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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(INTR)72 58 Q 1.666(O\(I)-.4 G 164.42
1.666(I\) 1)-1.666 H 167.752(1/5/73 INTR)-1.666 F 1.666(O\(I)-.4 G 1.666
(I\))-1.666 G(INTR)222.545 127 Q(ODUCTION T)-.4 E 2.5(OS)-.18 G
(YSTEM CALLS)-2.5 E .349
(Section II of this manual lists all the entries into the system.)72 149
R .348(In most cases tw)5.348 F 2.848(oc)-.1 G .348
(alling sequences are specif)-2.848 F .348(ied, one)-.2 F .685
(of which is usable from assembly language, and the other from C.)72 160
R .686(Most of these calls ha)5.686 F .986 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.186(ne).15
G .686(rror return.)-3.186 F(From)5.686 E .8
(assembly language an erroneous call is al)72 171 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .799
(ys indicated by turning on the c-bit of the condition codes.).1 F .799
(The pres-)5.799 F .709
(ence of an error is most easily tested by the instructions)72 182 R/F1
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(bes)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(bec)3.21 E F0(\(`)3.21
E .71(`branch on error set \(or clear\)')-.74 F 3.21('\). These)-.74 F
(are)3.21 E(synon)72 193 Q(yms for the)-.15 E F1(bcs)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E
F1(bcc)2.5 E F0(instructions.)2.5 E .187(From C, an error condition is \
indicated by an otherwise impossible returned v)72 215 R 2.687
(alue. Almost)-.25 F(al)2.687 E -.1(wa)-.1 G .187(ys this is).1 F/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.686 E F0 .186(1; the in-)B(di)72 226 Q
(vidual sections specify the details.)-.25 E .829
(In both cases an error number is also a)72 248 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.329
(ilable. In).25 F .83
(assembly language, this number is returned in r0 on erroneous)3.329 F
3.075(calls. From)72 259 R .575(C, the e)3.075 F .575(xternal v)-.15 F
(ariable)-.25 E F1(errno)3.075 E F0 .575(is set to the error number)
3.075 F(.)-.55 E F1(Errno)5.575 E F0 .574
(is not cleared on successful calls, so it)3.075 F .168
(should be tested only after an error has occurred.)72 270 R .169
(There is a table of messages associated with each error)5.168 F 2.669
(,a)-.4 G .169(nd a rou-)-2.669 F(tine for printing the message.)72 281
Q(See)5 E F1(perr)2.5 E(or \(III\).)-.45 E F0 .066(The possible error n\
umbers are not recited with each writeup in section II, since man)72 303
R 2.565(ye)-.15 G .065(rrors are possible for most of)-2.565 F .581
(the calls.)72 314 R .581(Here is a list of the error numbers, their na\
mes inside the system \(for the benef)5.581 F .582
(it of system-readers\), and)-.2 F(the messages a)72 325 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable using).25 E F1(perr)2.5 E(or)-.45 E(.)-1.11 E F0 2.5(As)5 G
(hort e)-2.5 E(xplanation is also pro)-.15 E(vided.)-.15 E(0)72 347 Q F2
(-)25 E F0(\(unused\))64.51 E 25(1E)72 369 S 34.16(PERM Not)-25 F -.25
(ow)2.5 G(ner and not super).25 E(-user)-.2 E -.8(Ty)102 380 S .089
(pically this error indicates an attempt to modify a f).8 F .088
(ile in some w)-.2 F .088(ay forbidden e)-.1 F .088(xcept to its o)-.15
F(wner)-.25 E 5.088(.I)-.55 G 2.588(ti)-5.088 G 2.588(sa)-2.588 G(lso)
-2.588 E(returned for attempts by ordinary users to do things allo)102
391 Q(wed only to the super)-.25 E(-user)-.2 E(.)-.55 E 25(2E)72 413 S
27.51(NOENT No)-25 F(such f)2.5 E(ile or directory)-.2 E .042
(This error occurs when a f)102 424 R .042(ile name is specif)-.2 F .042
(ied and the f)-.2 F .042(ile should e)-.2 F .043(xist b)-.15 F .043
(ut doesn')-.2 F .043(t, or when one of the direc-)-.18 F
(tories in a path name does not e)102 435 Q(xist.)-.15 E 25(3E)72 457 S
35.27(SRCH No)-25 F(such process)2.5 E(The process whose number w)102
