%!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.16.1 %%CreationDate: Sun Jul 7 12:31:58 2002 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.16 1 %%Pages: 14 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments %%BeginProlog %%BeginResource: procset grops 1.16 1 /setpacking where{ pop currentpacking true setpacking }if /grops 120 dict dup begin /SC 32 def /A/show load def /B{0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def /C{0 exch ashow}bind def /D{0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def /E{0 rmoveto show}bind def /F{0 rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def /G{0 rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def /H{0 rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def /I{0 exch rmoveto show}bind def /J{0 exch rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def /K{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def /L{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def /M{rmoveto show}bind def /N{rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def /O{rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def /P{rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def /Q{moveto show}bind def /R{moveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def /S{moveto 0 exch ashow}bind def /T{moveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def /SF{ findfont exch [exch dup 0 exch 0 exch neg 0 0]makefont dup setfont [exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def }bind def /MF{ findfont [5 2 roll 0 3 1 roll neg 0 0]makefont dup setfont [exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def }bind def /level0 0 def /RES 0 def /PL 0 def /LS 0 def /MANUAL{ statusdict begin/manualfeed true store end }bind def /PLG{ gsave newpath clippath pathbbox grestore exch pop add exch pop }bind def /BP{ /level0 save def 1 setlinecap 1 setlinejoin 72 RES div dup scale LS{ 90 rotate }{ 0 PL translate }ifelse 1 -1 scale }bind def /EP{ level0 restore showpage }bind def /DA{ newpath arcn stroke }bind def /SN{ transform .25 sub exch .25 sub exch round .25 add exch round .25 add exch itransform }bind def /DL{ SN moveto SN lineto stroke }bind def /DC{ newpath 0 360 arc 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J.) 214.815 138 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF .169(In man)94.5 173 R 2.419(yw) -.135 G(ays,)-2.509 E/F4 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.419 E F3 .169 (is the state of the art in com-)2.419 F .209(puter operating systems.) 72 184 R .209(From the user')4.709 F 2.459(sp)-.495 G .21(oint of vie) -2.459 F -.585(w,)-.225 G .176 (it is easy to learn and use, and presents fe)72 195 R 2.426(wo)-.225 G 2.426(ft)-2.426 G .176(he usual)-2.426 F (impediments to getting the job done.)72 206 Q 2.43(It is hard, ho)94.5 220.3 R(we)-.225 E -.135(ve)-.225 G 3.15 -.36(r, f).135 H 2.43 (or the be).36 F 2.43(ginner to kno)-.135 F(w)-.225 E .609 (where to start, and ho)72 231.3 R 2.858(wt)-.225 G 2.858(om)-2.858 G (ak)-2.858 E 2.858(et)-.09 G .608(he best use of the f)-2.858 F(a-)-.09 E .376(cilities a)72 242.3 R -.225(va)-.18 G 2.627(ilable. 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A)76.5 606.4 R F4(UNIX) 2.444 E F3 .194(Reading List.)2.444 F .194(An annotated bibliograph) 4.694 F(y)-.045 E(of documents w)94.5 617.4 Q(orth reading by ne)-.09 E 2.25(wu)-.225 G(sers.)-2.25 E/F7 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.25(I. GETTING)72 650.4 R(ST)2.25 E(AR)-.81 E(TED)-.36 E(Logging In)72 672.4 Q F3 1.651 (Most of the details about logging in are in the)94.5 686.7 R .463 (manual section called `)72 697.7 R(`Ho)-.666 E 2.713(wt)-.225 G 2.714 (oG)-2.713 G .464(et Started')-2.714 F 2.714('\()-.666 G(pages)-2.714 E F6(iv-)2.714 E(v)72 708.7 Q F3 .603(in the 5th Edition\).)2.853 F .603 (Here are a couple of e)5.103 F .603(xtra w)-.135 F(arn-)-.09 E(ings.)72 719.7 Q -.99(Yo)324.9 173 S 2.298(um).99 G .048(ust ha)-2.298 F .318 -.135(ve a)-.18 H F4(UNIX)2.433 E F3 .049(login name, which you can) 2.298 F 1.461(get from whoe)302.4 184 R -.135(ve)-.225 G 3.711(ra).135 G 1.461(dministers your system.)-3.711 F -.99(Yo)5.96 G 3.71(ua).99 G(lso) -3.71 E 1.623(need to kno)302.4 195 R 3.873(wt)-.225 G 1.623 (he phone number)-3.873 F(.)-.495 E F4(UNIX)6.123 E F3 1.624 (is capable of)3.874 F .185(dealing with a v)302.4 206 R .184 (ariety of terminals: T)-.225 F .184(erminet 300')-.63 F .184(s; Ex-) -.495 F 3.478(ecuport, TI and similar portables; video terminals;)302.4 217 R(GSI')302.4 228 Q 1.561(s; and e)-.495 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 3.811(nt) .135 G 1.56(he v)-3.811 F 1.56(enerable T)-.135 F 1.56(eletype in its v) -.63 F(arious)-.225 E 2.345(forms. But)302.4 239 R(note:)2.345 E F4 (UNIX)2.345 E F3 .096(will not handle IBM 2741 termi-)2.345 F 1.118 (nals and their deri)302.4 250 R -.225(va)-.225 G(ti).225 E -.135(ve) -.225 G 3.367(s\().135 G 1.117(e.g., some Anderson-Jacob-)-3.367 F 1.748 (sons, No)302.4 261 R -.225(va)-.135 G 3.998(r\). Furthermore,).225 F F4 (UNIX)3.998 E F3 1.748(is strongly oriented)3.998 F(to)302.4 272 Q -.09 (wa)-.225 G .539(rds de).09 F .539(vices with)-.225 F F6 .539 (lower case)2.789 F(.)-.135 E F3 .539(If your terminal pro-)5.039 F 1.659(duces only upper case \(e.g., model 33 T)302.4 283 R 1.66 (eletype\), life)-.63 F .352(will be so dif)302.4 294 R .352 (\214cult that you should look for another ter)-.225 F(-)-.18 E(minal.) 302.4 305 Q .453(Be sure to set the switches appropriately on your)324.9 319.3 R(de)302.4 330.3 Q .596(vice: speed \(if it')-.225 F 2.846(sv) -.495 G .596(ariable\) to 30 characters per sec-)-3.071 F .148(ond, lo) 302.4 341.3 R .148(wer case, full duple)-.225 F .148(x, e)-.135 F -.135 (ve)-.225 G 2.398(np).135 G(arity)-2.398 E 2.398(,a)-.585 G .148(nd an) -2.398 F 2.398(yo)-.135 G(thers)-2.398 E 1.124 (that local wisdom advises.)302.4 352.3 R 1.123 (Establish a connection us-)5.624 F .875(ing whate)302.4 363.3 R -.135 (ve)-.225 G 3.125(rm).135 G .876(agic is needed for your terminal.) -3.125 F F4(UNIX)5.376 E F3 1.278(should type `)302.4 374.3 R(`login:') -.666 E 3.528('a)-.666 G 3.528(ty)-3.528 G 3.528(ou. If)-3.528 F 1.278 (it types g)3.528 F 1.278(arbage, you)-.045 F .783 (may be at the wrong speed; push the `break' or `inter)302.4 385.3 R(-) -.18 E .121(rupt' k)302.4 396.3 R .391 -.135(ey o)-.09 H 2.371(nce. If) .135 F .121(that f)2.371 F .12(ails to produce a login message,)-.09 F (consult a guru.)302.4 407.3 Q .589(When you get a `)324.9 421.6 R (`login:')-.666 E 2.84('m)-.666 G .59(essage, type your lo-)-2.84 F .941 (gin name)302.4 432.6 R F6 .941(in lower case)3.191 F(.)-.135 E F3 -.135 (Fo)5.441 G(llo).135 E 3.191(wi)-.225 G 3.191(tb)-3.191 G 3.191(ya) -3.191 G F4(RETURN)A F3 .94(if the)3.19 F .147(terminal has one.)302.4 443.6 R .147(If a passw)4.647 F .148(ord is required, you will be)-.09 F (ask)302.4 454.6 Q .269 (ed for it, and \(if possible\) printing will be turned of)-.09 F(f) -.225 E 1.654(while you type it, ag)302.4 465.6 R 1.654(ain follo)-.045 F 1.655(wed by a)-.225 F F4(RETURN.)3.905 E F3(\(On)6.155 E 2.552(M37 T) 302.4 476.6 R 2.552(eletypes al)-.63 F -.09(wa)-.09 G 2.552(ys use).09 F F4(NEWLINE)4.802 E F3(or)4.801 E F4(LINEFEED)4.801 E F3(in)4.801 E (place of)302.4 487.6 Q F4(RETURN)2.25 E F3(\).)A .232 (The culmination of your login ef)324.9 501.9 R .232(forts is a percent) -.225 F .915(sign `)302.4 512.9 R(`%')-.666 E 3.165('. The)-.666 F .914 (percent sign means that)3.165 F F4(UNIX)3.164 E F3 .914(is ready)3.164 F .515(to accept commands from the terminal.)302.4 523.9 R(\(Y)5.015 E .516(ou may also)-.99 F .354 (get a message of the day just before the percent sign or)302.4 534.9 R 2.25(an)302.4 545.9 S(oti\214cation that you ha)-2.25 E .27 -.135(ve m) -.18 H(ail.\)).135 E F7 -.666(Ty)302.4 567.9 S(ping Commands).666 E F3 .685(Once you')324.9 582.2 R .955 -.135(ve s)-.45 H .685 (een the percent sign, you can type).135 F .34 (commands, which are requests that)302.4 593.2 R F4(UNIX)2.59 E F3 .339 (do something.)2.59 F -.315(Tr)302.4 604.2 S 2.25(yt).315 G(yping)-2.25 E(date)329.4 621.2 Q(follo)302.4 638.2 Q 1.296(wed by)-.225 F F4 (RETURN.)3.546 E F3 -.99(Yo)5.796 G 3.547(us).99 G 1.297 (hould get back something)-3.547 F(lik)302.4 649.2 Q(e)-.09 E (Sun Sep 22 10:52:29 EDT 1974)329.4 666.2 Q(Don')302.4 683.2 Q 2.526(tf) -.162 G(or)-2.526 E .276(get the)-.162 F F4(RETURN)2.526 E F3 .275 (after the command, or nothing)2.526 F .731(will happen.)302.4 694.2 R .731(If you think you')5.231 F .731(re being ignored, type a)-.45 F F4 (RETURN)302.4 705.2 Q F3 2.402(;s)C .152(omething should happen.)-2.402 F 1.591 -.72(We w)4.652 H(on').63 E 2.401(ts)-.162 G(ho)-2.401 E 2.401 (wt)-.225 G(he)-2.401 E(carriage returns, b)302.4 716.2 Q(ut the)-.18 E 2.25(yh)-.135 G -2.025 -.18(av e)-2.25 H(to be there.)2.43 E EP %%Page: 2 2 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<893289>279 58 S 1.086 (Another command you might try is)94.5 105 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(who) 3.337 E F0 3.337(,w)C(hich)-3.337 E(tells you e)72 116 Q -.135(ve)-.225 G(ryone who is currently logged in:).135 E(who)99 133 Q(gi)72 150 Q -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.25(ss).135 G(omething lik)-2.25 E(e)-.09 E 8.748 (pjp ttyf)99 167 R(Sep 22 09:40)9.999 E 4.752(bwk ttyg)99 178 R (Sep 22 09:48)8.496 E 6.75(mel ttyh)99 189 R(Sep 22 09:58)8.496 E (The time is when the user logged in.)72 206 Q 3.293(If you mak)94.5 220.3 R 5.543(eam)-.09 G(istak)-5.543 E 5.543(et)-.09 G 3.292 (yping the command)-5.543 F(name,)72 231.3 Q/F2 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX) 2.25 E F0(will tell you.)2.25 E -.135(Fo)4.5 G 2.25(re).135 G (xample, if you type)-2.385 E(whom)99 248.3 Q(you will be told)72 265.3 Q(whom: not found)99 282.3 Q F1(Strange T)72 310.3 Q(erminal Beha)-.828 E(vior)-.225 E F0 1.39(Sometimes you can get into a state where your) 94.5 324.6 R 1.357(terminal acts strangely)72 335.6 R 5.857(.F)-.585 G 1.356(or e)-5.992 F 1.356(xample, each letter may)-.135 F 1.788 (be typed twice, or the)72 346.6 R F2(RETURN)4.038 E F0 1.788 (may not cause a line)4.038 F 2.511(feed. Y)72 357.6 R .26 (ou can often \214x this by logging out and logging)-.99 F 1.164 (back in.)72 368.6 R 1.165(Or you can read the description of the com-) 5.664 F(mand)72 379.6 Q F1(stty)2.42 E F0 .169 (in section I of the manual.)2.42 F .169(This will also tell)4.669 F 1.419(you ho)72 390.6 R 3.669(wt)-.225 G 3.67(og)-3.669 G 1.42 (et intelligent treatment of tab characters)-3.67 F .34 (\(which are much used in)72 401.6 R F2(UNIX)2.589 E F0 2.589(\)i)C 2.589(fy)-2.589 G .339(our terminal doesn')-2.589 F(t)-.162 E(ha)72 412.6 Q 1.732 -.135(ve t)-.18 H 3.712(abs. If).135 F 1.462(it does ha) 3.712 F 1.733 -.135(ve c)-.18 H(omputer).135 E 1.463 (-settable tabs, the)-.18 F(command)72 423.6 Q F1(tabs)2.25 E F0 (will set the stops correctly for you.)2.25 E F1(Mistak)72 445.6 Q (es in T)-.09 E(yping)-.666 E F0 1.146(If you mak)94.5 459.9 R 3.396 (eat)-.09 G 1.146(yping mistak)-3.396 F 1.146(e, and see it before)-.09 F .872(the carriage return has been typed, there are tw)72 470.9 R 3.122 (ow)-.09 G(ays)-3.212 E 2.576(to reco)72 481.9 R -.135(ve)-.135 G 5.816 -.495(r. T).135 H 2.575(he sharp-character `).495 F(`#')-.666 E 4.825 ('e)-.666 G 2.575(rases the last)-4.825 F 1.682(character typed; in f)72 492.9 R 1.682(act successi)-.09 F 1.952 -.135(ve u)-.225 H 1.682 (ses of `).135 F(`#')-.666 E 3.932('e)-.666 G(rase)-3.932 E .246 (characters back to the be)72 503.9 R .246(ginning of the line \(b)-.135 F .245(ut not be-)-.18 F 2.451(yond\). So)72 514.9 R .201 (if you type badly)2.451 F 2.451(,y)-.585 G .202 (ou can correct as you go:)-2.451 F(dd#atte##e)99 531.9 Q (is the same as `)72 548.9 Q(`date')-.666 E('.)-.666 E 2.851 (The at-sign `)94.5 563.2 R(`@')-.666 E 5.101('e)-.666 G 2.85 (rases all of the characters)-5.101 F .184(typed so f)72 574.2 R .184 (ar on the current input line, so if the line is ir)-.09 F(-)-.18 E (retrie)72 585.2 Q -.225(va)-.225 G 1.046(bly fouled up, type an `).225 F(`@')-.666 E 3.296('a)-.666 G 1.046(nd start o)-3.296 F -.135(ve)-.135 G 3.296(r\().135 G(on)-3.296 E(the same line!\).)72 596.2 Q .563 (What if you must enter a sharp or at-sign as part)94.5 610.5 R 1.472 (of the te)72 621.5 R 3.721(xt? If)-.135 F 1.471(you precede either `) 3.721 F(`#')-.666 E 3.721('o)-.666 G 3.721(r`)-3.721 G(`@')-4.387 E 3.721('b)-.666 G 3.721(ya)-3.721 G .65(backslash `)72 632.5 R(`\\')-.666 E .65(', it loses its erase meaning.)