reflect the time difference between local time and GMT.
For EST, this is 5*60*60; for PST it would be 8*60*60.
For example to convert to
pacific time:
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	ed /usr/source/s4/ctime.c
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	/5\\*/s//8*/
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Three lines farther,
is the name of the standard time zone.
It should be changed to reflect local standard time.
Thus continuing
the above example
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	.3s/\\e/\\p/
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The next line is the daylight time zone name, if any.
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	.1s//\\p/
	w
	q
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NOTE that these two names are in upper case
and will have to be edited using
escapes (dc-IV) as shown above.
Two lines farther is the daylight flag.
It has the value 1 which causes the
time to shift to daylight savings automatically
between the last Sundays in April and October.
Normally this will not have to be reset.
The line after that is the Nixon flag.
If set,
the time conversion will reflect daylight savings time
all year.
If the Nixon flag is set,
the daylight flag has no effect.
After ctime.c has been edited
(make sure it is rewritten),
execute the following command.
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	sh /usr/sys/conf/tmrc
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This will recompile all the programs that
use the local time conversion.
This execution takes about 7 minutes,
and requires that the floating point corrections
have been installed if needed.
If the editing of ctime.c was botched,
there will be diagnostics from its compilation.
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Set the current date (date-I).
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SPECIAL FILES
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At this point,
it would be wise to read all of the manuals
and to augment this reading with hand to hand
combat.
It might be instructive to examine
the shell command files for floating point
and time conversions.
The rest of the conversion assumes that
sections I, IV, V, VII, and VIII of the
programmer's manual have been read.
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Next you must put in all of the special files in
the directory /dev using mknod-VIII.
Print the configuration file
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	cat /usr/sys/conf/conf.c
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This is the major
device switch of each device class (block and character).
There is one line for each device configured in your system.
The block special devices are put in first
by executing the following generic command
for each disk or tape drive.
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	/etc/mknod /dev/NAME b MAJOR MINOR
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The NAME is selected from the following list:
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	conf.c	NAME	device
	rf	rf0	RS/RF fixed head disk
	tc	tap0	TC/TU DECtape
	rk	rk0	RK moving head disk
	tm	mt0	TM/TU magtape
	rp	rp0	RP moving head disk
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The MAJOR device number is selected by counting the
line number (from zero)
of the device's entry in the block configuration table.
Thus the first entry in the table bdevsw would be
major device zero.
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The minor device is the drive number,
unit number or partition as described
under each device in section IV.
The last digit of the name
(all given as 0 in the table above)
should reflect the minor device number.
For tapes where the unit is dial selectable,
a special file may be made for each possible
selection.
If the configuration table had
entries for RP, RK, TC and TM
(in that order),
then the following special files might be created.
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	/etc/mknod /dev/rp0 b 0 0
	/etc/mknod /dev/rp1 b 0 1
	/etc/mknod /dev/rk0 b 1 0
	/etc/mknod /dev/rk1 b 1 1
	/etc/mknod /dev/tap0 b 2 0
		...
	/etc/mknod /dev/tap7 b 2 7
	/etc/mknod /dev/mt0 b 3 0
		...
	/etc/mknod /dev/mt7 b 3 7
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This sets up file rp0 and rp1 each as a half of one RP03 drive.
Files rk0 and rk1 correspond to two RK03/RK05 drives.
The tape files will handle up to eight
handlers
dialed to any unit.
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The same goes for the character devices.
Here the names are arbitrary except that
devices meant to be used
for teletype access should be names
/dev/ttyX, where X is any character.
The console is already in as:
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	/etc/mknod /dev/tty8 c 0 0
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MOUNTED FILE SYSTEMS
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If
there are to be more file systems mounted than just the root,
use mkfs-VIII to create the new file system and
put its mounting in the file /etc/rc (see init-VII and mount-VIII).
For example,
to set up a second RK as a mounted file system.
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	/etc/mkfs /dev/rk1 4872
	/etc/mount /dev/rk1 /mnt
	ed /etc/rc
	$a
	/etc/mount /dev/rk1 /mnt
	.
	w
	q
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NEW USERS
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Install new users by editing the password file
/etc/passwd (passwd-V).
You'll have to make current directories for the new users
in either /usr or /mnt
and change their owners to the
newly installed name.
Login as each user to make sure the password
file is correctly edited.
For example:
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	ed /etc/passwd
	$a
	joe::10::/mnt/joe:
	.
	w
	q
	mkdir /mnt/joe
	chown joe /mnt/joe
	login joe
	ls -la
	login root
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This will make a new login entry for joe.
His default current directory is
/mnt/joe
which has been created.
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ODDS AND ENDS
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If UNIX is to support simultaneous
access from more than just the console teletype,
the program /etc/init
(source /usr/source/s1/init.c)
must be recompiled.
Each additional character device teletype interface
must be created in /dev with a name of the form
/dev/ttyX.
The source of /etc/init has a table
of these names.
Currently,
only the name '8'
(for /dev/tty8) is in this table.
The following sequence will recompile init
to add the names tty0 and tty1.
(It is assumed that these files already exist.)
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	chdir /usr/source/s1
	ed init.c
	/'8'/a
	'0', 0,
	'1', 0,
	.
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	cc -n init.c
	strip a.out
	cp a.out /etc/init
	rm a.out
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This program is the most sensitive in the whole
system.
If a bad version is installed,
its all over.
If this table is botched,
it might be possible to come up
single user and repair the damage.
(see init-VII)
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The programs
dump,
check and df
(source
check.c,
dump.c,
and df.c
all in /usr/source/s1)
/usr/source/s1/df.c)
have to be changed to
reflect your default mounted file system devices.
Print the first few lines of these
programs and the changes will be obvious.
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Once running,
you should use check to check
your file systems often to
insure consistency.
Never stop your machine without first
executing sync.
Dumping is done by copying (cp-I) file systems
to backup devices.
Restoring can be done with
cp or with the
standalone program mcopy.
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The following programs out of the
programmer's manual are not provided:
catsim(I),
man(I),
nroff(I),
opr(I),
plot(I),
speak(I),
troff(I),
tss(I),
gerts(III),
vt(III),
azel(VI),
m6(VI),
maze(VI),
ov(VI),
sky(VI),
spline(VI),
tmg(VI),
yacc(VI),
dpd(VII),
tmheader(VII),
vs(VII),
20boot(VIII) and
update(VIII).
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The source of the following programs from the manual is
not provided:
cref(I),
proof(I),
bj(VI),
chess(VI),
cubic(VI),
moo(VI),
ttt(VI) and
wump(VI).
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The source that is provided on the file system is quite
space consuming.
You will want to probably dump it offline (with dump-VIII, tp-I or cp-I as above)
and remove it.
Care should be exercised in deleting any files in
the following directories:
/bin, /etc, /lib, /usr/bin, /usr/lib, /usr/games.
Also the following files should not be deleted:
/usr/fort/fc1, /usr/sys/unix,
/dev/tty8.
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The source of the system proper
is kept in /usr/sys.
Most of the subsystem source is kept in /usr/source.
for a complete list of the file system,
use check-VIII or du-I (with -l flag).
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If you would like to share any UNIX compatible
software with others,
please let us know about it.
If you find bugs in the software or the
documentation,
again let us know.
And finally if you need any help that we can provide
we'll do all we can.
We expect to have a UNIX seminar early in 1974.
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Good luck.
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Ken Thompson
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Dennis Ritchie
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Bell Telephone Labs
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Murray Hill, NJ 07974