468 Q(as gi)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nt).15 G(o)-2.5 E F1(signal)2.5 E
F0(does not e)2.5 E(xist, or is already dead.)-.15 E 25(4E)72 490 S
38.06(INTR Interrupted)-25 F(system call)2.5 E 1.081(An asynchronous si\
gnal \(such as interrupt or quit\), which the user has elected to catch\
, occurred during a)102 501 R .982(system call.)102 512 R .982(If e)
5.982 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .982(cution is resumed after processing the sign\
al, it will appear as if the interrupted system).15 F
(call returned this error condition.)102 523 Q 25(5E)72 545 S 50.84
(IO I/O)-25 F(error)2.5 E .6(Some ph)102 556 R .6
(ysical I/O error occurred during a)-.05 F F1 -.37(re)3.1 G(ad).37 E F0
(or)3.1 E F1(write)3.1 E(.)-.15 E F0 .6
(This error may in some cases occur on a call fol-)5.6 F(lo)102 567 Q
(wing the one to which it actually applies.)-.25 E 25(6E)72 589 S 36.4
(NXIO No)-25 F(such de)2.5 E(vice or address)-.25 E .223
(I/O on a special f)102 600 R .223(ile refers to a subde)-.2 F .223
(vice which does not e)-.25 F .223(xist, or be)-.15 F .223
(yond the limits of the de)-.15 F 2.724(vice. It)-.25 F .224(may al-)
2.724 F(so occur when, for e)102 611 Q(xample, a tape dri)-.15 E .3 -.15
(ve i)-.25 H 2.5(sn).15 G
(ot dialled in or no disk pack is loaded on a dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(.).15 E 25(7E)72 633 S 39.17(2BIG Ar)-25 F 2.5(gl)-.18 G(ist too long)
-2.5 E(An ar)102 644 Q(gument list longer than 512 bytes \(counting the\
 null at the end of each ar)-.18 E(gument\) is presented to)-.18 E F1
-.2(ex)2.5 G(ec.).2 E F0 25(8E)72 666 S 20.84(NOEXEC Ex)-25 F
(ec format error)-.15 E 2.556(Ar)102 677 S .056(equest is made to e)
-2.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .056(cute a f).15 F .056(ile which, although it\
 has the appropriate permissions, does not start with one)-.2 F
(of the magic numbers 407 or 410.)102 688 Q 25(9E)72 710 S -.35(BA)-25 G
35.07(DF Bad).35 F -.2(fi)2.5 G(le number).2 E .004(Either a f)102 721 R
.004(ile descriptor refers to no open f)-.2 F .004
(ile, or a read \(resp. write\) request is made to a f)-.2 F .005
(ile which is open on-)-.2 F 2.5(-1-)297.67 768 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(INTR)72 58 Q 1.666(O\(I)-.4 G 164.42
1.666(I\) 1)-1.666 H 167.752(1/5/73 INTR)-1.666 F 1.666(O\(I)-.4 G 1.666
(I\))-1.666 G(ly for writing \(resp. reading\).)102 105 Q 17.5
(10 ECHILD)72 127 R(No children)33.34 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.92(Wa)
102 138 S(it).92 E F0(and the process has no li)2.5 E(ving or unw)-.25 E
(aited-for children.)-.1 E 17.5(11 EA)72 160 R 29.58(GAIN No)-.4 F
(more processes)2.5 E(In a)102 171 Q F1(fork,)2.5 E F0(the system')2.5 E
2.5(sp)-.55 G(rocess table is full and no more processes can for the mo\
ment be created.)-2.5 E 17.5(12 ENOMEM)72 193 R(Not enough core)25.56 E
.006(During an)102 204 R F1 -.2(ex)2.506 G(ec).2 E F0(or)2.506 E F1(br)
2.506 E(eak,)-.37 E F0 2.506(ap)2.506 G .006
(rogram asks for more core than the system is able to supply)-2.506 F
5.006(.T)-.65 G .006(his is not a tempo-)-5.006 F .018
(rary condition; the maximum core size is a system parameter)102 215 R
5.018(.T)-.55 G .018(he error may also occur if the arrangement of)
-5.018 F(te)102 226 Q(xt, data, and stack se)-.15 E
(gments is such as to require more than the e)-.15 E(xisting 8 se)-.15 E
(gmentation re)-.15 E(gisters.)-.15 E 17.5(13 EA)72 248 R 29.56
(CCES Permission)-.4 F(denied)2.5 E(An attempt w)102 259 Q
(as made to access a f)-.1 E(ile in a w)-.2 E
(ay forbidden by the protection system.)-.1 E(14)72 281 Q/F2 10/Symbol
SF(-)20 E F0(\(unused\))64.51 E 17.5(15 ENO)72 303 R 21.24(TBLK Block)
-.4 F(de)2.5 E(vice required)-.25 E 2.5(Ap)102 314 S(lain f)-2.5 E
(ile w)-.2 E(as mentioned where a block de)-.1 E(vice w)-.25 E