-.666 F .651(This implies)5.151 F .004(that to erase a backslash, you ha)72 643.5 R .274 -.135(ve t)-.18 H 2.254(ot).135 G .004(ype tw)-2.254 F 2.254(os)-.09 G .004(harps or) -2.254 F(tw)72 654.5 Q 2.401(oa)-.09 G 2.401(t-signs. 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Y)302.4 345.9 R (ou can also type)-.99 E(login name\211of\211ne)329.4 362.9 Q(w\211user) -.225 E .814(and let someone else use the terminal you were on.)302.4 379.9 R(It)5.314 E .857(is not suf)302.4 390.9 R .856 (\214cient just to turn of)-.225 F 3.106(ft)-.225 G .856(he terminal.) -3.106 F F2(UNIX)5.356 E F0(has)3.106 E .917 (no time-out mechanism, so you')302.4 401.9 R .917(ll be there fore)-.09 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 3.167(ru).135 G(n-)-3.167 E(less you hang up.)302.4 412.9 Q F1(Mail)302.4 434.9 Q F0 1.982 (When you log in, you may sometimes get the)324.9 449.2 R(message)302.4 460.2 Q -.99(Yo)329.4 477.2 S 2.25(uh).99 G -2.025 -.18(av e)-2.25 H (mail.)2.43 E F2(UNIX)302.4 494.2 Q F0(pro)2.927 E .677 (vides a postal system so you can send and re-)-.135 F(cei)302.4 505.2 Q 1.767 -.135(ve l)-.225 H 1.497(etters from other users of the system.) .135 F 2.937 -.72(To r)5.997 H(ead).72 E(your mail, issue the command) 302.4 516.2 Q(mail)329.4 533.2 Q -.99(Yo)302.4 550.2 S (ur mail will be printed, and then you will be ask).99 E(ed)-.09 E(Sa) 329.4 567.2 Q -.135(ve)-.18 G(?).135 E .584(If you do w)302.4 584.2 R .584(ant to sa)-.09 F .854 -.135(ve t)-.18 H .584(he mail, type).135 F /F3 9/Times-Italic@0 SF -.495(y,)2.834 G F0 .585(for `)3.33 F(`yes') -.666 E .585('; an)-.666 F(y)-.135 E(other response means `)302.4 595.2 Q(`no')-.666 E('.)-.666 E(Ho)324.9 609.5 Q 3.824(wd)-.225 G 3.824(oy) -3.824 G 1.574(ou send mail to someone else?)-3.824 F(Sup-)6.073 E .428 (pose it is to go to `)302.4 620.5 R(`joe')-.666 E 2.679('\()-.666 G .429(assuming `)-2.679 F(`joe')-.666 E 2.679('i)-.666 G 2.679(ss)-2.679 G(omeone')-2.679 E(s)-.495 E(login name\).)302.4 631.5 Q(The easiest w) 4.5 E(ay is this:)-.09 E(mail joe)329.4 648.5 Q F3(now type in the te) 329.4 659.5 Q(xt of the letter)-.18 E(on as many lines as you lik)329.4 670.5 Q 2.25(e.)-.09 G(..)-2.25 E(after the last line of the letter) 329.4 681.5 Q(type the c)329.4 692.5 Q(har)-.135 E(acter `)-.135 E (`contr)-.999 E(ol\211d')-.405 E(',)-.999 E(that is, hold down `)329.4 703.5 Q(`contr)-.999 E(ol')-.405 E 2.25('a)-.999 G(nd type)-2.25 E 2.25 (al)329.4 714.5 S(etter `)-2.25 E(`d')-.999 E('.)-.999 E EP %%Page: 3 3 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Italic@0 SF<89>0 11 Q/F1 9/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.25<893389>279 58 S .139(And that')72 105 R 2.389(si)-.495 G 2.389(t. The)-2.389 F -.666(``)2.389 G(control-d').666 E 2.389('s)-.666 G .139 (equence, usually called)-2.389 F -.666(``)72 116 S(EO).666 E(T')-.36 E .257(', is used throughout)-.666 F/F2 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.508 E F1 .258(to mark the end of in-)2.508 F .176 (put from a terminal, so you might as well get used to it.)72 127 R .123 (There are other w)94.5 141.3 R .123(ays to send mail _ you can send) -.09 F 2.298(ap)72 152.3 S(re)-2.298 E .048(viously prepared letter) -.225 F 2.298(,a)-.36 G .048(nd you can mail to a num-)-2.298 F .353 (ber of people all at once.)72 163.3 R -.135(Fo)4.853 G 2.603(rm).135 G .353(ore details see)-2.603 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(mail)2.604 E F1 (\(I\).)1.5 E 1.354(The notation)94.5 177.6 R F3(mail)3.604 E F1 1.353 (\(I\) means the command)1.5 F F3(mail)3.603 E F1 (in section \(I\) of the)72 188.6 Q/F4 7/Times-Italic@0 SF(UNIX)2.25 E F0(Pr)2.25 E -.09(og)-.405 G -.135(ra).09 G(mmer').135 E 2.25(sM)-.36 G (anual.)-2.25 E F3(Writing to other users)72 210.6 Q F1 1.943 (At some point in your)94.5 224.9 R F2(UNIX)4.193 E F1(career)4.193 E 4.194(,o)-.36 G 1.944(ut of the)-4.194 F(blue will come a message lik)72 235.9 Q(e)-.09 E(Message from joe...)99 252.9 Q 2.267 (accompanied by a startling beep.)72 269.9 R 2.267(It means that Joe) 6.767 F -.09(wa)72 280.9 S .385(nts to talk to you, b).09 F .385 (ut unless you tak)-.18 F 2.636(ee)-.09 G .386(xplicit action)-2.771 F 1.286(you w)72 291.9 R(on')-.09 E 3.536(tb)-.162 G 3.535(ea)-3.536 G 1.285(ble to talk back.)-3.535 F 2.725 -.72(To r)5.785 H 1.285 (espond, type the).72 F(command)72 302.9 Q(write joe)99 319.9 Q .754 (This establishes a tw)72 336.9 R(o-w)-.09 E .755 (ay communication path.)-.09 F(No)5.255 E(w)-.225 E(whate)72 347.9 Q -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.388(rJ).135 G .138 (oe types on his terminal will appear on yours)-2.388 F .741(and vice v) 72 358.9 R 2.991(ersa. The)-.135 F .742(path is slo)2.991 F 1.912 -.585 (w, r)-.225 H .742(ather lik).585 F 2.992(et)-.09 G .742(alking to) -2.992 F .587(the moon.)72 369.9 R .587 (\(If you are in the middle of something, you)5.087 F(ha)72 380.9 Q 1.129 -.135(ve t)-.18 H 3.11(og).135 G .86 (et to a state where you can type a command.)-3.11 F(Normally)72 391.9 Q 2.316(,w)-.585 G(hate)-2.316 E -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.316(rp).135 G .065 (rogram you are running has to ter)-2.316 F(-)-.18 E .566 (minate or be terminated.)72 402.9 R .566(If you')5.066 F .566 (re editing, you can es-)-.45 F (cape temporarily from the editor _ read the manual.\))72 413.9 Q 2.58 (Ap)94.5 428.2 S .33(rotocol is needed to k)-2.58 F .33 (eep what you type from)-.09 F 1.109(getting g)72 439.2 R 1.109 (arbled up with what Joe types.)-.045 F -.72(Ty)5.61 G 1.11(pically it') .72 F(s)-.495 E(lik)72 450.2 Q 2.25(et)-.09 G(his:)-2.25 E(Joe types `) 99 467.2 Q(`write smith')-.666 E 2.25('a)-.666 G(nd w)-2.25 E(aits.)-.09 E(Smith types `)99 478.2 Q(`write joe')-.666 E 2.25('a)-.666 G(nd w) -2.25 E(aits.)-.09 E .415(Joe no)99 489.2 R 2.665(wt)-.225 G .415 (ypes his message \(as man)-2.665 F 2.665(yl)-.135 G .415(ines as he) -2.665 F(lik)99 500.2 Q 2.34(es\). When)-.09 F(he')2.34 E 2.34(sr)-.495 G .09(eady for a reply)-2.34 F 2.34(,h)-.585 G 2.34(es)-2.34 G .09 (ignals it)-2.34 F(by typing \(o\), which stands for `)99 511.2 Q(`o) -.666 E -.135(ve)-.135 G(r').135 E('.)-.666 E(No)99 522.2 Q 4.382(wS) -.225 G 2.132(mith types a reply)-4.382 F 4.382(,a)-.585 G 2.131 (lso terminated by)-4.382 F(\(o\).)99 533.2 Q 1.144(This c)99 544.2 R 1.144(ycle repeats until someone gets tired; he)-.135 F 1.909 (then signals his intent to quit with \(o+o\), for)99 555.2 R -.666(``) 99 566.2 S -.135(ove).666 G 2.25(ra).135 G(nd out')-2.25 E('.)-.666 E 3.205 -.72(To t)99 577.2 T 1.765(erminate the con).72 F -.135(ve)-.36 G 1.766(rsation, each side must).135 F 1.856(type a `)99 588.2 R (`control\211d')-.666 E 4.105('c)-.666 G 1.855 (haracter alone on a line.)-4.105 F(\(`)99 599.2 Q(`Delete')-.666 E 3.096('a)-.666 G .846(lso w)-3.096 F 3.096(orks.\) When)-.09 F .846 (the other person)3.096 F .279(types his `)99 610.2 R(`control\211d') -.666 E .279(', you will get the message)-.666 F -.666(``)99 621.2 S(EO) .666 E(T')-.36 E 2.25('o)-.666 G 2.25(ny)-2.25 G(our terminal.)-2.25 E 1.031(If you write to someone who isn')94.5 641.5 R 3.281(tl)-.162 G 1.031(ogged in, or)-3.281 F .322(who doesn')72 652.5 R 2.572(tw)-.162 G .321(ant to be disturbed, you')-2.662 F .321(ll be told.)-.09 F .321 (If the)4.821 F(tar)72 663.5 Q .415(get is logged in b)-.162 F .415 (ut doesn')-.18 F 2.665(ta)-.162 G .415(nswer after a decent in-)-2.665 F(terv)72 674.5 Q(al, simply type `)-.225 E(`control-d')-.666 E('.)-.666 E F3(On-line Manual)72 696.5 Q F1(The)94.5 710.8 Q F2(UNIX)2.702 E F1 (Programmer')2.702 E 2.702(sM)-.495 G .452(anual is typically k)-2.702 F (ept)-.09 E 3.17(on-line. If)72 721.8 R .92 (you get stuck on something, and can')3.17 F 3.17<748c>-.162 G(nd)-3.17 E .751(an e)302.4 105 R .751 (xpert to assist you, you can print on your terminal)-.135 F 1.263 (some manual section that might help.)302.4 116 R(It')5.764 E 3.514(sa) -.495 G 1.264(lso useful)-3.514 F 1.078 (for getting the most up-to-date information on a com-)302.4 127 R 3.47 (mand. T)302.4 138 R 3.47(op)-.72 G 1.221(rint a manual section, type `) -3.47 F 1.221(`man section-)-.666 F(name')302.4 149 Q 2.25('. Thus)-.666 F(to read up on the)2.25 E F3(who)2.25 E F1(command, type)2.25 E (man who)329.4 166 Q .89(If the section in question isn')302.4 183 R 3.139(ti)-.162 G 3.139(np)-3.139 G .889(art I of the manual,)-3.139 F (you ha)302.4 194 Q .27 -.135(ve t)-.18 H 2.25(og).135 G -1.935 -.225 (iv e)-2.25 H(the section number as well, as in)2.475 E(man 6 chess) 329.4 211 Q .426(Of course you')302.4 228 R .427 (re out of luck if you can')-.45 F 2.677(tr)-.162 G .427(emember the) -2.677 F(section name.)302.4 239 Q F3 2.25(II. D)302.4 261 R -1.278 -.9 (AY -)-.315 H -.162(TO).9 G(-D).162 E 1.8 -.9(AY U)-.315 H(SE).9 E(Cr) 302.4 283 Q(eating Files _ The Editor)-.162 E F1 1.332(If we ha)324.9 297.3 R 1.602 -.135(ve t)-.18 H 3.581(ot).135 G 1.331 (ype a paper or a letter or a pro-)-3.581 F .51(gram, ho)302.4 308.3 R 2.76(wd)-.225 G 2.76(ow)-2.76 G 2.76(eg)-2.76 G .51 (et the information stored in the ma-)-2.76 F 4.488(chine? Most)302.4 319.3 R 2.237(of these tasks are done with the)4.488 F F2(UNIX)4.487 E F1 -.666(``)302.4 330.3 S(te).666 E 1.262(xt editor')-.135 F(')-.666 E F3(ed)3.512 E F1 5.762(.S)C(ince)-5.762 E F3(ed)3.513 E F1 1.263 (is thoroughly documented)3.513 F(in)302.4 341.3 Q F3(ed)2.572 E F1 .322 (\(I\) and e)1.5 F .321(xplained in)-.135 F F0 2.571(AT)2.571 G .321 (utorial Intr)-3.066 F .321(oduction to the)-.405 F 1.503(UNIX T)302.4 352.3 R -.18(ex)-.828 G 3.753(tE).18 G(ditor)-3.753 E(,)-.999 E F1 1.503 (we w)3.753 F(on')-.09 E 3.753(ts)-.162 G 1.503(pend an)-3.753 F 3.753 (yt)-.135 G 1.503(ime here de-)-3.753 F .721(scribing ho)302.4 363.3 R 2.971(wt)-.225 G 2.971(ou)-2.971 G .721(se it.)-2.971 F .721(All we w) 5.221 F .721(ant it for right no)-.09 F 2.97(wi)-.225 G(s)-2.97 E .467 (to mak)302.4 374.3 R 2.717(es)-.09 G(ome)-2.717 E F0(\214les.)2.717 E F1 .467(\(A \214le is just a collection of infor)4.967 F(-)-.18 E .443 (mation stored in the machine, a simplistic b)302.4 385.3 R .443 (ut adequate)-.18 F(de\214nition.\))302.4 396.3 Q 2.574 -.72(To c)324.9 410.6 T 1.134(reate a \214le with some te).72 F 1.134 (xt in it, do the fol-)-.135 F(lo)302.4 421.6 Q(wing:)-.225 E 9.504 (ed \(in)331.65 438.6 R -.18(vo)-.36 G -.09(ke).18 G 2.25(st).09 G (he te)-2.25 E(xt editor\))-.135 E 16.254(a\()331.65 449.6 S (command to `)-16.254 E(`ed')-.666 E(', to add te)-.666 E(xt\))-.135 E F0(now type in)331.65 460.6 Q(whate)331.65 471.6 Q(ver te)-.135 E (xt you want ...)-.18 E F3(.)331.65 482.6 Q F1 (\(signals the end of adding te)18 E(xt\))-.135 E .398 (At this point we could do v)302.4 499.6 R .398 (arious editing operations on)-.225 F 1.362(the te)302.4 510.6 R 1.362 (xt we typed in, such as correcting spelling mis-)-.135 F(tak)302.4 521.6 Q .666(es, rearranging paragraphs and the lik)-.09 F 2.916 (e. Finally)-.09 F 2.916(,w)-.585 G(e)-2.916 E .343 (write the information we ha)302.4 532.6 R .614 -.135(ve t)-.18 H .344 (yped into a \214le with the).135 F(editor command `)302.4 543.6 Q(`w') -.666 E(':)-.666 E 2.25(wj)329.4 560.6 S(unk)-2.25 E F3(ed)302.4 577.6 Q F1 .654(will respond with the number of characters it wrote)2.904 F (into the \214le called `)302.4 588.6 Q(`junk')-.666 E('.)-.666 E .436 (Suppose we no)324.9 602.9 R 2.686(wa)-.225 G .436(dd a fe)-2.686 F 2.686(wm)-.225 G .436(ore lines with `)-2.686 F(`a')-.666 E(',)-.666 E .482(terminate them with `)302.4 613.9 R(`.)-.666 E -.666('')-.63 G 2.732(,a).666 G .482(nd write the whole thing out)-2.732 F(as `)302.4 624.9 Q(`temp')-.666 E(', using)-.666 E 2.25(wt)329.4 641.9 S(emp)-2.25 E 3.438 -.72(We s)302.4 658.9 T 1.998(hould no).72 F 4.248(wh)-.225 G -2.025 -.18(av e)-4.248 H(tw)4.428 E 4.248<6f8c>-.09 G 1.998 (les, a smaller one called)-4.248 F -.666(``)302.4 669.9 S(junk').666 E 4.235('a)-.666 G 1.985(nd a bigger one \(bigger by the e)-4.235 F 1.985 (xtra lines\))-.135 F(called `)302.4 680.9 Q(`temp')-.666 E 2.25('. T) -.666 F(ype a `)-.72 E(`q')-.666 E 2.25('t)-.666 G 2.25(oq)-2.25 G (uit the editor)-2.25 E(.)-.495 E EP %%Page: 4 4 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<893489>279 58 S/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(What \214les ar)72 105 Q 2.25(eo)-.162 G(ut ther)-2.25 E(e?)