(as required, e.g. in)-.1 E F1(mount.)2.5 E F0 17.5(16 EB)72 336 R 34.82
(USY Mount)-.1 F(de)2.5 E(vice b)-.25 E(usy)-.2 E 1.031
(An attempt to mount a de)102 347 R 1.031(vice that w)-.25 F 1.031
(as already mounted or an attempt w)-.1 F 1.031
(as made to dismount a de)-.1 F 1.031(vice on)-.25 F
(which there is an open f)102 358 Q(ile or some process')-.2 E 2.5(sc)
-.55 G(urrent directory)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E 17.5(17 EEXIST)72 380 R(File e)
35.56 E(xists)-.15 E(An e)102 391 Q(xisting f)-.15 E(ile w)-.2 E
(as mentioned in an inappropriate conte)-.1 E(xt, e.g.)-.15 E F1(link.)5
E F0 17.5(18 EXDEV)72 413 R(Cross-de)36.12 E(vice link)-.25 E 2.5(Al)102
424 S(ink to a f)-2.5 E(ile on another de)-.2 E(vice w)-.25 E
(as attempted.)-.1 E 17.5(19 ENODEV)72 446 R(No such de)28.9 E(vice)-.25
E(An attempt w)102 457 Q
(as made to apply an inappropriate system call to a de)-.1 E
(vice; e.g. read a write-only de)-.25 E(vice.)-.25 E 17.5(20 ENO)72 479
R 24.02(TDIR Not)-.4 F 2.5(ad)2.5 G(irectory)-2.5 E 2.609(An)102 490 S
.109(on-directory w)-2.609 F .109(as specif)-.1 F .109
(ied where a directory is required, for e)-.2 F .11
(xample in a path name or as an ar)-.15 F .11(gument to)-.18 F F1 -.15
(ch)102 501 S(dir).15 E(.)-1.11 E F0 17.5(21 EISDIR)72 523 R
(Is a directory)37.78 E(An attempt to write on a directory)102 534 Q(.)
-.65 E 17.5(22 EINV)72 556 R 31.64(AL In)-1.35 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid ar)
.25 E(gument)-.18 E .193(Some in)102 567 R -.25(va)-.4 G .193(lid ar).25
F .193(gument: currently)-.18 F 2.693(,d)-.65 G .192
(ismounting a non-mounted de)-2.693 F .192(vice, mentioning an unkno)
-.25 F .192(wn signal in)-.25 F F1(sig-)2.692 E(nal,)102 578 Q F0
(and gi)2.5 E(ving an unkno)-.25 E(wn request in)-.25 E F1(stty)2.5 E F0
(to the TIU special f)2.5 E(ile.)-.2 E 17.5(23 ENFILE)72 600 R
(File table o)35.56 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rflo).15 E(w)-.25 E(The system')102
611 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(able of open f)-2.5 E
(iles is full, and temporarily no more)-.2 E F1(opens)2.5 E F0
(can be accepted.)2.5 E 17.5(24 EMFILE)72 633 R -.8(To)33.89 G 2.5(om).8
G(an)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(pen f)-2.5 E(iles)-.2 E(Only 15 f)102 644 Q
(iles can be open per process.)-.2 E 17.5(25 ENO)72 666 R 27.91(TTY Not)
-.4 F 2.5(at)2.5 G(ype)-2.5 E(writer)-.25 E(The f)102 677 Q
(ile mentioned in)-.2 E F1(stty)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(gtty)2.5 E F0
(is not a type)2.5 E(writer or one of the other de)-.25 E
(vices to which these calls apply)-.25 E(.)-.65 E 17.5(26 ETXTBSY)72 699
R -1.25 -.7(Te x)25 H 2.5(tf).7 G(ile b)-2.7 E(usy)-.2 E .595
(An attempt to e)102 710 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .595(cute a pure-procedure pr\
ogram which is currently open for writing \(or reading!\).).15 F .595
(Also an)5.595 F
(attempt to open for writing a pure-procedure program that is being e)
102 721 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E 2.5(-2-)297.67 768 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(INTR)72 58 Q 1.666(O\(I)-.4 G 164.42
1.666(I\) 1)-1.666 H 167.752(1/5/73 INTR)-1.666 F 1.666(O\(I)-.4 G 1.666
(I\))-1.666 G 17.5(27 EFBIG)72 105 R(File too lar)41.11 E(ge)-.18 E
(An attempt to mak)102 116 Q 2.5(eaf)-.1 G(ile lar)-2.7 E
(ger than the maximum of 32768 blocks.)-.18 E 17.5(28 ENOSPC)72 138 R
(No space left on de)31.66 E(vice)-.25 E(During a)102 149 Q/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(write)2.5 E F0(to an ordinary f)2.5 E
(ile, there is no free space left on the de)-.2 E(vice.)-.25 E 17.5
(29 ESPIPE)72 171 R(Seek on pipe)37.77 E(A)102 182 Q F1(seek)2.5 E F0
-.1(wa)2.5 G 2.5(si).1 G(ssued to a pipe.)-2.5 E
(This error should also be issued for other non-seekable de)5 E(vices.)