-.162 E F0(The)94.5 119.3 Q F1(ls)2.806 E F0 .557(\(for `)2.807 F(`list')-.666 E .557('\) command lists the names \(not)-.666 F .75(contents\) of an)72 130.3 R 2.999(yo)-.135 G 2.999(ft)-2.999 G .749(he \214les that)-2.999 F /F2 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.999 E F0(kno)2.999 E .749(ws about.)-.225 F(If)5.249 E(we type)72 141.3 Q(ls)99 158.3 Q(the response will be)72 175.3 Q(junk)99 192.3 Q(temp)99 203.3 Q .236(which are indeed our tw)72 220.3 R 2.487<6f8c>-.09 G 2.487(les. The)-2.487 F 2.487(ya)-.135 G .237 (re sorted into al-)-2.487 F .897(phabetical order automatically)72 231.3 R 3.147(,b)-.585 G .897(ut other v)-3.327 F .897(ariations are) -.225 F 2.413(possible. F)72 242.3 R .163(or e)-.135 F .163 (xample, if we add the optional ar)-.135 F(gument)-.162 E -.666(``)72 253.3 S(-t').666 E(',)-.666 E(ls \211t)99 270.3 Q .302 (lists them in the order in which the)72 287.3 R 2.551(yw)-.135 G .301 (ere last changed,)-2.551 F .767(most recent \214rst.)72 298.3 R .767 (The `)5.267 F(`-l')-.666 E 3.017('o)-.666 G .767(ption gi)-3.017 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 3.017(sa`).135 G(`long')-3.683 E 3.017('l)-.666 G(ist-) -3.017 E(ing:)72 309.3 Q(ls \211l)99 326.3 Q(will produce something lik) 72 343.3 Q(e)-.09 E 2.25(\211rw\211rw\211rw\211 1)99 360.3 R 4.5(bwk 41) 2.25 F(Sep 22 12:56 junk)2.25 E 2.25(\211rw\211rw\211rw\211 1)99 371.3 R 4.5(bwk 78)2.25 F(Sep 22 12:57 temp)2.25 E .095 (The date and time are of the last change to the \214le.)72 388.3 R(The) 4.595 E 1.565(41 and 78 are the number of characters \(you got the)72 399.3 R .54(same thing from)72 410.3 R F1(ed)2.79 E F0 2.79(\). `)B (`bwk')-.666 E 2.79('i)-.666 G 2.79(st)-2.79 G .54(he o)-2.79 F .54 (wner of the \214le _)-.225 F .249(the person who created it.)72 421.3 R .25(The `)4.75 F(`-rw-rw-rw-')-.666 E 2.5('t)-.666 G .25(ells who)-2.5 F 1.337(has permission to read and write the \214le, in this case)72 432.3 R -1.935 -.225(ev e)72 443.3 T(ryone.).225 E .05 (Options can be combined: `)94.5 457.6 R .051(`ls -lt')-.666 F 2.301('w) -.666 G .051(ould gi)-2.391 F .321 -.135(ve t)-.225 H(he).135 E 1.587 (same thing, b)72 468.6 R 1.587(ut sorted into time order)-.18 F 6.087 (.Y)-.495 G 1.587(ou can also)-7.077 F 1.131(name the \214les you')72 479.6 R 1.131(re interested in, and)-.45 F F1(ls)3.381 E F0 1.132 (will list the)3.382 F 3.065(information about them only)72 490.6 R 7.565(.M)-.585 G 3.065(ore details can be)-7.565 F(found in)72 501.6 Q F1(ls)2.25 E F0(\(I\).)1.5 E .684(It is generally true of)94.5 515.9 R F2(UNIX)2.934 E F0 .685(programs that `)2.935 F(`\215ag')-.666 E(')-.666 E(ar)72 526.9 Q(guments lik)-.162 E 2.25(e`)-.09 G(`-t')-2.916 E 2.25 ('p)-.666 G(recede \214lename ar)-2.25 E(guments.)-.162 E F1 (Printing Files)72 548.9 Q F0(No)94.5 563.2 Q 3.604(wt)-.225 G 1.354 (hat you')-3.604 F 1.624 -.135(ve g)-.45 H 1.354(ot a \214le of te).135 F 1.353(xt, ho)-.135 F 3.603(wd)-.225 G 3.603(oy)-3.603 G(ou)-3.603 E 1.324(print it so people can look at it?)72 574.2 R 1.324 (There are a host of)5.824 F (programs that do that, probably more than are needed.)72 585.2 Q .441 (One simple thing is to use the editor)94.5 599.5 R 2.691(,s)-.36 G .441 (ince print-)-2.691 F 1.087 (ing is often done just before making changes an)72 610.5 R(yw)-.135 E (ay)-.09 E(.)-.585 E -.99(Yo)72 621.5 S 2.25(uc).99 G(an say)-2.25 E (ed junk)99 638.5 Q(1,$p)99 649.5 Q F1(ed)72 666.5 Q F0 .197 (will reply with the count of the characters in `)2.448 F(`junk')-.666 E (')-.666 E .897(and then print all the lines in the \214le.)72 677.5 R .898(After you learn)5.398 F(ho)72 688.5 Q 3.683(wt)-.225 G 3.683(ou) -3.683 G 1.433(se the editor)-3.683 F 3.683(,y)-.36 G 1.433 (ou can be selecti)-3.683 F 1.702 -.135(ve a)-.225 H 1.432(bout the).135 F(parts you print.)72 699.5 Q .82(There are times when it')324.9 105 R 3.07(sn)-.495 G .82(ot feasible to use the)-3.07 F .036 (editor for printing.)302.4 116 R -.135(Fo)4.536 G 2.286(re).135 G .036 (xample, there is a limit on ho)-2.421 F(w)-.225 E 1.905(big a \214le) 302.4 127 R F1(ed)4.155 E F0 1.905 (can handle \(about 65,000 characters or)4.155 F 1.444(4000 lines\).) 302.4 138 R(Secondly)5.944 E 3.694(,i)-.585 G 3.694(tw)-3.694 G 1.443 (ill only print one \214le at a)-3.694 F .703(time, and sometimes you w) 302.4 149 R .703(ant to print se)-.09 F -.135(ve)-.225 G .703 (ral, one af-).135 F(ter another)302.4 160 Q 4.5(.S)-.495 G 2.25(oh)-4.5 G(ere are a couple of alternati)-2.25 E -.135(ve)-.225 G(s.).135 E 1.178 (First is)324.9 174.3 R F1(cat)3.428 E F0 3.428(,t)C 1.178 (he simplest of all the printing pro-)-3.428 F(grams.)302.4 185.3 Q F1 (cat)5.168 E F0 .669(simply copies all the \214les in a list onto the) 2.918 F 2.25(terminal. So)302.4 196.3 R(you can say)2.25 E(cat junk) 329.4 213.3 Q(or)302.4 230.3 Q 2.25(,t)-.36 G 2.25(op)-2.25 G(rint tw) -2.25 E 2.25<6f8c>-.09 G(les,)-2.25 E(cat junk temp)329.4 247.3 Q .53 (The tw)302.4 264.3 R 2.78<6f8c>-.09 G .53 (les are simply concatenated \(hence the name)-2.78 F -.666(``)302.4 275.3 S(cat').666 E('\) onto the terminal.)-.666 E F1(pr)324.9 289.6 Q F0 .266(produces formatted printouts of \214les.)2.516 F .267(As with) 4.766 F F1(cat)302.4 300.6 Q F0(,)A F1(pr)2.259 E F0 .008 (prints all the \214les in a list.)2.259 F .008(The dif)4.508 F .008 (ference is that)-.225 F .641 (it produces headings with date, time, page number and)302.4 311.6 R .127(\214le name at the top of each page, and e)302.4 322.6 R .126 (xtra lines to skip)-.135 F -.135(ove)302.4 333.6 S 2.25(rt).135 G (he fold in the paper)-2.25 E 4.5(.T)-.495 G(hus,)-4.5 E(pr junk temp) 329.4 350.6 Q 1.386(will list `)302.4 367.6 R(`junk')-.666 E 3.637('n) -.666 G(eatly)-3.637 E 3.637(,t)-.585 G 1.387 (hen skip to the top of a ne)-3.637 F(w)-.225 E(page and list `)302.4 378.6 Q(`temp')-.666 E 2.25('n)-.666 G(eatly)-2.25 E(.)-.585 E F1(pr) 324.9 392.9 Q F0(will also produce multi-column output:)2.25 E (pr \2113 junk)329.4 409.9 Q 1.824(prints `)302.4 426.9 R(`junk')-.666 E 4.074('i)-.666 G 4.074(n3)-4.074 G 1.824(-column format.)-4.074 F -.99 (Yo)6.324 G 4.073(uc).99 G 1.823(an use an)-4.073 F(y)-.135 E 1.097 (reasonable number in place of `)302.4 437.9 R(`3')-.666 E 3.347('a) -.666 G(nd)-3.347 E F1(pr)3.347 E F0 1.097(will do its)3.347 F(best.) 302.4 448.9 Q .161(It should be noted that)324.9 463.2 R F1(pr)2.411 E F0(is)2.411 E/F3 9/Times-Italic@0 SF(not)2.411 E F0 2.411(af)2.411 G .161(ormatting pro-)-2.411 F .566(gram in the sense of shuf)302.4 474.2 R .566(\215ing lines around and justify-)-.225 F 1.455(ing mar)302.4 485.2 R 3.705(gins. The)-.162 F 1.455(true formatters are)3.705 F F1 -.162(ro)3.704 G(ff).162 E F0(,)A F1(nr)3.704 E(off)-.162 E F0 3.704(,a) C(nd)-3.704 E F1(tr)302.4 496.2 Q(off)-.162 E F0 2.953(,w)C .704 (hich we will get to in the section on document)-2.953 F(preparation.) 302.4 507.2 Q .098 (There are also programs that print \214les on a high-)324.9 521.5 R .347(speed printer)302.4 532.5 R 4.847(.L)-.495 G .347 (ook in your manual under)-4.847 F F1(opr)2.597 E F0(and)2.597 E F1(lpr) 2.597 E F0(.)A .279(Which to use depends on the hardw)302.4 543.5 R .279 (are con\214guration of)-.09 F(your machine.)302.4 554.5 Q F1 (Shuf\215ing Files About)302.4 576.5 Q F0(No)324.9 590.8 Q 3.294(wt) -.225 G 1.044(hat you ha)-3.294 F 1.314 -.135(ve s)-.18 H 1.044 (ome \214les in the \214le system).135 F .474(and some e)302.4 601.8 R .474(xperience in printing them, you can try big-)-.135 F .441 (ger things.)302.4 612.8 R -.135(Fo)4.942 G 2.692(re).135 G .442 (xample, you can mo)-2.827 F .712 -.135(ve a \214)-.135 H .442 (le from one).135 F .658(place to another \(which amounts to gi)302.4 623.8 R .658(ving a \214le a ne)-.225 F(w)-.225 E(name\), lik)302.4 634.8 Q 2.25(et)-.09 G(his:)-2.25 E(mv junk precious)329.4 651.8 Q .936 (This means that what used to be `)302.4 668.8 R(`junk')-.666 E 3.186 ('i)-.666 G 3.186(sn)-3.186 G 1.386 -.225(ow `)-3.186 H(`pre-)-.441 E (cious')302.4 679.8 Q 2.25('. If)-.666 F(you do an)2.25 E F1(ls)2.25 E F0(command no)2.25 E 1.17 -.585(w, y)-.225 H(ou will get).585 E (precious)329.4 696.8 Q(temp)329.4 707.8 Q(Be)302.4 724.8 Q -.09(wa) -.225 G 1.089(re that if you mo).09 F 1.358 -.135(ve a \214)-.135 H 1.088(le to another one that al-).135 F EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<893589>279 58 S .979(ready e)72 105 R .98(xists, the already e)-.135 F .98(xisting contents are lost for) -.135 F(-)-.18 E -1.935 -.225(ev e)72 116 T -.495(r.).225 G 1.089 (If you w)94.5 130.3 R 1.089(ant to mak)-.09 F 3.338(ea)-.09 G/F1 9 /Times-Italic@0 SF(copy)A F0 1.088(of a \214le \(that is, to)3.338 F(ha) 72 141.3 Q 1.733 -.135(ve t)-.18 H 1.643 -.09(wo v).135 H 1.463 (ersions of something\), you can use the)-.045 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (cp)3.713 E F0(command:)72 152.3 Q(cp precious temp1)99 169.3 Q(mak)72 186.3 Q(es a duplicate cop)-.09 E 2.25(yo)-.09 G 2.25(f`)-2.25 G (`precious')-2.916 E 2.25('i)-.666 G 2.25(n`)-2.25 G(`temp1')-2.916 E ('.)-.666 E(Finally)94.5 200.6 Q 2.887(,w)-.585 G .637 (hen you get tired of creating and mo)-2.887 F(v-)-.135 E .964 (ing \214les, there is a command to remo)72 211.6 R 1.234 -.135(ve \214) -.135 H .964(les from the).135 F(\214le system, called)72 222.6 Q F2(rm) 2.25 E F0(.)A(rm temp temp1)99 239.6 Q .067(will remo)72 256.6 R .337 -.135(ve a)-.135 H .066(ll of the \214les named.).135 F -.99(Yo)4.566 G 2.316(uw).99 G .066(ill get a w)-2.316 F(arn-)-.09 E (ing message if one of the named \214les w)72 267.6 Q(asn')-.09 E 2.25 (tt)-.162 G(here.)-2.25 E F2(Filename, What')72 289.6 Q 2.25(si)-.333 G 2.25(na)-2.25 G F0 .738(So f)94.5 303.9 R .738(ar we ha)-.09 F 1.008 -.135(ve u)-.18 H .738(sed \214lenames without e).135 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.988(rs).135 G(ay-)-2.988 E 1.619(ing what')72 314.9 R 3.869(sal)-.495 G -2.025 -.135(eg a)-3.869 H 3.869(ln).135 G 1.618(ame, so it')-3.869 F 3.868(st)-.495 G 1.618(ime for a couple of)-3.868 F 5.018(rules. First,) 72 325.9 R 2.768(\214lenames are limited to 14 characters,)5.018 F 1.711 (which is enough to be descripti)72 336.9 R -.135(ve)-.225 G 6.211(.S) .135 G 1.711(econd, although)-6.211 F 1.198(you can use almost an)72 347.9 R 3.448(yc)-.135 G 1.198(haracter in a \214lename, com-)-3.448 F .961(mon sense says you should stick to ones that are visi-)72 358.9 R .593(ble, and that you should probably a)72 369.9 R -.18(vo)-.18 G .593 (id characters that).18 F 1.291(might be used with other meanings.)72 380.9 R 2.73 -.72(We a)5.79 H 1.29(lready sa).72 F -.585(w,)-.135 G .959 (for e)72 391.9 R .959(xample, that in the)-.135 F F2(ls)3.209 E F0 .96 (command, `)3.209 F .96(`ls -t')-.666 F 3.21('m)-.666 G .96(eant to) -3.21 F .351(list in time order)72 402.9 R 4.85(.S)-.495 G 2.6(oi)-4.85 G 2.6(fy)-2.6 G .35(ou had a \214le whose name w)-2.6 F(as)-.09 E -.666 (``)72 413.9 S(-t').666 E .935(', you w)-.666 F .935(ould ha)-.09 F 1.205 -.135(ve a t)-.18 H .935(ough time listing it by name.).135 F .194 (There are a number of other characters which ha)72 424.9 R .464 -.135 (ve s)-.18 H(pe-).135 E .663(cial meaning either to)72 435.9 R/F3 7 /Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.913 E F0 .664(as a whole or to numerous)2.914 F 3.589(commands. T)72 446.9 R 3.589(oa)-.72 G -.18(vo)-3.769 G 1.339 (id pitf).18 F 1.338(alls, you w)-.09 F 1.338(ould probably do)-.09 F .032(well to use only letters, numbers and the period.)72 457.9 R (\(Don')4.532 E(t)-.162 E 1.24 (use the period as the \214rst character of a \214lename, for)72 468.9 R (reasons too complicated to go into.