-.25 E 17.5(30 ER)72 204 R 36.78(OFS Read-only)-.4 F -.2(fi)2.5 G
(le system).2 E(An attempt to modify a f)102 215 Q(ile or directory w)
-.2 E(as made on a de)-.1 E(vice mounted read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E 17.5
(31 EMLINK)72 237 R -.8(To)31.12 G 2.5(om).8 G(an)-2.5 E 2.5(yl)-.15 G
(inks)-2.5 E(An attempt to mak)102 248 Q 2.5(em)-.1 G
(ore than 127 links to a f)-2.5 E(ile.)-.2 E 17.5(32 EPIPE)72 270 R
(Write on brok)43.33 E(en pipe)-.1 E 2.821(Aw)102 281 S .321
(rite on a pipe for which there is no process to read the data.)-2.821 F
.32(This condition normally generates a signal;)5.32 F
(the error is returned if the signal is ignored.)102 292 Q 2.5(-3-)
297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(BREAK \( II \))72 58 R 166.512
(8/5/73 BREAK)169.012 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(break, brk, sbrk)108
134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(change core allocation)2.5 E F1
(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(break = 17.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(sys br)108 174.4 Q(eak; addr)-.18 E(char *brk\(addr\))108 190.44 Q
(char *sbrk\(incr\))108 206.48 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 224.68 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Br)108 235.68 Q(eak)-.37 E F0 1.537(sets the system')
4.037 F 4.037(si)-.55 G 1.538(dea of the lo)-4.037 F 1.538
(west location not used by the program \(called the break\) to)-.25 F F4
(addr)4.038 E F0 .261(\(rounded up to the ne)108 246.68 R .261
(xt multiple of 64 bytes\).)-.15 F .26(Locations not less than)5.261 F
F4(addr)2.76 E F0 .26(and belo)2.76 F 2.76(wt)-.25 G .26
(he stack pointer are)-2.76 F(not in the address space and will thus ca\
use a memory violation if accessed.)108 257.68 Q(From C,)108 273.72 Q F4
(brk)2.5 E F0(will set the break to)2.5 E F4(addr)2.5 E(.)-1.11 E F0
(The old break is returned.)5 E .452(In the alternate entry)108 289.76 R
F4 .452(sbrk, incr)2.952 F F0 .452(more bytes are added to the program')
2.952 F 2.952(sd)-.55 G .452(ata space and a pointer to the start)-2.952
F(of the ne)108 300.76 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G(rea is returned.)-2.5 E .658
(When a program be)108 316.8 R .658(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .657
(cution via).15 F F4 -.2(ex)3.157 G(ec).2 E F0 .657
(the break is set at the highest location def)3.157 F .657
(ined by the program)-.2 F(and data storage areas.)108 327.8 Q
(Ordinarily)5 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(herefore, only programs with gro)-2.5 E
(wing data areas need to use)-.25 E F4(br)2.5 E(eak.)-.37 E F1(SEE ALSO)
72 346 Q F0 -.15(exe)108 357 S 2.5(c\().15 G
(II\), alloc \(III\), end \(III\))-2.5 E F1(DIA)72 375.2 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44
E F0 .393(The c-bit is set if the program requests more memory than the\
 system limit or if more than 8 se)108 386.2 R(gmentation)-.15 E(re)108
397.2 Q(gisters w)-.15 E(ould be required to implement the break.)-.1 E
(From C,)5 E F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1i)C 2.5(sr)-2.5 G
(eturned for these errors.)-2.5 E F1 -.08(BU)72 415.4 S(GS).08 E F0(Set\
ting the break in the range 0177700 to 0177777 is the same as setting i\
t to zero.)108 426.4 Q 2.5(-4-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(CHDIR \( II \))72 58 R 169.292
(8/5/73 CHDIR)171.792 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(chdir)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(change w)2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E F1(SYNOPSIS)
72 152.4 Q F0(\(chdir = 12.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sys chdir; dir)108 174.4 Q(name)-.15 E(chdir\(dir)108 190.44 Q(name\))
-.15 E(char *dir)108 201.44 Q(name;)-.15 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q/F4
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Dirname)108 230.64 Q F0 .136
(is the address of the pathname of a directory)2.636 F 2.636(,t)-.65 G
.135(erminated by a null byte.)-2.636 F F4(Chdir)5.135 E F0 .135
(causes this directo-)2.635 F(ry to become the current w)108 241.64 Q
(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 259.84 Q F0(chdir \(I\))
108 270.84 Q F1(DIA)72 289.04 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .626
(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set if the gi)108 300.04 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.127(nn).15 G .627(ame is not that of a directory or is not readable.)
-3.127 F .627(From C, a)5.627 F F2(-)3.127 E F0 3.127(1r)C(e-)-3.127 E
(turned v)108 311.04 Q(alue indicates an error)-.25 E 2.5(,0i)-.4 G
(ndicates success.)-2.5 E 2.5(-5-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(CHMOD \( II \))72 58 R 158.182
(12/15/74 CHMOD)160.682 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(chmod)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(change mode of f)2.5 E(ile)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
152.4 Q F0(\(chmod = 15.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sys chmod; name; mode)108 174.4 Q(chmod\(name, mode\))108 190.44 Q
(char *name;)108 201.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q F0 1.228(The f)108
230.64 R 1.228(ile whose name is gi)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.727(na).15 G
3.727(st)-3.727 G 1.227(he null-terminated string pointed to by)-3.727 F
/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.727 E F0 1.227(has its mode changed to)
3.727 F F4(mode)108 241.64 Q(.)-.15 E F0
(Modes are constructed by ORing together some combination of the follo)5
E(wing:)-.25 E(4000 set user ID on e)140.5 257.68 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cution).15 E(2000 set group ID on e)140.5 268.68 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cution).15 E(1000 sa)140.5 279.68 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -.15(ex).15 G
2.5(ti).15 G(mage after e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E
(0400 read by o)140.5 290.68 Q(wner)-.25 E(0200 write by o)140.5 301.68
Q(wner)-.25 E(0100 e)140.5 312.68 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cute \(search on directory\) by o).15 E(wner)-.25 E
(0070 read, write, e)140.5 323.68 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cute \(search\) by group).15 E(0007 read, write, e)140.5 334.68 Q -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cute \(search\) by others).15 E .901(Only the o)108 350.72 R
.901(wner of a f)-.25 F .901(ile \(or the super)-.2 F .901
(-user\) may change the mode.)-.2 F .901(Only the super)5.901 F .901
(-user can set the 1000)-.2 F(mode.)108 361.72 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 379.92 Q
F0(chmod \(I\))108 390.92 Q F1(DIA)72 409.12 Q(GNOSTIC)-.44 E F0 .328
(Error bit \(c-bit\) set if)108 420.12 R F4(name)2.828 E F0 .327
(cannot be found or if current user is neither the o)2.828 F .327
(wner of the f)-.25 F .327(ile nor the super)-.2 F(-)-.2 E(user)108
431.12 Q 5(.F)-.55 G(rom C, a)-5 E F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1r)C(eturned v)-2.5
E(alue indicates an error)-.25 E 2.5(,0i)-.4 G(ndicates success.)-2.5 E
2.5(-6-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(CHO)72 58 Q -.834(WN \( II \))-.35 F
157.982(12/15/74 CHO)160.482 F -.834(WN \( II \))-.35 F/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(cho)108 134.2 Q(wn)-.25
E/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(change o)2.5 E(wner and group of a f)-.25 E
(ile)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(chmod = 16.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys cho)108 174.4 Q(wn; name; o)-.1 E(wner)-.1 E(cho)
108 190.44 Q(wn\(name, o)-.1 E(wner\))-.1 E(char *name;)108 201.44 Q F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q F0 1.179(The f)108 230.64 R 1.179
(ile whose name is gi)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.679(nb).15 G 3.679(yt)
-3.679 G 1.179(he null-terminated string pointed to by)-3.679 F/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.68 E F0 1.18(has its o)3.68 F 1.18
(wner and group)-.25 F 1.013(changed to the lo)108 241.64 R 3.513(wa)
-.25 G 1.013(nd high bytes of)-3.513 F F4(owner)3.512 E F0(respecti)
3.512 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.012(.O)-.65 G 1.012(nly the super)
-6.012 F 1.012(-user may e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.012
(cute this call, be-).15 F .379(cause if users were able to gi)108
252.64 R .679 -.15(ve f)-.25 H .379(iles a)-.05 F -.1(wa)-.15 G 1.679
-.65(y, t).1 H(he).65 E 2.879(yc)-.15 G .38(ould defeat the \(none)
-2.879 F .38(xistent\) f)-.15 F .38(ile-space accounting proce-)-.2 F
(dures.)108 263.64 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 281.84 Q F0(cho)108 292.84 Q
(wn \(VIII\), chgrp \(VIII\), passwd \(V\))-.25 E F1(DIA)72 311.04 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .201(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set on ille)108
322.04 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.701(lo).05 G .201(wner changes.)-2.951 F .2
(From C a)5.201 F F2(-)2.7 E F0 2.7(1r)C .2(eturned v)-2.7 F .2
(alue indicates error)-.25 F 2.7(,0i)-.4 G(ndicates)-2.7 E(success.)108
333.04 Q 2.5(-7-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(CLOSE \( II \))72 58 R 168.732
(8/5/73 CLOSE)171.232 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(close)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)5 E F0(close a f)5 E(ile)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0