\))72 479.9 Q .826 (On to some more positi)94.5 505.2 R 1.097 -.135(ve s)-.225 H 3.077 (uggestions. Suppose).135 F(you')72 516.2 Q .729(re typing a lar)-.45 F .729(ge document lik)-.162 F 2.979(eab)-.09 G 2.979(ook. Logically) -2.979 F 1.289(this di)72 527.2 R 1.289(vides into man)-.225 F 3.539(ys) -.135 G 1.289(mall pieces, lik)-3.539 F 3.54(ec)-.09 G 1.29(hapters and) -3.54 F .329(perhaps sections.)72 538.2 R(Ph)4.829 E .329 (ysically it must be di)-.045 F .328(vided too, for)-.225 F F2(ed)72 549.2 Q F0 .759(will not handle big \214les.)3.009 F .76 (Thus you should type the)5.26 F .244(document as a number of \214les.) 72 560.2 R -.99(Yo)4.744 G 2.494(um).99 G .244(ight ha)-2.494 F .514 -.135(ve a s)-.18 H(epa-).135 E(rate \214le for each chapter)72 571.2 Q 2.25(,c)-.36 G(alled)-2.25 E(chap1)99 588.2 Q(chap2)99 599.2 Q(etc...)99 610.2 Q(Or)72 627.2 Q 3.274(,i)-.36 G 3.274(fe)-3.274 G 1.024 (ach chapter were brok)-3.274 F 1.024(en into se)-.09 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 1.024(ral \214les, you).135 F(might ha)72 638.2 Q -.135(ve)-.18 G (chap1.1)329.4 105 Q(chap1.2)329.4 116 Q(chap1.3)329.4 127 Q(...)331.65 138 Q(chap2.1)329.4 149 Q(chap2.2)329.4 160 Q(...)331.65 171 Q -.99(Yo) 302.4 188 S 2.806(uc).99 G .556(an no)-2.806 F 2.806(wt)-.225 G .555 (ell at a glance where a particular \214le \214ts)-2.806 F (into the whole.)302.4 199 Q 2.977(There are adv)324.9 213.3 R 2.978 (antages to a systematic naming)-.225 F(con)302.4 224.3 Q -.135(ve)-.36 G 1.487(ntion which are not ob).135 F 1.486(vious to the no)-.135 F (vice)-.135 E F3(UNIX)3.736 E F0(user)302.4 235.3 Q 6.607(.W)-.495 G 2.107(hat if you w)-6.607 F 2.107(anted to print the whole book?)-.09 F -.99(Yo)302.4 246.3 S 2.25(uc).99 G(ould say)-2.25 E (pr chap1.1 chap1.2 chap1.3 ......)329.4 263.3 Q -.18(bu)302.4 280.3 S 2.591(ty).18 G .341(ou w)-2.591 F .341(ould get tired pretty f)-.09 F .341(ast, and w)-.09 F .341(ould probably)-.09 F -1.935 -.225(ev e)302.4 291.3 T 3.912(nm).225 G(ak)-3.912 E 3.912(em)-.09 G(istak)-3.912 E 3.912 (es. F)-.09 F(ortunately)-.135 E 3.912(,t)-.585 G 1.663 (here is a shortcut.)-3.912 F -.99(Yo)302.4 302.3 S 2.25(uc).99 G (an say)-2.25 E(pr chap*)329.4 319.3 Q .048(The `)302.4 336.3 R(`*') -.666 E 2.298('m)-.666 G .048(eans `)-2.298 F(`an)-.666 E .048 (ything at all')-.135 F .048(', so this translates into)-.666 F -.666 (``)302.4 347.3 S .344(print all \214les whose names be).666 F .344 (gin with `chap' ')-.135 F .344(', listed)-.666 F .952 (in alphabetical order)302.4 358.3 R 5.452(.T)-.495 G .952 (his shorthand notation is not a)-5.452 F .504(property of the)302.4 369.3 R F2(pr)2.755 E F0 .505(command, by the w)2.755 F(ay)-.09 E 5.005 (.I)-.585 G 2.755(ti)-5.005 G 2.755(ss)-2.755 G(ystem-)-2.755 E 2.424 (wide, a service of the program that interprets com-)302.4 380.3 R .174 (mands \(the `)302.4 391.3 R(`shell')-.666 E(')-.666 E F2(sh)2.424 E F0 2.424(\(I\)\). Using)1.5 F .174(that f)2.424 F .175(act, you can see) -.09 F(ho)302.4 402.3 Q 2.25(wt)-.225 G 2.25(ol)-2.25 G (ist the \214les of the book:)-2.25 E(ls chap*)329.4 419.3 Q(produces) 302.4 436.3 Q(chap1.1)329.4 453.3 Q(chap1.2)329.4 464.3 Q(chap1.3)329.4 475.3 Q(...)331.65 486.3 Q .29(The `)302.4 503.3 R(`*')-.666 E 2.54('i) -.666 G 2.54(sn)-2.54 G .29 (ot limited to the last position in a \214lename)-2.54 F 2.25(_i)302.4 514.3 S 2.25(tc)-2.25 G(an be an)-2.25 E 2.25(ywhere. Thus)-.135 F (rm *junk*)329.4 531.3 Q(remo)302.4 548.3 Q -.135(ve)-.135 G 4.319(sa) .135 G 2.069(ll \214les that contain `)-4.319 F(`junk')-.666 E 4.319('a) -.666 G 4.319(sa)-4.319 G 2.339 -.135(ny p)-4.319 H 2.069(art of).135 F 1.387(their name.)302.4 559.3 R 1.387(As a special case, `)5.887 F(`*') -.666 E 3.637('b)-.666 G 3.637(yi)-3.637 G 1.387(tself matches)-3.637 F -1.935 -.225(ev e)302.4 570.3 T(ry \214lename, so).225 E(pr *)329.4 587.3 Q(prints all the \214les \(alphabetical order\), and)302.4 604.3 Q (rm *)329.4 621.3 Q(remo)302.4 638.3 Q -.135(ve)-.135 G(s).135 E F1 1.238(all \214les.)3.488 F F0(\(Y)5.738 E 1.238 (ou had better be sure that')-.99 F 3.488(sw)-.495 G(hat)-3.488 E(you w) 302.4 649.3 Q(anted to say!\))-.09 E .461(The `)324.9 663.6 R(`*')-.666 E 2.711('i)-.666 G 2.71(sn)-2.711 G .46 (ot the only pattern-matching feature)-2.71 F -.18(av)302.4 674.6 S 3.639(ailable. Suppose)-.045 F 1.389(you w)3.639 F 1.39 (ant to print only chapters 1)-.09 F(through 4 and 9 of the book.)302.4 685.6 Q(Then you can say)4.5 E(pr chap[12349]*)329.4 702.6 Q .042(The `) 302.4 719.6 R(`[...]')-.666 E 4.542('m)-.666 G .042(eans to match an) -4.542 F 2.292(yo)-.135 G 2.292(ft)-2.292 G .042(he characters inside) -2.292 F(the brack)302.4 730.6 Q 2.25(ets. Y)-.09 F (ou can also do this with)-.99 E EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<893689>279 58 S(pr chap[1\21149]*) 99 105 Q -.666(``)72 122 S([a-z]').666 E 2.488('m)-.666 G .238 (atches an)-2.488 F 2.488(yc)-.135 G .238(haracter in the range)-2.488 F /F1 9/Times-Italic@0 SF(a)2.488 E F0(through)2.488 E F1(z.)2.488 E F0 .055(There is also a `)72 133 R(`?')-.666 E 2.305('c)-.666 G(haracter) -2.305 E 2.305(,w)-.36 G .055(hich matches an)-2.305 F 2.305(ys)-.135 G (ingle)-2.305 E(character)72 144 Q 2.25(,s)-.36 G(o)-2.25 E(pr ?)99 161 Q(will print all \214les which ha)72 178 Q .27 -.135(ve s)-.18 H (ingle-character names.).135 E .839(Of these niceties, `)94.5 192.3 R (`*')-.666 E 3.089('i)-.666 G 3.089(sp)-3.089 G .84 (robably the most use-)-3.089 F .352 (ful, and you should get used to it.)72 203.3 R .351 (The others are frills,)4.852 F -.18(bu)72 214.3 S 2.25(tw).18 G (orth kno)-2.34 E(wing.)-.225 E 1.754(If you should e)94.5 228.6 R -.135 (ve)-.225 G 4.004(rh).135 G -2.025 -.18(av e)-4.004 H 1.754(to turn of) 4.184 F 4.004(ft)-.225 G 1.754(he special)-4.004 F .437(meaning of `)72 239.6 R(`*')-.666 E .437(', `)-.666 F(`?')-.666 E .436 (', etc., enclose the entire ar)-.666 F(gument)-.162 E (in quotes \(single or double\), as in)72 250.6 Q(ls "?")99 267.6 Q/F2 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(What')72 295.6 Q 2.25(si)-.333 G 2.25(naF)-2.25 G (ilename, Continued)-2.25 E F0 .242 (When you \214rst made that \214le called `)94.5 309.9 R(`junk')-.666 E .242(', ho)-.666 F(w)-.225 E(did)72 320.9 Q/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX) 2.745 E F0(kno)2.745 E 2.744(wt)-.225 G .494(hat there w)-2.744 F(asn') -.09 E 2.744(ta)-.162 G .494(nother `)-2.744 F(`junk')-.666 E 2.744('s) -.666 G(ome-)-2.744 E .001 (where else, especially since the person in the ne)72 331.9 R .001 (xt of)-.135 F(\214ce)-.225 E .237(is also reading this tutorial?)72 342.9 R .237(The reason is that general-)4.737 F 1.412(ly each user of) 72 353.9 R F3(UNIX)3.662 E F0 1.412(has his o)3.662 F 1.413(wn `)-.225 F (`directory')-.666 E 1.413(', which)-.666 F 1.206 (contains only the \214les that belong to him.)72 364.9 R 1.206 (When you)5.706 F 1.801(create a ne)72 375.9 R 4.051<778c>-.225 G 1.801 (le, unless you tak)-4.051 F 4.051(es)-.09 G 1.801(pecial action, the) -4.051 F(ne)72 386.9 Q 2.442<778c>-.225 G .192(le is made in your o) -2.442 F .192(wn directory)-.225 F 2.441(,a)-.585 G .191 (nd is unrelated)-2.441 F 1.102(to an)72 397.9 R 3.353(yo)-.135 G 1.103 (ther \214le of the same name that might e)-3.353 F 1.103(xist in)-.135 F(someone else')72 408.9 Q 2.25(sd)-.495 G(irectory)-2.25 E(.)-.585 E .554(The set of all \214les that)94.5 423.2 R F3(UNIX)2.804 E F0(kno) 2.804 E .553(ws about are or)-.225 F(-)-.18 E -.045(ga)72 434.2 S .297 (nized into a \(usually big\) tree, with your \214les located).045 F(se) 72 445.2 Q -.135(ve)-.225 G .5(ral branches up into the tree.).135 F .499(It is possible for you)4.999 F 1.062(to `)72 456.2 R(`w)-.666 E (alk')-.09 E 3.312('a)-.666 G 1.062(round this tree, and to \214nd an) -3.312 F 3.312<798c>-.135 G 1.062(le in the)-3.312 F .996 (system, by starting at the root of the tree and w)72 467.2 R(alking) -.09 E(along the right set of branches.)72 478.2 Q 1.44 -.72(To b)94.5 492.5 T -.135(eg).72 G(in, type).135 E(ls /)99 509.5 Q -.666(``)72 526.5 S(/').666 E 3.679('i)-.666 G 3.679(st)-3.679 G 1.429 (he name of the root of the tree \(a con)-3.679 F -.135(ve)-.36 G(ntion) .135 E .551(used by)72 537.5 R F3(UNIX)2.801 E F0 2.801(\). Y)B .55 (ou will get a response something lik)-.99 F(e)-.09 E(this:)72 548.5 Q (bin)99 565.5 Q(de)99 576.5 Q(v)-.225 E(etc)99 587.5 Q(lib)99 598.5 Q (tmp)99 609.5 Q(usr)99 620.5 Q .662 (This is a collection of the basic directories of \214les that)72 637.5 R F3(UNIX)72 648.5 Q F0(kno)2.716 E .466(ws about.)-.225 F .465 (On most systems, `)4.966 F(`usr')-.666 E 2.715('i)-.666 G 2.715(sad) -2.715 G(irec-)-2.715 E 1.513 (tory that contains all the normal users of the system,)72 659.5 R(lik) 72 670.5 Q 2.25(ey)-.09 G 2.25(ou. No)-2.25 F 2.25(wt)-.225 G(ry)-2.25 E 2.25(ls /usr)99 687.5 R .236 (This should list a long series of names, among which is)72 704.5 R (your o)72 715.5 Q(wn login name.)-.225 E(Finally)4.5 E 2.25(,t)-.585 G (ry)-2.25 E 2.25(ls /usr/your\211name)329.4 105 R -.99(Yo)302.4 122 S 2.25(us).99 G(hould get what you get from a plain)-2.25 E(ls)329.4 139 Q (No)302.4 156 Q 2.25(wt)-.225 G(ry)-2.25 E 2.25 (cat /usr/your\211name/junk)329.4 173 R(\(if `)302.4 190 Q(`junk')-.666 E 2.25('i)-.666 G 2.25(ss)-2.25 G(till around\).)-2.25 E(The name)4.5 E (/usr/your\211name/junk)329.4 207 Q .857(is called the `)302.4 224 R (`pathname')-.666 E 3.107('o)-.666 G 3.107(ft)-3.107 G .857 (he \214le that you normally)-3.107 F .197(think of as `)302.4 235 R (`junk')-.666 E 2.447('. `)-.666 F(`P)-.666 E(athname')-.135 E 2.447('h) -.666 G .197(as an ob)-2.447 F .196(vious mean-)-.135 F .654 (ing: it represents the full name of the path you ha)302.4 246 R .924 -.135(ve t)-.18 H(o).135 E(follo)302.4 257 Q 2.337(wt)-.225 G .086 (hrough the tree of directories to get to a particu-)-2.337 F .262 (lar \214le.)302.4 268 R .262(It is a uni)4.762 F -.135(ve)-.225 G .262 (rsal rule in).135 F F3(UNIX)2.512 E F0 .262(that an)2.512 F .263 (ywhere you)-.135 F (can use an ordinary \214lename, you can use a pathname.)302.4 279 Q (Here is a picture which may mak)324.9 293.3 Q 2.25(et)-.09 G (his clearer:)-2.25 E(\(root\))397.453 308.3 Q 2.25(/|\\)402.048 317.3 S 4.5(/|\\)399.798 326.3 S 6.75(/|\\)397.548 335.3 S 6.75(bin etc usr de) 363.19 344.3 R 6.75(vt)-.225 G(mp)-6.75 E 2.25(/|\\ /|\\ /|\\ /|\\ /|\\) 365.94 353.3 S 4.5(/|\\)399.798 362.3 S 6.75(/|\\)397.548 371.3 S 2.25 (adam e)377.014 380.3 R 4.77 -.135(ve m)-.225 H(ary).135 E 18(//)381.321 389.3 S 18(\\\\)-11.25 G -9 11.25(/\\ j)398.322 398.3 T(unk)-11.25 E 2.25(junk temp)388.449 407.3 R(Notice that Mary')324.9 427.6 Q 2.25(s`) -.495 G(`junk')-2.916 E 2.25('i)-.666 G 2.25(su)-2.25 G(nrelated to Ev) -2.25 E(e')-.135 E(s.)-.495 E 1.35(This isn')324.9 441.9 R 3.6(tt)-.162 G 1.35(oo e)-3.6 F 1.35(xciting if all the \214les of interest)-.135 F .846(are in your o)302.4 452.9 R .846(wn directory)-.225 F 3.096(,b) -.585 G .846(ut if you w)-3.276 F .846(ork with some-)-.09 F .356 (one else or on se)302.4 463.9 R -.135(ve)-.225 G .355 (ral projects concurrently).135 F 2.605(,i)-.585 G 2.605(tb)-2.605 G (ecomes)-2.605 E .082(handy indeed.)302.4 474.9 R -.135(Fo)4.582 G 2.332 (re).135 G .082(xample, your friends can print your)-2.467 F (book by saying)302.4 485.9 Q 2.25(pr /usr/your\211name/chap*)329.4 502.9 R(Similarly)302.4 519.9 Q 2.438(,y)-.585 G .188 (ou can \214nd out what \214les your neighbor has)-2.438 F(by saying) 302.4 530.9 Q 2.25(ls /usr/neighbor\211name)329.4 547.9 R(or mak)302.4 564.9 Q 2.25(ey)-.09 G(our o)-2.25 E(wn cop)-.225 E 2.25(yo)-.09 G 2.25 (fo)-2.25 G(ne of his \214les by)-2.25 E 2.25 (cp /usr/your\211neighbor/his\211\214le your\214le)329.4 581.9 R 4.312 (\(If your neighbor doesn')324.9 602.2 R 6.563(tw)-.162 G 4.313 (ant you poking)-6.653 F 1.855(around in his \214les, or vice v)302.4 613.2 R 1.855(ersa, pri)-.135 F -.225(va)-.225 G 2.125 -.135(cy c).225 H 1.855(an be ar).135 F(-)-.18 E 2.446(ranged. Each)302.4 624.2 R .197 (\214le and directory can ha)2.446 F .467 -.135(ve r)-.18 H(ead-write-e) .135 E(x-)-.135 E .387(ecute permissions for the o)302.4 635.2 R(wner) -.225 E 2.637(,ag)-.36 G .387(roup, and e)-2.637 F -.135(ve)-.225 G (ryone).135 E .461(else, to control access.)302.4 646.2 R(See)4.962 E F2 (ls)2.712 E F0 .462(\(I\) and)1.5 F F2(chmod)2.712 E F0 .462 (\(I\) for de-)1.5 F 2.861(tails. As)302.4 657.2 R 2.86(am)2.861 G .61 (atter of observ)-2.86 F .61(ed f)-.135 F .61(act, most users most of) -.09 F(the time \214nd openness of more bene\214t than pri)302.4 668.2 Q -.225(va)-.225 G -.135(cy).225 G(.\))-.45 E(As a \214nal e)324.9 682.5 Q (xperiment with pathnames, try)-.135 E 2.25(ls /bin /usr/bin)329.4 699.5 R .597(Do some of the names look f)302.4 716.5 R 2.848(amiliar? When) -.09 F .598(you run a)2.848 F 1.302 (program, by typing its name after a `)302.4 727.5 R(`%')-.666 E 1.302 (', the system)-.666 F EP %%Page: 7 7 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<893789>279 58 S 1.441 (simply looks for a \214le of that name.)72 105 R 1.441 (It looks \214rst in)5.941 F .88 (your directory \(where it typically doesn')72 116 R 3.13<748c>-.162 G .879(nd it\), then)-3.13 F 1.472(in `)72 127 R(`/bin')-.666 E 3.722('a) -.666 G 1.473(nd \214nally in `)-3.722 F(`/usr/bin')-.666 E 3.723 ('. There)-.666 F 1.473(is nothing)3.723 F .832 (magic about commands lik)72 138 R(e)-.09 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(cat) 3.082 E F0(or)3.082 E F1(ls)3.082 E F0 3.082(,e)C .832(xcept that the) -3.217 F(y)-.135 E(ha)72 149 Q 1.323 -.135(ve b)-.18 H 1.054 (een collected into tw).135 F 3.304(op)-.09 G 1.054 (laces to be easy to \214nd)-3.304 F(and administer)72 160 Q(.)-.495 E .107(What if you w)94.5 185.3 R .107(ork re)-.09 F .107 (gularly with someone else on)-.135 F 1.157 (common information in his directory?)72 196.3 R -.99(Yo)5.657 G 3.407 (uc).99 G 1.158(ould just)-3.407 F .054 (log in as your friend each time you w)72 207.3 R .054(ant to, b)-.09 F .054(ut you can)-.18 F 1.837(also say `)72 218.3 R 1.837(`I w)-.666 F 1.837(ant to w)-.09 F 1.838(ork on his \214les instead of my)-.09 F -.225(ow)72 229.3 S(n').225 E 2.724('. This)-.666 F .474 (is done by changing the directory that you)2.724 F(are currently in:)72 240.3 Q 2.25(chdir /usr/your\211friend)99 257.3 R(No)72 274.3 Q 2.744 (ww)-.225 G .494(hen you use a \214lename in something lik)-2.744 F(e) -.09 E F1(cat)2.744 E F0(or)2.745 E F1(pr)72 285.3 Q F0 4.593(,i)C 4.593 (tr)-4.593 G 2.342(efers to the \214le in `)-4.593 F(`your)-.666 E (-friend')-.18 E(s')-.495 E 4.592('d)-.666 G(irectory)-4.592 E(.)-.585 E .36(Changing directories doesn')72 296.3 R 2.61(ta)-.162 G -.225(ff) -2.61 G .36(ect an).225 F 2.61(yp)-.135 G .36(ermissions as-)-2.61 F .595(sociated with a \214le _ if you couldn')72 307.3 R 2.845(ta)-.162 G .594(ccess a \214le from)-2.845 F 3.783(your o)72 318.3 R 3.783 (wn directory)-.225 F 6.033(,c)-.585 G 3.783 (hanging to another directory)-6.033 F -.09(wo)72 329.3 S(n').09 E 2.25 (ta)-.162 G(lter that f)-2.25 E(act.)-.09 E(If you for)94.5 343.6 Q (get what directory you')-.162 E(re in, type)-.45 E(pwd)99 360.6 Q(\(`) 72 377.6 Q(`print w)-.666 E(orking directory')-.09 E('\) to \214nd out.) -.666 E .041(It is often con)94.5 391.9 R -.135(ve)-.36 G .041 (nient to arrange one').135 F 2.291<738c>-.495 G .041(les so that)-2.291 F .49(all the \214les related to one thing are in a directory sepa-)72 402.9 R .583(rate from other projects.)72 413.9 R -.135(Fo)5.083 G 2.833 (re).135 G .582(xample, when you write)-2.968 F .639 (your book, you might w)72 424.9 R .64(ant to k)-.09 F .64 (eep all the te)-.09 F .64(xt in a di-)-.135 F(rectory called book.)72 435.9 Q(So mak)4.5 E 2.25(eo)-.09 G(ne with)-2.25 E(mkdir book)99 452.9 Q(then go to it with)72 469.9 Q(chdir book)99 486.9 Q 1.288 (then start typing chapters.)72 503.9 R 1.288(The book is no)5.788 F 3.538(wf)-.225 G 1.288(ound in)-3.538 F(\(presumably\))72 514.9 Q (/usr/your\211name/book)99 531.9 Q 1.44 -.72(To d)72 548.9 T (elete a directory).72 E 2.25(,s)-.585 G(ee)-2.25 E F1(rmdir)2.25 E F0 (\(I\).)1.5 E -.99(Yo)94.5 563.2 S 3.725(uc).99 G 1.475(an go up one le) -3.725 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 3.725(li).135 G 3.725(nt)-3.725 G 1.475 (he tree of \214les by)-3.725 F(saying)72 574.2 Q(chdir ..)99 591.2 Q -.666(``)72 608.2 S(..).666 E 1.431 -.666('' i)-.63 H 2.348(st).666 G .098(he name of the parent of whate)-2.348 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.348(rd) .135 G .098(irectory you)-2.348 F .968(are currently in.)72 619.2 R -.135(Fo)5.468 G 3.219(rc).135 G .969(ompleteness, `)-3.219 F(`.)-.666 E 2.301 -.666('' i)-.63 H 3.219(sa).666 G 3.219(na)-3.219 G(lternate) -3.219 E(name for the directory you are in.)72 630.2 Q F1 (Using Files instead of the T)72 652.2 Q(erminal)-.828 E F0 .755 (Most of the commands we ha)94.5 666.5 R 1.025 -.135(ve s)-.18 H .755 (een so f).135 F .755(ar pro-)-.09 F .646 (duce output on the terminal; some, lik)72 677.5 R 2.896(et)-.09 G .646 (he editor)-2.896 F 2.896(,a)-.36 G(lso)-2.896 E(tak)72 688.5 Q 4.174 (et)-.09 G 1.924(heir input from the terminal.)-4.174 F 1.924(It is uni) 6.424 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 1.924(rsal in).135 F/F2 7/Times-Roman@0 SF (UNIX)72 699.5 Q F0 .809 (that the terminal can be replaced by a \214le for ei-)3.059 F .601 (ther or both of input and output.)72 710.5 R .6(As one e)5.1 F .6 (xample, you)-.135 F(could say)72 721.5 Q(ls)329.4 105 Q (to get a list of \214les.)302.4 122 Q(But you can also say)4.5 E (ls >\214lelist)329.4 139 Q .138 (to get a list of your \214les in the \214le `)302.4 156 R(`\214lelist') -.666 E 2.389('. \(`)-.666 F(`\214lelist')-.666 E(')-.666 E .19 (will be created if it doesn')302.4 167 R 2.44(ta)-.162 G .19(lready e) -2.44 F .19(xist, or o)-.135 F -.135(ve)-.135 G(rwritten).135 E .187 (if it does.\))302.4 178 R .187(The symbol `)4.687 F(`>')-.666 E 2.438 ('i)-.666 G 2.438(su)-2.438 G .188(sed throughout)-2.438 F F2(UNIX)2.438 E F0(to)2.438 E .668(mean `)302.4 189 R .668 (`put the output on the follo)-.666 F .668(wing \214le, rather than) -.225 F .317(on the terminal')302.4 200 R 2.567('. Nothing)-.666 F .317 (is produced on the terminal.)2.567 F .021(As another e)302.4 211 R .021 (xample, you could concatenate se)-.135 F -.135(ve)-.225 G .02 (ral \214les).135 F(into one by capturing the output of)302.4 222 Q F1 (cat)2.25 E F0(in a \214le:)2.25 E 2.25(cat f1 f2 f3)329.4 239 R(>temp) 2.25 E(Similarly)324.9 259.3 Q 3.099(,t)-.585 G .849(he symbol `)-3.099 F(`<')-.666 E 3.099('m)-.666 G .849(eans to tak)-3.099 F 3.1(et)-.09 G .85(he in-)-3.1 F 1.65(put for a program from the follo)302.4 270.3 R 1.65(wing \214le, instead of)-.225 F .246(from the terminal.)302.4 281.3 R .247(Thus, you could mak)4.746 F 2.497(eu)-.09 G 2.497(pas)-2.497 G .247(cript of)-2.497 F .513 (commonly used editing commands and put them into a)302.4 292.3 R 1.047 (\214le called `)302.4 303.3 R(`script')-.666 E 3.297('. Then)-.666 F 1.048(you can run the script on a)3.297 F(\214le by saying)302.4 314.3 Q (ed \214le temp)329.4 493.9 R 2.25(pr temp) 329.4 504.9 R 2.25(rm temp)329.4 515.9 R -.18(bu)302.4 532.9 S 2.832(tt) .18 G .582(his is more w)-2.832 F .582(ork than necessary)-.09 F 5.082 (.C)-.585 G .582(learly what we)-5.082 F -.09(wa)302.4 543.9 S .005 (nt is to tak).09 F 2.254(et)-.09 G .004(he output of)-2.254 F F1(cat) 2.254 E F0 .004(and connect it to the in-)2.254 F(put of)302.4 554.9 Q F1(pr)2.25 E F0 4.5(.S)C 2.25(ol)-4.5 G(et us use a pipe:)-2.25 E 2.25 (cat f g h | pr)329.4 571.9 R 2.096(The v)302.4 588.9 R 2.096 (ertical bar means to tak)-.135 F 4.346(et)-.09 G 2.096(he output from) -4.346 F F1(cat)4.346 E F0(,)A 1.16(which w)302.4 599.9 R 1.16 (ould normally ha)-.09 F 1.43 -.135(ve g)-.18 H 1.16 (one to the terminal, and).135 F(put it into)302.4 610.9 Q F1(pr)2.25 E F0 2.25(,w)C(hich formats it neatly)-2.25 E(.)-.585 E(An)324.9 625.2 Q 4.253(yp)-.135 G 2.003(rogram that reads from the terminal can)-4.253 F 1.447(read from a pipe instead; an)302.4 636.2 R 3.697(yp)-.135 G 1.447 (rogram that writes on)-3.697 F .063(the terminal can dri)302.4 647.2 R .334 -.135(ve a p)-.225 H 2.314(ipe. Y).135 F .064(ou can ha)-.99 F .334 -.135(ve a)-.18 H 2.314(sm).135 G(an)-2.314 E 2.314(ye)-.135 G(l-)-2.314 E(ements in a pipeline as you wish.)302.4 658.2 Q(Man)324.9 672.5 Q(y) -.135 E F2(UNIX)2.425 E F0 .175(programs are written so that the)2.425 F 2.424(yw)-.135 G(ill)-2.424 E(tak)302.4 683.5 Q 2.587(et)-.09 G .338 (heir input from one or more \214les if \214le ar)-2.587 F(guments)-.162 E .117(are gi)302.4 694.5 R -.135(ve)-.225 G .116(n; if no ar).135 F .116(guments are gi)-.162 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.366(nt).135 G(he)-2.366 E 2.366(yw)-.135 G .116(ill read from)-2.366 F (the terminal, and thus can be used in pipelines.)302.4 705.5 Q EP %%Page: 8 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<893889>279 58 S/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(The Shell)72 105 Q F0 3.645 -.72(We h)94.5 119.3 T -2.025 -.18(av e) .72 H 2.205(already mentioned once or twice the)4.635 F .409 (mysterious `)72 130.3 R(`shell,)-.666 E 1.741 -.666('' w)-.63 H .408 (hich is in f).666 F(act)-.09 E F1(sh)2.658 E F0 2.658(\(I\). 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The shell after all is just a program,)-2.543 F .469(albeit a cle) 72 691.8 R -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.719(ro).135 G 2.719(ne.\) F)-2.719 F .469 (or instance, suppose you w)-.135 F .469(ant to)-.09 F 1.937 (set tabs on your terminal, and \214nd out the date and)72 702.8 R(who') 72 713.8 Q 3.096(so)-.495 G 3.097(nt)-3.096 G .847(he system e)-3.097 F -.135(ve)-.225 G .847(ry time you log in.).135 F .847(Then you)5.347 F 2.017(can put the three necessary commands \()72 724.8 R F1(tabs)4.267 E F0(;)A F1(date)4.267 E F0(;)A F1(who)302.4 105 Q F0 2.307(\)i)C .057 (nto a \214le, let')-2.307 F 2.308(sc)-.495 G .058(all it)-2.308 F -.666 (``)4.558 G(xxx').666 E .058(', and then run it with)-.666 F(either) 302.4 116 Q(sh xxx)329.4 133 Q(or)302.4 150 Q(sh 279 58 S .863 (get if you say nothing at all.)72 105 R -.135(Fo)5.363 G 3.113(re).135 G .863(xample, unless you)-3.248 F(tak)72 116 Q 3.678(es)-.09 G 1.428 (pecial precautions, you')-3.678 F 1.428(ll get single-spaced out-)-.09 F 1.255(put, 65-character lines, justi\214ed right mar)72 127 R 1.255 (gins, and 58)-.162 F(te)72 138 Q .12(xt lines per page when you)-.135 F /F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.162(ro)2.37 G(ff).162 E F0 2.37<618c>2.37 G 2.37 (le. This)-2.37 F .12(is the rea-)2.37 F .713(son that)72 149 R F1 -.162 (ro)2.963 G(ff).162 E F0 .713(is so simple _ most of the decisions ha) 2.963 F -.135(ve)-.18 G(already been made for you.)72 160 Q .169 (Some things do ha)94.5 174.3 R .439 -.135(ve t)-.18 H 2.419(ob).135 G 2.419(ed)-2.419 G .169(one, ho)-2.419 F(we)-.225 E -.135(ve)-.225 G 3.409 -.495(r. I).135 H 2.419(fy).495 G(ou)-2.419 E -.09(wa)72 185.3 S 1.111(nt a document brok).09 F 1.11(en into paragraphs, you ha)-.09 F 1.38 -.135(ve t)-.18 H(o).135 E(tell)72 196.3 Q F1 -.162(ro)4.142 G(ff) .162 E F0 1.893(where to add the e)4.142 F 1.893(xtra blank lines.)-.135 F 1.893(This is)6.393 F(done with the `)72 207.3 Q(`.sp')-.666 E 2.25 ('c)-.666 G(ommand:)-2.25 E(this is the end of one paragraph.)99 224.3 Q (.sp)99 235.3 Q(This be)99 246.3 Q(gins the ne)-.135 E(xt paragraph ...) -.135 E(In)72 263.3 Q F1 -.162(ro)3.111 G(ff).162 E F0 .861(\(and in) 3.111 F F1(nr)3.111 E(off)-.162 E F0(and)3.111 E F1(tr)3.11 E(off)-.162 E F0 .86(\), formatting commands)B 1.675(consist of a period follo)72 274.3 R 1.675(wed by tw)-.225 F 3.925(ol)-.09 G 1.675(etters, and the) -3.925 F(y)-.135 E 1.801(must appear at the be)72 285.3 R 1.801 (ginning of a line, all by them-)-.135 F(selv)72 296.3 Q 2.499(es. The) -.135 F -.666(``)2.499 G(.sp').666 E 2.5('c)-.666 G .25(ommand tells) -2.5 F F1 -.162(ro)2.5 G(ff).162 E F0 .25(to \214nish printing)2.5 F(an) 72 307.3 Q 3.635(yo)-.135 G 3.635(ft)-3.635 G 1.385(he pre)-3.635 F 1.385(vious line that might be still unprinted,)-.225 F .188 (then print a blank line before continuing.)72 318.3 R -.99(Yo)4.688 G 2.438(uc).99 G .188(an ha)-2.438 F -.135(ve)-.18 G .476 (more space if you wish; `)72 329.3 R .475(`.sp 2')-.666 F 2.725('a) -.666 G .475(sks for 2 spaces, and)-2.725 F(so on.)72 340.3 Q .292 (If you simply w)94.5 354.6 R .293(ant to ensure that subsequent te)-.09 F(xt)-.135 E 1.439(appears on a fresh output line, you can use the com-) 72 365.6 R(mand `)72 376.6 Q(`.br')-.666 E 2.25('\()-.666 G(for `)-2.25 E(`break')-.666 E('\) instead of `)-.666 E(`.sp')-.666 E('.)-.666 E 3.214(Most of the other commonly-used)94.5 390.9 R F1 -.162(ro)5.465 G (ff).162 E F0(com-)5.465 E .427(mands are equally simple.)72 401.9 R -.135(Fo)4.926 G 2.676(re).135 G .426(xample you can center)-2.811 F (one or more lines with the `)72 412.9 Q(`.ce')-.666 E 2.25('c)-.666 G (ommand.)-2.25 E(.ce)99 429.9 Q -.315(Ti)99 440.9 S(tle of P).315 E (aper)-.135 E(.sp 2)99 451.9 Q 1.661 (causes the title to be centered, then follo)72 468.9 R 1.661(wed by tw) -.225 F(o)-.09 E .18(blank lines.)72 479.9 R .179(As with `)4.679 F (`.sp')-.666 E .179(', `)-.666 F(`.ce')-.666 E 2.429('c)-.666 G .179 (an be follo)-2.429 F .179(wed by a)-.225 F .058 (number; in that case, that man)72 490.9 R 2.308(yi)-.135 G .058 (nput lines are centered.)