(\(close = 6.\))108 163.4 Q(\(f)108 174.4 Q(ile descriptor in r0\))-.2 E
/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys close)108 185.4 Q(close\(f)108 201.44 Q
(ildes\))-.25 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 224.68 Q F0(Gi)108 235.68 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.672(naf).15 G .172(ile descriptor such as returned from an)
-2.872 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .172(open, cr)2.672 F(eat,)-.37 E F0
(or)2.672 E F4(pipe)2.672 E F0(call,)2.672 E F4(close)2.672 E F0 .172
(closes the associated f)2.672 F 2.673(ile. A)-.2 F .467(close of all f)
108 246.68 R .467(iles is automatic on)-.2 F F4 -.2(ex)2.967 G(it,).2 E
F0 -.2(bu)2.967 G 2.967(ts).2 G .466
(ince processes are limited to 15 simultaneously open f)-2.967 F(iles,)
-.2 E F4(close)2.966 E F0(is necessary for programs which deal with man)
108 257.68 Q 2.5(yf)-.15 G(iles.)-2.7 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 275.88 Q F0
(creat \(II\), open \(II\), pipe \(II\))108 286.88 Q F1(DIA)72 305.08 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .552(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set for an unkno)108
316.08 R .552(wn f)-.25 F .552(ile descriptor)-.2 F 5.553(.F)-.55 G .553
(rom C a)-5.553 F F2(-)3.053 E F0 3.053(1i)C .553(ndicates an error)
-3.053 F 3.053(,0i)-.4 G .553(ndicates suc-)-3.053 F(cess.)108 327.08 Q
2.5(-8-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(CREA)72 58 Q 1.666(T\(I)-1.11 G 165.4
1.666(I\) 8)-1.666 H 168.732(/5/73 CREA)-1.666 F 1.666(T\(I)-1.11 G
1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0
(creat)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)5 E F0(create a ne)5 E 2.5(wf)-.25
G(ile)-2.7 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(creat = 8.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys cr)108 174.4 Q(eat; name; mode)-.18 E F0(\(f)108
185.4 Q(ile descriptor in r0\))-.2 E F3(cr)108 201.44 Q
(eat\(name, mode\))-.18 E(char *name;)108 212.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72
230.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Cr)108 241.64 Q(eat)-.37 E F0 .004
(creates a ne)2.504 F 2.504(wf)-.25 G .004(ile or prepares to re)-2.704
F .004(write an e)-.25 F .003(xisting f)-.15 F .003(ile called)-.2 F F4
(name)2.503 E(,)-.1 E F0(gi)2.503 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.503(na).15 G 2.503
(st)-2.503 G .003(he address of a null-ter)-2.503 F(-)-.2 E .613
(minated string.)108 252.64 R .613(If the f)5.613 F .613(ile did not e)
-.2 F .613(xist, it is gi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.114(nm).15 G(ode)
-3.114 E F4(mode)3.114 E(.)-.15 E F0(See)5.614 E F4 -.15(ch)3.114 G(mod)
.15 E F0 .614(\(II\) for the construction of the)3.114 F F4(mode)108
263.64 Q F0(ar)2.5 E(gument.)-.18 E(If the f)108 279.68 Q(ile did e)-.2
E(xist, its mode and o)-.15 E(wner remain unchanged b)-.25 E
(ut it is truncated to 0 length.)-.2 E(The f)108 295.72 Q
(ile is also opened for writing, and its f)-.2 E
(ile descriptor is returned \(in r0\).)-.2 E(The)108 311.76 Q F4(mode)
3.268 E F0(gi)3.268 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.268(ni).15 G 3.268(sa)-3.268 G
.768(rbitrary; it need not allo)-3.268 F 3.268(ww)-.25 G 3.268
(riting. This)-3.268 F .767(feature is used by programs which deal with)
3.268 F .094(temporary f)108 322.76 R .094(iles of f)-.2 F(ix)-.2 E .094
(ed names.)-.15 F .094
(The creation is done with a mode that forbids writing.)5.094 F .095
(Then if a second in-)5.094 F .581(stance of the program attempts a)108
333.76 R F4(cr)3.081 E(eat,)-.37 E F0 .581
(an error is returned and the program kno)3.081 F .581
(ws that the name is unus-)-.25 F(able for the moment.)108 344.76 Q F1
(SEE ALSO)72 362.96 Q F0(write \(II\), close \(II\), stat \(II\))108
373.96 Q F1(DIA)72 392.16 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .183(The error bit \(c-b\
it\) may be set if: a needed directory is not searchable; the f)108
403.16 R .183(ile does not e)-.2 F .183(xist and the direc-)-.15 F .497
(tory in which it is to be created is not writable; the f)108 414.16 R
.497(ile does e)-.2 F .497(xist and is unwritable; the f)-.15 F .496
(ile is a directory;)-.2 F(there are already too man)108 425.16 Q 2.5
(yf)-.15 G(iles open.)-2.7 E(From C, a)108 441.2 Q F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1r)
C(eturn indicates an error)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E 2.5(-9-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(CSW \( II \))72 58 R 178.732
(8/5/73 CSW)181.232 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(csw)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(read console switches)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q
F0(\(csw = 38.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
20.72(sys csw)108 174.4 R(getcsw\( \))108 190.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72