-2.308 F -.666(``)94.5 505.2 S(.ul').666 E 3.171('u)-.666 G .921(nderlines lines, and can also be follo)-3.171 F (wed)-.225 E(by a number:)72 516.2 Q(.ce 2)99 533.2 Q(.ul 2)99 544.2 Q (An Earth\211shaking P)99 555.2 Q(aper)-.135 E(.sp)99 566.2 Q (John Q. Scientist)99 577.2 Q .178(will center and underline the tw)72 594.2 R 2.428(ot)-.09 G -.135(ex)-2.428 G 2.428(tl).135 G 2.428 (ines. Notice)-2.428 F(that)2.428 E(the `)72 605.2 Q(`.sp')-.666 E 2.25 ('b)-.666 G(etween them is not part of the line count.)-2.25 E -.99(Yo) 94.5 619.5 S 3.302(uc).99 G 1.052 (an get multiple-line spacing instead of the)-3.302 F(def)72 630.5 Q (ault single-spacing with the `)-.09 E(`.ls')-.666 E 2.25('c)-.666 G (ommand:)-2.25 E(.ls 2)99 647.5 Q(causes double spacing.)72 664.5 Q 1.424(If you')94.5 678.8 R 1.424(re typing things lik)-.45 F 3.674(et) -.09 G 1.425(ables, you will not)-3.674 F -.09(wa)72 689.8 S .348 (nt the automatic \214lling-up and justi\214cation of output).09 F .334 (lines that is done by def)72 700.8 R 2.584(ault. Y)-.09 F .334 (ou can turn this of)-.99 F 2.584(fw)-.225 G(ith)-2.584 E 1.503 (the command `)72 711.8 R -1.755(`.nf ')-.666 F 3.753('\()-.666 G 1.503 (no-\214ll\), and then back on ag)-3.753 F(ain)-.045 E(with `)72 722.8 Q (`.\214')-.666 E 2.25('\()-.666 G 2.25(\214ll\). Thus)-2.25 F (this section is \214lled by def)329.4 105 Q(ault.)-.09 E(.nf)329.4 116 Q(here lines will appear just)329.4 127 Q(as you typed them _)329.4 138 Q(no e)329.4 149 Q(xtra spaces, no mo)-.135 E(ving of w)-.135 E(ords.) -.09 E<2e8c>329.4 160 Q(No)329.4 171 Q 2.25(wg)-.225 G 2.25(ob)-2.25 G (ack to \214lling up output lines.)-2.25 E -.99(Yo)324.9 191.3 S 3.922 (uc).99 G 1.673(an change the line-length with `)-3.922 F(`.ll')-.666 E 1.673(', and)-.666 F 1.016(the left mar)302.4 202.3 R 1.016 (gin \(the indent\) by `)-.162 F(`.in')-.666 E 3.266('. These)-.666 F 1.016(are often)3.266 F(used together to mak)302.4 213.3 Q 2.25(eo)-.09 G -.225(ff)-2.25 G(set blocks of te).225 E(xt:)-.135 E(.ll \25510)329.4 230.3 Q(.in +10)329.4 241.3 Q .18(this te)329.4 252.3 R .18 (xt will be mo)-.135 F -.135(ve)-.135 G 2.43(d1).135 G 2.43(0s)-2.43 G .18(paces to)-2.43 F 1.122(the right and the lines will also be)329.4 263.3 R 2.909(shortened 10 characters from the)329.4 274.3 R 3.858 (right. The)329.4 285.3 R -.666(``)3.858 G(+').666 E 3.858('a)-.666 G 1.608(nd `)-3.858 F(`\255')-.666 E 3.858('m)-.666 G 1.608(ean to)-3.858 F/F2 9/Times-Italic@0 SF -.135(ch)329.4 296.3 S(ang).135 E(e)-.09 E F0 1.809(the pre)4.059 F 1.809(vious v)-.225 F 1.809(alue by that)-.225 F 2.25(much. No)329.4 307.3 R 2.25(wr)-.225 G -1.935 -.225(ev e)-2.25 H (rt:).225 E(.ll +10)329.4 318.3 Q(.in \25510)329.4 329.3 Q 1.822 (Notice that `)302.4 346.3 R 1.822(`.ll +10')-.666 F 4.072('a)-.666 G 1.822(dds ten characters to the line)-4.072 F 2.133(length, while `) 302.4 357.3 R 2.133(`.ll 10')-.666 F 4.383('m)-.666 G(ak)-4.383 E 2.133 (es the line ten characters)-.09 F F2(long)302.4 368.3 Q(.)-.135 E F0 1.119(The `)324.9 382.6 R(`.ti')-.666 E 3.369('c)-.666 G 1.119 (ommand indents \(in either direction\))-3.369 F .527(just lik)302.4 393.6 R 2.777(e`)-.09 G(`.in')-3.443 E .527(', e)-.666 F .527 (xcept for only one line.)-.135 F .528(Thus to mak)5.028 F(e)-.09 E 2.653(an)302.4 404.6 S .853 -.225(ew p)-2.653 H .403 (aragraph with a 10-character indent, you w).225 F(ould)-.09 E(say)302.4 415.6 Q(.sp)329.4 432.6 Q(.ti +10)329.4 443.6 Q(Ne)329.4 454.6 Q 2.25 (wp)-.225 G(aragraph ...)-2.25 E -.99(Yo)324.9 474.9 S 3.455(uc).99 G 1.205(an put running titles on both top and bot-)-3.455 F (tom of each page, lik)302.4 485.9 Q 2.25(et)-.09 G(his:)-2.25 E (.he "left top"center top"right top")329.4 502.9 Q (.fo "left bottom"center bottom"right bottom")329.4 513.9 Q .874 (The header or footer is di)302.4 530.9 R .874 (vided into three parts, which)-.225 F .943(are mark)302.4 541.9 R .943 (ed of)-.09 F 3.193(fb)-.225 G 3.193(ya)-3.193 G 1.213 -.135(ny c)-3.193 H .943(haracter you lik).135 F 3.193(e. \(W)-.09 F 3.194(eu)-.72 G .944 (sed a)-3.194 F .605(double quote.\))302.4 552.9 R .604(If there')5.105 F 2.854(sn)-.495 G .604(othing between the mark)-2.854 F(ers,)-.09 E .469(that part of the title will be blank.)302.4 563.9 R .47 (If you use a percent)4.97 F .052(sign an)302.4 574.9 R .052 (ywhere in `)-.135 F(`.he')-.666 E 2.302('o)-.666 G 2.302(r`)-2.302 G (`.fo')-2.968 E .052(', the current page num-)-.666 F .932 (ber will be inserted.)302.4 585.9 R .932 (So to get centered page numbers)5.432 F (with dashes around them, at the top, use)302.4 596.9 Q (.he ""\255 % \255"")329.4 613.9 Q -.99(Yo)302.4 630.9 S 2.73(uc).99 G .479(an skip to the top of a ne)-2.73 F 2.729(wp)-.225 G .479(age at an) -2.729 F 2.729(yt)-.135 G .479(ime with)-2.729 F .321(the `)302.4 641.9 R(`.bp')-.666 E 2.571('c)-.666 G .321(ommand; if `)-2.571 F(`.bp')-.666 E 2.571('i)-.666 G 2.571(sf)-2.571 G(ollo)-2.571 E .321(wed by a number) -.225 F(,)-.36 E(that will be the ne)302.4 652.9 Q 2.25(wp)-.225 G (age number)-2.25 E(.)-.495 E .741(The fore)324.9 667.2 R .741 (going is probably enough about)-.135 F F1 -.162(ro)2.99 G(ff).162 E F0 (for)2.99 E 1.932(you to go of)302.4 678.2 R 4.183(fa)-.225 G 1.933 (nd format most e)-4.183 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 1.933(ryday documents.).135 F(Read)302.4 689.2 Q F1 -.162(ro)2.25 G(ff).162 E F0 (\(I\) for more details.)1.5 E EP %%Page: 10 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<8931>276.75 58 S 2.25<3089>-2.25 G /F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(Hints f)72 105 Q(or Pr)-.225 E(eparing Documents) -.162 E F0 .603(Most documents go through se)94.5 119.3 R -.135(ve)-.225 G .603(ral v).135 F .603(ersions \(al-)-.135 F -.09(wa)72 130.3 S 1.314 (ys more than you e).09 F 1.314(xpected\) before the)-.135 F 3.564(ya) -.135 G 1.314(re \214nally)-3.564 F 3.552(\214nished. 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Mak)-3.745 F 3.745(el)-.09 G 1.495(ines short,)-3.745 F .517 (and break lines at natural places, such as after commas)72 199.6 R .244 (and semicolons, rather than randomly)72 210.6 R 4.744(.S)-.585 G .245 (ince most peo-)-4.744 F .266(ple change documents by re)72 221.6 R .266 (writing phrases and adding,)-.225 F 2.03 (deleting and rearranging sentences, these precautions)72 232.6 R (simplify an)72 243.6 Q 2.25(ye)-.135 G(diting you ha)-2.25 E .27 -.135 (ve t)-.18 H 2.25(od).135 G 2.25(ol)-2.25 G(ater)-2.25 E(.)-.495 E .767 (The second aspect of making change easy is not)94.5 257.9 R .666 (to commit yourself to formatting details too early)72 268.9 R 5.166(.F) -.585 G(or)-5.301 E -.135(ex)72 279.9 S .436 (ample, if you decide that each paragraph is to ha).135 F .705 -.135 (ve a)-.18 H 1.099 (space and an indent of 10 characters, you might type,)72 290.9 R (before each,)72 301.9 Q(.sp)99 318.9 Q(.ti +10)99 329.9 Q .885 (But what happens when later you decide that it w)72 346.9 R(ould)-.09 E (ha)72 357.9 Q .499 -.135(ve b)-.18 H .23(een better to ha).135 F .5 -.135(ve n)-.18 H 2.48(os).135 G .23(pace and an indent of only)-2.48 F 3.044(5c)72 368.9 S 3.044(haracters? It')-3.044 F 3.044(st)-.495 G .794 (edious indeed to go back and patch)-3.044 F(this up.)72 379.9 Q -.135 (Fo)94.5 394.2 S(rtunately).135 E 2.262(,a)-.585 G .012 (ll of the formatters let you delay de-)-2.262 F .64 (cisions until the actual moment of running.)72 405.2 R .64(The secret) 5.14 F .803(is to de\214ne a ne)72 416.2 R 3.054(wo)-.225 G .804 (peration \(called a)-3.054 F/F2 9/Times-Italic@0 SF(macr)3.054 E(o\),) -.405 E F0 .804(for each)3.054 F .114(formatting operation you w)72 427.2 R .114(ant to do, lik)-.09 F 2.364(em)-.09 G .114(aking a ne) -2.364 F(w)-.225 E 2.25(paragraph. Y)72 438.2 R(ou can say)-.99 E 2.25 (,i)-.585 G 2.25(na)-2.25 G(ll three formatters,)-2.25 E(.de PP)99 455.2 Q(.sp)99 466.2 Q(.ti +10)99 477.2 Q(..)99 488.2 Q(This)72 505.2 Q F2 (de\214nes)2.496 E F0 -.666(``)2.496 G(.PP').666 E 2.496('a)-.666 G 2.496(san)-2.496 G -.225(ew)-2.496 G F1 -.162(ro)2.721 G(ff).162 E F0 (\(or)2.496 E F1(nr)2.496 E(off)-.162 E F0(or)2.497 E F1(tr)2.497 E(off) -.162 E F0 2.497(\)o)C(p-)-2.497 E(eration, whose meaning is e)72 516.2 Q(xactly)-.135 E(.sp)99 533.2 Q(.ti +10)99 544.2 Q 1.122(\(The `)72 561.2 R(`..)-.666 E 2.454 -.666('' m)-.63 H 1.122 (arks the end of the de\214nition.\)).666 F(Whene)5.621 E -.135(ve)-.225 G(r).135 E -.666(``)72 572.2 S(.PP').666 E 4.053('i)-.666 G 4.053(se) -4.053 G 1.803(ncountered in the te)-4.053 F 1.803 (xt, it is as if you had)-.135 F(typed the tw)72 583.2 Q 2.25(ol)-.09 G (ines of the de\214nition in place of it.)-2.25 E 1.992 (The beauty of this scheme is that no)94.5 597.5 R 3.162 -.585(w, i) -.225 H 4.242(fy).585 G(ou)-4.242 E .704 (change your mind about what a paragraph should look)72 608.5 R(lik)72 619.5 Q 1.684(e, you can change the formatted output merely by)-.09 F 2.137(changing the de\214nition of `)72 630.5 R(`.PP')-.666 E 4.387('a) -.666 G 2.137(nd re-running the)-4.387 F(formatter)72 641.5 Q(.)-.495 E 1.527(As a rule of thumb, for all b)94.5 655.8 R 1.526(ut the most tri) -.18 F(vial)-.225 E 1.01 (jobs, you should type a document in terms of a set of)72 666.8 R .449 (macros lik)72 677.8 R 2.699(e`)-.09 G(`.PP')-3.365 E .449 (', and then de\214ne them appropriately)-.666 F(.)-.585 E .057 (As long as you ha)72 688.8 R .328 -.135(ve e)-.18 H .058(ntered the te) .135 F .058(xt in some systematic)-.135 F -.09(wa)72 699.8 S 1.597 -.585 (y, i).09 H 2.677(tc).585 G .427(an al)-2.677 F -.09(wa)-.09 G .426 (ys be cleaned up and re-formatted by a).09 F .309 (judicious combination of editing and macro de\214nitions.)72 710.8 R 1.698(The packages of formatting commands that we men-)72 721.8 R .055 (tioned earlier are simply collections of macros designed)302.4 105 R (for particular formatting tasks.)302.4 116 Q .194(One of the main dif) 324.9 130.3 R .193(ferences between)-.225 F F1 -.162(ro)2.443 G(ff).162 E F0 .193(and the)2.443 F .28(other formatters is that macros in)302.4 141.3 R F1 -.162(ro)2.53 G(ff).162 E F0 .28(can only be lines)2.53 F 1.106(of te)302.4 152.3 R 1.106(xt and formatting commands.)-.135 F(In) 5.606 E F1(nr)3.356 E(off)-.162 E F0(and)3.356 E F1(tr)3.355 E(off)-.162 E F0(,)A .319(macros may ha)302.4 163.3 R .589 -.135(ve a)-.18 H -.162 (rg).135 G .319(uments, so the).162 F 2.57(yc)-.135 G .32(an ha)-2.57 F .59 -.135(ve d)-.18 H(if).135 E(ferent)-.225 E(ef)302.4 174.3 Q .125 (fects depending on ho)-.225 F 2.375(wt)-.225 G(he)-2.375 E 2.375(ya) -.135 G .125(re called \(in e)-2.375 F .125(xactly the)-.135 F 1.59 (same w)302.4 185.3 R 1.591(ay that the `)-.09 F(`.sp')-.666 E 3.841('c) -.666 G 1.591(ommand has an ar)-3.841 F(gument,)-.162 E (the number of spaces you w)302.4 196.3 Q(ant\).)-.09 E F1(Miscellany) 302.4 218.3 Q F0 .323(In addition to the basic formatters,)324.9 232.6 R /F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.573 E F0(pro)2.573 E(vides)-.135 E 3.289 (ah)302.4 243.6 S 1.039(ost of supporting programs.)-3.289 F F1(eqn) 5.539 E F0(and)3.289 E F1(neqn)3.289 E F0 1.039(let you)3.289 F(inte) 302.4 254.6 Q .655(grate mathematics into the te)-.135 F .655 (xt of a document, in a)-.135 F 2.366 (language that closely resembles the w)302.4 265.6 R 2.366(ay you w)-.09 F(ould)-.09 E .826(speak it aloud.)302.4 276.6 R F1(spell)5.326 E F0 (and)3.076 E F1(typo)3.076 E F0 .825(detect possible spelling)3.076 F (mistak)302.4 287.6 Q .921(es in a document.)-.09 F F1(gr)5.421 E(ep) -.162 E F0 .922(looks for lines contain-)3.171 F .18 (ing a particular te)302.4 298.6 R .18(xt pattern \(rather lik)-.135 F 2.43(et)-.09 G .18(he editor')-2.43 F 2.43(sc)-.495 G(on-)-2.43 E(te) 302.4 309.6 Q .111(xt search does, b)-.135 F .111 (ut on a whole series of \214les\).)-.18 F -.135(Fo)4.612 G 2.362(re) .135 G(x-)-2.497 E(ample,)302.4 320.6 Q 2.25(grep "ing$" chap*)329.4 337.6 R .7(will \214nd all lines ending in the letters `)302.4 354.6 R (`ing')-.666 E 2.949('i)-.666 G 2.949(nt)-2.949 G .699(he se-)-2.949 F .316(ries of \214les `)302.4 365.6 R(`chap*')-.666 E 2.566('. \(It)-.666 F .316(is almost al)2.566 F -.09(wa)-.09 G .316(ys a good prac-).09 F 1.261(tice to put quotes around the pattern you')302.4 376.6 R 1.261 (re searching)-.45 F(for)302.4 387.6 Q 4.009(,i)-.36 G 4.009(nc)-4.009 G 1.759(ase it contains characters that ha)-4.009 F 2.029 -.135(ve a s) -.18 H(pecial).135 E(meaning for the shell.