208.64 Q F0(The setting of the console switches is returned \(in r0\).)
108 219.64 Q 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(0-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(DUP \( II \))72 58 R 180.402
(8/5/73 DUP)182.902 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(dup)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(duplicate an open f)2.5 E(ile descriptor)-.2 E F1
(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(dup = 41.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q(\(f)
108 174.4 Q(ile descriptor in r0\))-.2 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys dup)
108 185.4 Q(dup\(f)108 201.44 Q(ildes\))-.25 E(int f)108 212.44 Q
(ildes;)-.25 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 230.64 Q F0(Gi)108 241.64 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 3.318(naf).15 G .819(ile descriptor returned from an)-3.518 F/F4
10/Times-Italic@0 SF .819(open, pipe)3.319 F(,)-.1 E F0(or)3.319 E F4
(cr)3.319 E(eat)-.37 E F0(call,)3.319 E F4(dup)3.319 E F0 .819
(will allocate another f)3.319 F .819(ile descriptor)-.2 F(synon)108
252.64 Q(ymous with the original.)-.15 E(The ne)5 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G
(ile descriptor is returned in r0.)-2.7 E F4(Dup)108 268.68 Q F0 1.565
(is used more to reassign the v)4.065 F 1.565(alue of f)-.25 F 1.564
(ile descriptors than to genuinely duplicate a f)-.2 F 1.564
(ile descriptor)-.2 F(.)-.55 E .547(Since the algorithm to allocate f)
108 279.68 R .547(ile descriptors returns the lo)-.2 F .547(west a)-.25
F -.25(va)-.2 G .548(ilable v).25 F .548(alue, combinations of)-.25 F F4
(dup)3.048 E F0(and)3.048 E F4(close)108 290.68 Q F0 .489
(can be used to manipulate f)2.989 F .488
(ile descriptors in a general w)-.2 F(ay)-.1 E 5.488(.T)-.65 G .488
(his is handy for manipulating standard)-5.488 F
(input and/or standard output.)108 301.68 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 319.88 Q F0
(creat \(II\), open \(II\), close \(II\), pipe \(II\))108 330.88 Q F1
(DIA)72 349.08 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .072
(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set if: the gi)108 360.08 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.572(nf).15 G .073(ile descriptor is in)-2.772 F -.25(va)-.4 G .073
(lid; there are already too man).25 F 2.573(yo)-.15 G .073(pen f)-2.573
F 2.573(iles. From)-.2 F(C, a)108 371.08 Q F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1r)C
(eturned v)-2.5 E(alue indicates an error)-.25 E(.)-.55 E 2.5(-1)295.17
767 S 2.5(1-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(EXEC \( II \))72 58 R 174.292
(8/5/73 EXEC)176.792 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0 -.15(exe)108 134.2 S
(c, e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cl, e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cv).15 E/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)5 E F0 -.15(exe)5 G(cute a f).15 E(ile)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
152.4 Q F0(\(e)108 163.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(c=1).15 G(1.\))-2.5 E/F3
10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys exec; name; ar)108 174.4 Q(gs)-.1 E(...)108 185.4
Q(name: <...\\0>)108 196.4 Q(...)108 207.4 Q(ar)108 218.4 Q(gs: ar)-.1 E
(g0; ar)-.1 E(g1; ...; 0)-.1 E(ar)108 229.4 Q(g0: <...\\0>)-.1 E(ar)108
240.4 Q(g1: <...\\0>)-.1 E(...)115.5 251.4 Q(execl\(name, ar)108 267.44
Q(g0, ar)-.1 E(g1, ..., ar)-.1 E(gn, 0\))-.1 E(char *name, *ar)108
278.44 Q(g0, *ar)-.1 E(g1, ..., *ar)-.1 E(gn;)-.1 E(execv\(name, ar)108
294.48 Q(gv\))-.1 E(char *name;)108 305.48 Q(char *ar)108 316.48 Q
(gv[ ];)-.1 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 334.68 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Exec)
108 345.68 Q F0 -.15(ove)3.069 G .569
(rlays the calling process with the named f).15 F .569
(ile, then transfers to the be)-.2 F .569(ginning of the core image of)
-.15 F(the f)108 356.68 Q 2.5(ile. There)-.2 F
(can be no return from the f)2.5 E(ile; the calling core image is lost.)