\))302.4 398.6 Q F1(wc)324.9 412.9 Q F0 1.339(counts the w)3.589 F 1.339 (ords and \(optionally\) lines in a)-.09 F 1.27(set of \214les.)302.4 423.9 R F1(tr)5.77 E F0 1.27(translates characters into other charac-) 3.52 F .1(ters; for e)302.4 434.9 R .1(xample it will con)-.135 F -.135 (ve)-.36 G .1(rt upper to lo).135 F .1(wer case and)-.225 F(vice v)302.4 445.9 Q 2.25(ersa. This)-.135 F(translates upper into lo)2.25 E(wer:) -.225 E 2.25(tr "[A\211Z]" "[a\211z]")329.4 462.9 R F1(diff)324.9 483.2 Q F0 1.306(prints a list of the dif)3.556 F 1.306(ferences between tw) -.225 F(o)-.09 E 1.637(\214les, so you can compare tw)302.4 494.2 R 3.887(ov)-.09 G 1.637(ersions of something)-4.022 F 2.178 (automatically \(which certainly beats proofreading by)302.4 505.2 R (hand\).)302.4 516.2 Q F1(sort)5.022 E F0 .521(sorts \214les in a v) 2.771 F .521(ariety of w)-.225 F(ays;)-.09 E F1(cr)2.771 E(ef)-.162 E F0 (mak)2.771 E(es)-.09 E(cross-references;)302.4 527.2 Q F1(ptx)9.475 E F0 (mak)9.475 E 7.225(es a permuted inde)-.09 F(x)-.135 E(\(k)302.4 538.2 Q -.135(ey)-.09 G -.09(wo).135 G(rd-in-conte).09 E(xt listing\).)-.135 E .773(Most of these programs are either independently)324.9 552.5 R 2.205 (documented \(lik)302.4 563.5 R(e)-.09 E F1(eqn)4.455 E F0(and)4.455 E F1(neqn)4.455 E F0 2.205(\), or are suf)B(\214ciently)-.225 E 1.574 (simple that the description in the)302.4 574.5 R/F4 7/Times-Italic@0 SF (UNIX)3.824 E F2(Pr)3.824 E -.09(og)-.405 G -.135(ra).09 G(mmer').135 E (s)-.36 E(Manual)302.4 585.5 Q F0(is adequate e)2.25 E(xplanation.)-.135 E F1(IV)302.4 607.5 Q 4.5(.P)-1.305 G -.27(RO)-4.5 G(GRAMMING).27 E F3 (UNIX)324.9 621.8 Q F0 2.187(is a marv)4.437 F 2.188 (elously pleasant and producti)-.135 F -.135(ve)-.225 G .941 (system for writing programs; producti)302.4 632.8 R .941 (vity seems to be)-.225 F .875 (an order of magnitude higher than on other interacti)302.4 643.8 R -.135(ve)-.225 G(systems.)302.4 654.8 Q .027 (There will be no attempt made to teach an)324.9 669.1 R 2.277(yo)-.135 G 2.277(ft)-2.277 G(he)-2.277 E 1.635(programming languages a)302.4 680.1 R -.225(va)-.18 G 1.636(ilable on).225 F F3(UNIX)3.886 E F0 3.886 (,b)C 1.636(ut a fe)-4.066 F(w)-.225 E -.09(wo)302.4 691.1 S 1.047 (rds of advice are in order).09 F 5.547(.F)-.495 G(irst,)-5.547 E F3 (UNIX)3.297 E F0 1.047(is written in)3.297 F .028 (C, as is most of the applications code.)302.4 702.1 R .029 (If you are under)4.529 F(-)-.18 E 1.964(taking an)302.4 713.1 R 1.963 (ything substantial, C is the only reasonable)-.135 F 2.625 (choice. More)302.4 724.1 R .375(on that in a moment.)2.625 F .375 (But remember that)4.875 F EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<8931>276.75 58 S 2.25<3189>-2.25 G .265(there are quite a fe)72 105 R 2.515(wp)-.225 G .265 (rograms already written, some of)-2.515 F(which ha)72 116 Q .27 -.135 (ve s)-.18 H(ubstantial po).135 E(wer)-.225 E(.)-.495 E 1.051 (The editor can be made to do things that w)94.5 130.3 R(ould)-.09 E 2.147(normally require special programs on other systems.)72 141.3 R -.135(Fo)72 152.3 S 2.97(re).135 G .72 (xample, to list the \214rst and last lines of each of a)-3.105 F (set of \214les, say a book, you could laboriously type)72 163.3 Q(ed)99 180.3 Q 2.25(ec)99 191.3 S(hap1.1)-2.25 E(1p)99 202.3 Q($p)99 213.3 Q 2.25(ec)99 224.3 S(hap1.2)-2.25 E(1p)99 235.3 Q($p)99 246.3 Q(etc.) 101.25 257.3 Q(But instead you can do the job once and for all.)72 274.3 Q -.72(Ty)4.5 G(pe).72 E(ls chap* >temp)99 291.3 Q .175 (to get the list of \214lenames into a \214le.)72 308.3 R .174 (Then edit this \214le)4.675 F .653(to mak)72 319.3 R 2.903(et)-.09 G .654(he necessary series of editing commands \(us-)-2.903 F 2.79 (ing the global commands of)72 330.3 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ed)5.04 E F0 2.79(\), and write it into)B -.666(``)72 341.3 S(script').666 E 2.25 ('. No)-.666 F 2.25(wt)-.225 G(he command)-2.25 E(ed >users)99 723.2 Q 2.63(which uses `)302.4 105 R(`>>')-.666 E 4.88('t)-.666 G(o)-4.88 E/F3 9/Times-Italic@0 SF(append) 4.881 E F0 2.631(to the end of the \214le)4.881 F -.666(``)302.4 116 S (users').666 E 4.196('. \(W)-.666 F 4.196(eh)-.72 G -2.025 -.18(av e) -4.196 H(n').18 E 4.195(tm)-.162 G 1.945(entioned `)-4.195 F(`>>')-.666 E 4.195('b)-.666 G 1.945(efore _ it')-4.195 F(s)-.495 E .266 (another service of the shell.\))302.4 127 R(No)4.766 E 2.516(wa)-.225 G .266(ll you ha)-2.516 F .536 -.135(ve t)-.18 H 2.516(od).135 G 2.516(oi) -2.516 G(s)-2.516 E 2.186 (to put a loop around this, and ensure that it')302.4 138 R 4.436(sd) -.495 G(one)-4.436 E -1.935 -.225(ev e)302.4 149 T .182(ry hour).225 F 4.682(.T)-.495 G .182(hus, place the follo)-4.682 F .183 (wing commands into a)-.225 F(\214le, say `)302.4 160 Q(`count')-.666 E (':)-.666 E 2.25(:l)329.4 177 S(oop)-2.25 E (\(date; who | wc \211l\) >>users)329.4 188 Q 2.25(sleep 3600)329.4 199 R(goto loop)329.4 210 Q 1.912(The command)302.4 227 R F1(:)4.162 E F0 1.912(is follo)4.162 F 1.911(wed by a space and a label,)-.225 F .379 (which you can then)302.4 238 R F1(goto)2.63 E F0 4.88(.N)C .38 (otice that it')-4.88 F 2.63(sq)-.495 G .38(uite le)-2.63 F -.045(ga) -.135 G 2.63(lt).045 G(o)-2.63 E(branch backw)302.4 249 Q 2.25(ards. No) -.09 F 2.25(wi)-.225 G 2.25(fy)-2.25 G(ou issue the command)-2.25 E 2.25 (sh count &)329.4 266 R .124(the users will be counted e)302.4 283 R -.135(ve)-.225 G .124(ry hour).135 F 2.373(,a)-.36 G .123 (nd you can go on)-2.373 F 1.639(with other things.)302.4 294 R(\(Y)6.14 E 1.64(ou will ha)-.99 F 1.91 -.135(ve t)-.18 H 3.89(ou).135 G(se)-3.89 E F1(kill)3.89 E F0 1.64(to stop)3.89 F(counting.\))302.4 305 Q .864 (If you w)324.9 319.3 R .864(ould lik)-.09 F 3.114(e`)-.09 G(`e)-3.78 E -.135(ve)-.225 G .864(ry hour').135 F 3.114('t)-.666 G 3.114(ob)-3.114 G 3.114(eap)-3.114 G(arame-)-3.114 E(ter)302.4 330.3 Q 2.25(,y)-.36 G (ou can arrange for that too:)-2.25 E 2.25(:l)329.4 347.3 S(oop)-2.25 E (\(date; who | wc \211 l\) >>users)329.4 358.3 Q 2.25(sleep $1)329.4 369.3 R(goto loop)329.4 380.3 Q -.666(``)302.4 397.3 S($1').666 E 3.204 ('m)-.666 G .954(eans the \214rst ar)-3.204 F .954 (gument when this procedure is)-.162 F(in)302.4 408.3 Q -.18(vo)-.36 G -.09(ke).18 G 2.25(d. If).09 F(you say)2.25 E(sh count 60)329.4 425.3 Q 1.117(it will count e)302.4 442.3 R -.135(ve)-.225 G 1.117(ry minute.) .135 F 3.367(As)5.617 G 1.117(hell program can ha)-3.367 F -.135(ve)-.18 G(up to nine ar)302.4 453.3 Q(guments, `)-.162 E(`$1')-.666 E 2.25('t) -.666 G(hrough `)-2.25 E(`$9')-.666 E('.)-.666 E 1.27 (The other aspect of programming is conditional)324.9 467.6 R 3.908 (testing. The)302.4 478.6 R F1(if)3.907 E F0 1.657 (command can test conditions and e)3.907 F(x-)-.135 E 2.184 (ecute commands accordingly)302.4 489.6 R 6.684(.A)-.585 G 4.434(sas) -6.684 G 2.184(imple e)-4.434 F(xample,)-.135 E .496(suppose you w)302.4 500.6 R .496(ant to add to your login sequence some-)-.09 F .19 (thing to print your mail if you ha)302.4 511.6 R .46 -.135(ve s)-.18 H 2.44(ome. Thus,).135 F(kno)2.44 E(w-)-.225 E 1.486 (ing that mail is stored in a \214le called `mailbox', you)302.4 522.6 R (could say)302.4 533.6 Q(if \211r mailbox)329.4 550.6 Q(mail)4.5 E .453 (This says `)302.4 567.6 R .453(`if the \214le `mailbox' is readable, e) -.666 F -.135(xe)-.135 G .453(cute the).135 F F1(mail)302.4 578.6 Q F0 (command.)2.25 E -.666('')-.63 G 1.254(As another e)324.9 592.9 R 1.253 (xample, you could arrange that the)-.135 F -.666(``)302.4 603.9 S (count').666 E 2.733('p)-.666 G .483(rocedure count e)-2.733 F -.135(ve) -.225 G .484(ry hour by def).135 F .484(ault, b)-.09 F .484(ut al-)-.18 F(lo)302.4 614.9 Q 3.812(wa)-.225 G 3.812(no)-3.812 G 1.562(ptional ar) -3.812 F 1.561(gument to specify a dif)-.162 F 1.561(ferent time.)-.225 F(Simply replace the `)302.4 625.9 Q(`sleep $1')-.666 E 2.25('l)-.666 G (ine by)-2.25 E(if $1x = x sleep 3600)329.4 642.9 Q (if $1x != x sleep $1)329.4 653.9 Q(The construction)302.4 670.9 Q (if $1x = x)329.4 687.9 Q 1.028(tests whether `)302.4 704.9 R(`$1')-.666 E 1.028(', the \214rst ar)-.666 F 1.028(gument, w)-.162 F 1.029 (as present or)-.09 F(absent.)302.4 715.9 Q EP %%Page: 12 12 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<8931>276.75 58 S 2.25<3289>-2.25 G 1.104(More complicated conditions can be tested: you)94.5 105 R 1.489 (can \214nd out the status of an e)72 116 R -.135(xe)-.135 G 1.489 (cuted command, and).135 F .704 (you can combine conditions with `and', `or', `not' and)72 127 R 1.142 (parentheses _ see)72 138 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(if)3.392 E F0 3.393 (\(I\). Y)1.5 F 1.143(ou should also read)-.99 F F1(shift)3.393 E F0 (\(I\))1.5 E .966(which describes ho)72 149 R 3.216(wt)-.225 G 3.216(om) -3.216 G .965(anipulate ar)-3.216 F .965(guments to shell)-.162 F (command \214les.)72 160 Q F1(Pr)72 182 Q(ogramming in C)-.162 E F0 1.111(As we said, C is the language of choice: e)94.5 196.3 R -.135(ve) -.225 G(ry-).135 E .177(thing in)72 207.3 R/F2 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX) 2.427 E F0 .177(is tuned to it.)2.427 F .176 (It is also a remarkably easy)4.676 F 1.154 (language to use once you get started.)72 218.3 R 1.154(Sections II and) 5.654 F .276(III of the manual describe the system interf)72 229.3 R .276(aces, that is,)-.09 F(ho)72 240.3 Q 2.25(wy)-.225 G (ou do I/O and similar functions.)-2.25 E -.99(Yo)94.5 254.6 S 3.157(uc) .99 G .908(an write quite signi\214cant C programs with)-3.157 F .75 (the le)72 265.6 R -.135(ve)-.225 G 3(lo).135 G 3(fI)-3 G .75 (/O and system interf)-3 F .75(ace described in)-.09 F/F3 9 /Times-Italic@0 SF(Pr)3 E(o-)-.405 E(gr)72 276.6 Q 1.929 (amming in C: A T)-.135 F(utorial,)-.495 E F0 1.929(if you use e)4.179 F 1.929(xisting pro-)-.135 F 2.644(grams and pipes to help.)72 287.6 R -.135(Fo)7.144 G 4.894(re).135 G 2.643(xample, rather than)-5.029 F 1.135(learning ho)72 298.6 R 3.385(wt)-.225 G 3.386(oo)-3.385 G 1.136 (pen and close \214les you can \(at least)-3.386 F 1.205 (temporarily\) write a program that reads from its stan-)72 309.6 R .222 (dard input, and use)72 320.6 R F1(cat)2.472 E F0 .222 (to concatentate se)2.472 F -.135(ve)-.225 G .222(ral \214les into).135 F 3.187(it. This)72 331.6 R .937 (may not be adequate for the long run, b)3.187 F .936(ut for)-.18 F (the early stages it')72 342.6 Q 2.25(sj)-.495 G(ust right.)-2.25 E .913 (There are a number of supporting programs that)94.5 356.9 R .84 (go with C.)72 367.9 R .84(The C deb)5.34 F(ugger)-.18 E(,)-.36 E F1 (cdb)3.09 E F0 3.09(,i)C 3.09(sm)-3.09 G(ar)-3.09 E .84(ginally useful) -.162 F 2.046(for digging through the dead bodies of C programs.)72 378.9 R F1(db)72 389.9 Q F0 3.453(,t)C 1.202(he assembly language deb) -3.453 F(ugger)-.18 E 3.452(,i)-.36 G 3.452(sa)-3.452 G 1.202 (ctually more)-3.452 F 1.608(useful most of the time, b)72 400.9 R 1.608 (ut you ha)-.18 F 1.879 -.135(ve t)-.18 H 3.859(ok).135 G(no)-3.859 E 3.859(wm)-.225 G(ore)-3.859 E .411 (about the machine and system to use it well.)72 411.9 R .411(The most) 4.911 F(ef)72 422.9 Q(fecti)-.225 E .325 -.135(ve d)-.225 H(eb).135 E .055(ugging tool is still careful thought, coupled)-.18 F (with judiciously placed print statements.)72 433.9 Q -.99(Yo)94.5 448.2 S 2.513(uc).99 G .262(an instrument C programs and thus \214nd out) -2.513 F 1.18(where the)72 459.2 R 3.43(ys)-.135 G 1.18 (pend their time and what parts are w)-3.43 F(orth)-.09 E 2.419 (optimising. Compile)72 470.2 R .168(the routines with the `)2.419 F (`-p')-.666 E 2.418('o)-.666 G(ption;)-2.418 E .581 (after the test run use)72 481.2 R F1(pr)2.831 E(of)-.162 E F0 .582 (to print an e)2.831 F -.135(xe)-.135 G .582(cution pro\214le.).135 F 1.686(The command)72 492.2 R F1(time)3.936 E F0 1.685(will gi)3.935 F 1.955 -.135(ve y)-.225 H 1.685(ou the gross run-time).135 F .307 (statistics of a program, b)72 503.2 R .307(ut it')-.18 F 2.557(sn)-.495 G .307(ot super accurate or re-)-2.557 F(producible.)72 514.2 Q 3.161 (Cp)94.5 528.5 S .91(rograms that don')-3.161 F 3.16(td)-.162 G .91 (epend too much on spe-)-3.16 F 1.367(cial features of)72 539.5 R F2 (UNIX)3.617 E F0 1.367(can be mo)3.617 F -.135(ve)-.135 G 3.618(dt).135 G 3.618(ot)-3.618 G 1.368(he Hone)-3.618 F(ywell)-.135 E 1.577(6070 and) 72 550.5 R F2(IBM)3.827 E F0 1.577(370 systems with modest ef)3.827 F 3.827(fort. Read)-.225 F F3(The)72 561.5 Q/F4 7/Times-Italic@0 SF(GCOS) 2.331 E F3 2.331(CL)2.331 G(ibr)-2.331 E(ary)-.135 E F0 .081 (by M. E. Lesk and B. A. Barres for)2.331 F(details.)72 572.5 Q F1 (Miscellany)72 594.5 Q F0 1.501(If you)94.5 608.8 R F3(have)3.751 E F0 1.501(to use F)3.751 F 1.5(ortran, you might consider)-.135 F F1(ratf)72 619.8 Q(or)-.225 E F0 3.925(,w)C 1.675(hich gi)-3.925 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 3.925(sy).135 G 1.675(ou the decent control structures)-3.925 F 1.925 (and free-form input that characterize C, yet lets you)72 630.8 R 1.153 (write code that is still portable to other en)72 641.8 R(vironments.) -.36 E .965(Bear in mind that)72 652.8 R F2(UNIX)3.214 E F0 -.135(Fo) 3.214 G .964(rtran tends to produce lar).135 F(ge)-.162 E 3.116 (and relati)72 663.8 R -.135(ve)-.225 G 3.116(ly slo).135 F 3.116 (w-running programs.)-.225 F(Furthermore,)7.617 E .558(supporting softw) 72 674.8 R .558(are lik)-.09 F(e)-.09 E F1(db)2.808 E F0(,)A F1(pr)2.808 E(of)-.162 E F0 2.808(,e)C .558(tc., are all virtually)-2.808 F (useless with F)72 685.8 Q(ortran programs.)-.135 E .925(If you w)94.5 700.1 R .926(ant to use assembly language \(all hea)-.09 F(v-)-.18 E 3.125(ens forfend!\), try the implementation language)72 711.1 R F2 (LIL,)5.374 E F0 .163(which gi)72 722.1 R -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.413(sy).135 G .163(ou man)-2.413 F 2.413(yo)-.135 G 2.413(ft)-2.413 G .163(he adv) -2.413 F .163(antages of a high-le)-.225 F -.135(ve)-.225 G(l).135 E 1.552(language, lik)302.4 105 R 3.802(ed)-.09 G 1.552 (ecent control \215o)-3.802 F 3.802(ws)-.225 G 1.552(tructures, b)-3.802 F 1.551(ut still)-.18 F (lets you get close to the machine if you really w)302.4 116 Q(ant to.) -.09 E .08(If your application requires you to translate a lan-)324.9 130.3 R .29(guage into a set of actions or another language, you are) 302.4 141.3 R 1.017(in ef)302.4 152.3 R 1.017(fect b)-.225 F 1.017 (uilding a compiler)-.18 F 3.267(,t)-.36 G 1.017(hough probably a small) -3.267 F 3.339(one. In)302.4 163.3 R 1.088 (that case, you should be using the)3.338 F F1(yacc)3.338 E F0(com-) 3.338 E(piler)302.4 174.3 Q(-compiler)-.18 E 4.963(,w)-.36 G 2.713 (hich helps you de)-4.963 F -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.714(lop a compiler).135 F (quickly)302.4 185.3 Q(.)-.585 E F1 4.86 -1.305(V. U)302.4 207.3 T (NIX READING LIST)1.305 E F3(Gener)302.4 221.6 Q(al:)-.135 E F2(UNIX) 302.4 237.6 Q F0(Programmer')4.321 E 4.321(sM)-.495 G 2.071(anual \(K) -4.321 F 2.07(en Thompson, Dennis)-.225 F .014 (Ritchie, and a cast of thousands\).)302.4 248.6 R .015 (Lists commands, sys-)4.515 F 1.278(tem routines and interf)302.4 259.6 R 1.278(aces, \214le formats, and some of)-.09 F 2.442 (the maintenance procedures.)302.4 270.6 R -.99(Yo)6.942 G 4.692(uc).99 G(an')-4.692 E 4.692(tl)-.162 G -1.935 -.225(iv e)-4.692 H(without)4.917 E(this, although you will probably only read section I.)302.4 281.6 Q (The)302.4 297.6 Q F2(UNIX)3.154 E F0 -.315(Ti)3.154 G .904 (me-sharing System \(K).315 F .903(en Thompson, Den-)-.225 F 1.401 (nis Ritchie\).)302.4 308.6 R(CA)5.901 E 1.402(CM, July 1974.)-.36 F 1.402(An o)5.902 F -.135(ve)-.135 G(rvie).135 E 3.652(wo)-.225 G 3.652 (ft)-3.652 G(he)-3.652 E 3.27 (system, for people interested in operating systems.)302.4 319.6 R -.72 (Wo)302.4 330.6 S 1.676(rth reading by an).72 F 1.677 (yone who programs.)-.135 F 1.677(Contains a)6.177 F 2.725 (remarkable number of one-sentence observ)302.4 341.6 R 2.725(ations on) -.225 F(ho)302.4 352.6 Q 2.25(wt)-.225 G 2.25(od)-2.25 G 2.25(ot)-2.25 G (hings right.)-2.25 E F3(Document Pr)302.4 368.6 Q(epar)-.333 E(ation:) -.135 E F0 2.661(AT)302.4 384.6 S .411(utorial Introduction to the) -3.066 F F2(UNIX)2.661 E F0 -1.125 -.63(Te x)2.661 H 2.661(tE).63 G (ditor)-2.661 E 4.911(.\()-.495 G(Brian)-4.911 E -.225(Ke)302.4 395.6 S 4.028(rnighan\). Bell).225 F 1.777(Laboratories internal memorandum.) 4.028 F -.72(We)302.4 406.6 S 1.064 (ak on the more esoteric uses of the editor).72 F 3.314(,b)-.36 G 1.064 (ut still)-3.494 F(probably the easiest w)302.4 417.6 Q(ay to learn)-.09 E F1(ed)2.25 E F0(.)A -.72(Ty)302.4 433.6 S .813(ping Documents on).72 F F2(UNIX.)3.063 E F0(\(Mik)5.312 E 3.062(eL)-.09 G 3.062(esk\). Bell) -3.062 F(Labo-)3.062 E 2.274(ratories internal memorandum.)302.4 444.6 R 4.524(Am)6.774 G 2.274(acro package to)-4.524 F 1.318(isolate the no) 302.4 455.6 R 1.317(vice from the v)-.135 F(ag)-.225 E 1.317 (aries of the formatting)-.045 F 4.314(programs. If)302.4 466.6 R 2.065 (this speci\214c package isn')4.315 F 4.315(ta)-.162 G -.225(va)-4.495 G 2.065(ilable on).225 F 1.157 (your system, something similar probably is.)302.4 477.6 R 1.157 (This one)5.657 F -.09(wo)302.4 488.6 S(rks with both).09 E F1(nr)2.25 E (off)-.162 E F0(and)2.25 E F1(tr)2.25 E(off)-.162 E F0(.)A F3(Pr)302.4 504.6 Q -.09(og)-.405 G -.135(ra).09 G(mming:).135 E F0 .356 (Programming in C: A T)302.4 520.6 R .356(utorial \(Brian K)-.405 F 2.607(ernighan\). Bell)-.225 F .122(Laboratories internal memorandum.) 302.4 531.6 R .121(The easiest w)4.622 F .121(ay to)-.09 F .262 (start learning C, b)302.4 542.6 R .262(ut it')-.18 F 2.513(sn)-.495 G 2.513(oh)-2.513 G .263(elp at all with the interf)-2.513 F(ace)-.09 E .833(to the system be)302.4 553.6 R .833(yond the simplest IO.)-.135 F .833(Should be read)5.333 F(in conjunction with)302.4 564.6 Q 3.19(CR) 302.4 580.6 S .94(eference Manual \(Dennis Ritchie\).)-3.19 F .941 (Bell Laborato-)5.441 F .453(ries internal memorandum.)302.4 591.6 R .453(An e)4.953 F .453(xcellent reference, b)-.135 F(ut)-.18 E 3.007(ab) 302.4 602.6 S .757(it hea)-3.007 F .757(vy going for the be)-.18 F (ginner)-.135 E 3.007(,e)-.36 G .757(specially one who)-3.007 F(has ne) 302.4 613.6 Q -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.25(ru).135 G(sed a language lik)-2.25 E 2.25(eC)-.09 G(.)-2.25 E F3(Other)302.4 629.6 Q(s:)-.09 E F0 (D. M. Ritchie, UNIX Assembler Reference Manual.)302.4 645.6 Q .375 (B. W)302.4 658.6 R 2.625(.K)-.828 G .375(ernighan and L. L. Cherry) -2.85 F 2.624(,AS)-.585 G .374(ystem for T)-2.624 F(ype-)-.72 E 2.549 (setting Mathematics, Computing Science T)302.4 669.6 R 2.549(ech. Rep.) -.63 F(17.)302.4 680.6 Q 1.521 (M. E. Lesk and B. A. Barres, The GCOS C Library)302.4 693.6 R(.)-.585 E (Bell Laboratories internal memorandum.)302.4 704.6 Q (K. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie, Setting Up UNIX.)302.4 717.6 Q (M. D. McIlro)302.4 730.6 Q 1.17 -.585(y, U)-.09 H(NIX Summary).585 E(.) -.585 E EP %%Page: 13 13 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<8931>276.75 58 S 2.25<3389>-2.25 G (D. M. Ritchie, The UNIX I/O System.)72 105 Q .81 (A. D. Hall, The M6 Macro Processor)72 118 R 3.06(,C)-.36 G .81 (omputing Sci-)-3.06 F(ence T)72 129 Q(ech. Rep. 2.)-.63 E 1.618(J. F)72 142 R 3.868(.O)-.72 G 1.618(ssanna, NR)-3.868 F 1.618(OFF User')-.36 F 3.868(sM)-.495 G 1.617(anual _ Second Edi-)-3.868 F (tion, Bell Laboratories internal memorandum.)72 153 Q .571 (D. M. Ritchie and K. Thompson, Re)72 166 R .571(generating System)-.135 F(Softw)72 177 Q(are.)-.09 E .367(B. W)72 190 R 2.617(.K)-.828 G .366 (ernighan, Ratfor_A Rational F)-2.842 F .366(ortran, Bell Lab-)-.135 F (oratories internal memorandum.)72 201 Q 2.862(M. D. McIlro)72 214 R 4.032 -.585(y, S)-.09 H 2.862(ynthetic English Speech by Rule,).585 F (Computing Science T)72 225 Q(ech. Rep. 14.)-.63 E 2.177(M. D. McIlro)72 238 R 3.347 -.585(y, B)-.09 H 2.176(ell Laboratories internal memoran-) .585 F(dum.)72 249 Q 1.35(J. F)72 262 R 3.6(.O)-.72 G 1.35(ssanna, TR) -3.6 F 1.35(OFF Users' Manual, Bell Laborato-)-.36 F (ries internal memorandum.)72 273 Q .404(B. W)72 286 R 2.654(.K)-.828 G .404(ernighan, TR)-2.879 F .404(OFF Made T)-.36 F(ri)-.315 E .403 (vial, Bell Laborato-)-.225 F(ries internal memorandum.)72 297 Q .69 (R. H. Morris and L. L. Cherry)72 310 R 2.94(,C)-.585 G .69 (omputer Detection of)-2.94 F -.72(Ty)72 321 S 1.797 (pographical Errors, Computing Science T).72 F 1.796(ech. Rep.)-.63 F (18.)72 332 Q .978(S. C. Johnson, Y)72 345 R -.36(AC)-1.08 G 3.228(C\() .36 G -.9(Ye)-3.228 G 3.228(tA).9 G .978(nother Compiler)-3.228 F (-Compil-)-.18 E(er\), Bell Laboratories internal memorandum.)72 356 Q 4.107 -.999(P. J)72 369 T 4.359(.P).999 G(lauger)-4.359 E 4.358(,P)-.36 G 2.108(rogramming in LIL: A T)-4.358 F 2.108(utorial, Bell)-.405 F (Laboratories internal memorandum.)72 380 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(Index) 72 435 Q F0 2.25(&\()72 471.3 S(asynchronous process\))-2.25 E(8)4.5 E 2.25(;\()72 482.3 S(multiple processes\))-2.25 E(8)4.5 E 2.25(*\()72 493.3 S(pattern match\))-2.25 E(5)4.5 E 2.25([]\()72 504.3 S (pattern match\))-2.25 E(6)4.5 E 2.25(?\()72 515.3 S(pattern match\)) -2.25 E(6)4.5 E(<> \(redirect I/O\))72 526.3 Q(7)4.5 E (>> \(\214le append\))72 537.3 Q(12)4.5 E(backslash \(\\\))72 548.3 Q(2) 4.5 E(cat \(concatenate \214les\))72 559.3 Q(4)4.5 E(cdb \(C deb)72 570.3 Q 2.25(ugger\) 12)-.18 F(chdir \(change directory\))72 581.3 Q(7) 4.5 E(chmod \(change protection\))72 592.3 Q(7)4.5 E(command ar)72 603.3 Q 2.25(guments 4)-.162 F(command \214les)72 614.3 Q(8)4.5 E(cp \(cop)72 625.3 Q 2.25<798c>-.09 G 2.25(les\) 5)-2.25 F(cref \(cross reference\)) 72 636.3 Q(11)4.5 E 2.25(date 2)72 647.3 R(db \(assembly deb)72 658.3 Q 2.25(ugger\) 13)-.18 F(delete \(DEL\))72 669.3 Q(2)4.5 E(dif)72 680.3 Q 2.25(f\()-.225 G(\214le comparison\))-2.25 E(11)4.5 E 2.25 (directories 7)72 691.3 R(document formatting)72 702.3 Q(9)4.5 E (ed \(editor\))72 713.3 Q(3)4.5 E(editor programming)72 724.3 Q(11)4.5 E (EO)302.4 105 Q 2.25(T\()-.36 G(end of \214le\))-2.25 E(3)4.5 E (eqn \(mathematics\))302.4 116 Q(11)4.5 E(erase character \(#\))302.4 127 Q(2)4.5 E(\214le system structure)302.4 138 Q(6)4.5 E 2.25 (\214lenames 5)302.4 149 R(\214le protection)302.4 160 Q(7)4.5 E 2.25 (goto 12)302.4 171 R(grep \(pattern matching\))302.4 182 Q(11)4.5 E (if \(condition test\))302.4 193 Q(12)4.5 E(inde)302.4 204 Q 4.5(x1) -.135 G(4)-4.5 E(kill a program)302.4 215 Q(8)4.5 E (kill a character \(@\))302.4 226 Q(2)4.5 E(lil \(high-le)302.4 237 Q -.135(ve)-.225 G 2.25(la).135 G 2.25(ssembler\) 13)-2.25 F 2.25(login 1) 302.4 248 R 2.25(logout 2)302.4 259 R(ls \(list \214le names\))302.4 270 Q(4)4.5 E(macro for formatting)302.4 281 Q(10)4.5 E 2.25(mail 2)302.4 292 R(multi-columns printing \(pr\))302.4 303 Q(5)4.5 E(mv \(mo)302.4 314 Q .27 -.135(ve \214)-.135 H 2.25(les\) 5).135 F(nrof)302.4 325 Q 4.5 (f9)-.225 G(on-line manual)302.4 336 Q(3)4.5 E(opr \(of)302.4 347 Q (\215ine print\))-.225 E(5)4.5 E 2.25(pathname 6)302.4 358 R (pattern match in \214lenames)302.4 369 Q(5)4.5 E(pipes \( | \))302.4 380 Q(8)4.5 E(pr \(print \214les\))302.4 391 Q(4)4.5 E (prof \(run-time monitor\))302.4 402 Q(13)4.5 E 2.25(protection 7)302.4 413 R(ptx \(permuted inde)302.4 424 Q 2.25(x\) 11)-.135 F(pwd \(w)302.4 435 Q(orking directory\))-.09 E(7)4.5 E 2.25(quotes 6)302.4 446 R (ratfor \(decent F)302.4 457 Q 2.25(ortran\) 13)-.135 F 2.25 (readahead 2)302.4 468 R(reading list)302.4 479 Q(13)4.5 E (redirect I/O \(<>\))302.4 490 Q(7)4.5 E(RETURN k)302.4 501 Q 2.52 -.135 (ey 1)-.09 H(rm \(remo)302.4 512 Q .27 -.135(ve \214)-.135 H 2.25 (les\) 5).135 F(rmdir \(remo)302.4 523 Q .27 -.135(ve d)-.135 H 2.25 (irectory\) 7).135 F(rof)302.4 534 Q 2.25(f\()-.225 G(te)-2.25 E (xt formatting\))-.135 E(9)4.5 E(root \(of \214le system\))302.4 545 Q (6)4.5 E(shell \(command interpreter\))302.4 556 Q(8)4.5 E(shell ar) 302.4 567 Q(guments \($\))-.162 E(12)4.5 E(shell programming)302.4 578 Q (12)4.5 E(shift \(shell ar)302.4 589 Q 2.25(guments\) 12)-.162 F 2.25 (sleep 12)302.4 600 R 2.25(sort 11)302.4 611 R (spell \(\214nd spelling mistak)302.4 622 Q(es\))-.09 E (stopping a program)302.4 633 Q(2)4.5 E(stty \(set terminal options\)) 302.4 644 Q(2)4.5 E(tabs \(set tab stops\))302.4 655 Q(2)4.5 E (terminal types)302.4 666 Q(1)4.5 E(time \(time programs\))302.4 677 Q (13)4.5 E(tr \(translate characters\))302.4 688 Q(11)4.5 E(trof)302.4 699 Q 2.25(f\()-.225 G 2.25(typesetting\) 9)-2.25 F (typo \(\214nd spelling mistak)302.4 710 Q 2.25(es\) 11)-.09 F(wc \(w) 302.4 721 Q(ord count\))-.09 E(11)4.5 E EP %%Page: 14 14 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)0 11 Q 2.25<8931>276.75 58 S 2.25<3489>-2.25 G (who \(who is looged in\))72 105 Q(2)4.5 E(write \(to a user\))72 116 Q (3)4.5 E(yacc \(compiler)72 127 Q 2.25(-compiler\) 13)-.18 F EP %%Trailer end %%EOF