-.2 E .186(Files remain open across)108 372.72 R F4 -.2(ex)2.686 G(ec).2
E F0 2.686(calls. Ignored)2.686 F .186(signals remain ignored across)
2.686 F F4 -.2(ex)2.686 G(ec,).2 E F0 -.2(bu)2.686 G 2.687(ts).2 G .187
(ignals that are caught)-2.687 F(are reset to their def)108 383.72 Q
(ault v)-.1 E(alues.)-.25 E .156(Each user has a)108 399.76 R F4 -.37
(re)2.656 G(al).37 E F0 .156(user ID and group ID and an)2.656 F F4(ef)
2.656 E(fective)-.18 E F0 .156(user ID and group ID.)2.656 F .156
(The real ID identif)5.156 F .155(ies the)-.2 F .42
(person using the system; the ef)108 410.76 R(fecti)-.25 E .721 -.15
(ve I)-.25 H 2.921(Dd).15 G .421(etermines his access pri)-2.921 F(vile)
-.25 E(ges.)-.15 E F4(Exec)5.421 E F0 .421(changes the ef)2.921 F(fecti)
-.25 E .721 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser).15 E .609(and group ID to the o)108
421.76 R .609(wner of the e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .609(cuted f).15 F
.609(ile if the f)-.2 F .609(ile has the `)-.2 F(`set-user)-.74 E(-ID')
-.2 E 3.109('o)-.74 G 3.108(r`)-3.109 G(`set-group-ID')-3.848 E 3.108
('m)-.74 G(odes.)-3.108 E(The real user ID is not af)108 432.76 Q
(fected.)-.25 E .297(The form of this call dif)108 448.8 R .297
(fers some)-.25 F .297(what depending on whether it is called from asse\
mbly language or C; see)-.25 F(belo)108 459.8 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G
(or the C v)-2.5 E(ersion.)-.15 E .127(The f)108 475.84 R .127(irst ar)
-.2 F .126(gument to)-.18 F F4 -.2(ex)2.626 G(ec).2 E F0 .126
(is a pointer to the name of the f)2.626 F .126(ile to be e)-.2 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.626(cuted. The).15 F .126(second is the address of a)2.626
F .683(null-terminated list of pointers to ar)108 486.84 R .683
(guments to be passed to the f)-.18 F 3.183(ile. Con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G
(ntionally).15 E 3.183(,t)-.65 G .683(he f)-3.183 F .684(irst ar)-.2 F
.684(gument is)-.18 F(the name of the f)108 497.84 Q 2.5(ile. Each)-.2 F
(pointer addresses a string terminated by a null byte.)2.5 E .662
(Once the called f)108 513.88 R .661(ile starts e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.661(cution, the ar).15 F .661(guments are a)-.18 F -.25(va)-.2 G .661
(ilable as follo).25 F 3.161(ws. The)-.25 F .661
(stack pointer points to a)3.161 F -.1(wo)108 524.88 S 1.39
(rd containing the number of ar).1 F 3.89(guments. Just)-.18 F(abo)3.89
E 1.69 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.39(his number is a list of pointers to the ar)
.15 F(gument)-.18 E 2.5(strings. The)108 535.88 R(ar)2.5 E
(guments are placed as high as possible in core.)-.18 E(sp)113 551.92 Q
F2<ae>A F0(nar)12.24 E(gs)-.18 E(ar)144 562.92 Q(g0)-.18 E(...)144
573.92 Q(ar)144 584.92 Q(gn)-.18 E F2(-)144 595.92 Q F0(1)A(ar)110.5
611.96 Q 10.63(g0: <ar)-.18 F(g0\\0>)-.18 E(...)144 622.96 Q(ar)110.5
633.96 Q 10.63(gn: <ar)-.18 F(gn\\0>)-.18 E 1.139(From C, tw)108 650 R
3.639(oi)-.1 G(nterf)-3.639 E 1.139(aces are a)-.1 F -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable.).25 E F4 -.2(ex)6.139 G(ecl).2 E F0 1.139(is useful when a kno)
3.639 F 1.139(wn f)-.25 F 1.139(ile with kno)-.2 F 1.138(wn ar)-.25 F
1.138(guments is being)-.18 F .343(called; the ar)108 661 R .343
(guments to)-.18 F F4 -.2(ex)2.843 G(ecl).2 E F0 .343
(are the character strings constituting the f)2.843 F .344
(ile and the ar)-.2 F .344(guments; as in the ba-)-.18 F .85
(sic call, the f)108 672 R .85(irst ar)-.2 F .85(gument is con)-.18 F
-.15(ve)-.4 G .85(ntionally the same as the f).15 F .85
(ile name \(or its last component\).)-.2 F 3.35(A0a)5.85 G -.18(rg)-3.35
G(u-).18 E(ment must end the ar)108 683 Q(gument list.)-.18 E(The)108
699.04 Q F4 -.2(ex)2.918 G(ecv).2 E F0 -.15(ve)2.918 G .419
(rsion is useful when the number of ar).15 F .419(guments is unkno)-.18
F .419(wn in adv)-.25 F .419(ance; the ar)-.25 F .419(guments to)-.18 F
F4 -.2(ex)2.919 G(ecv).2 E F0 .295(are the name of the f)108 710.04 R
.295(ile to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .295(cuted and a v).15 F .295
(ector of strings containing the ar)-.15 F 2.794(guments. The)-.18 F
.294(last ar)2.794 F(gument)-.18 E(string must be follo)108 721.04 Q
(wed by a 0 pointer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E 2.5(-1)295.17 768.04 S 2.5(2-)-2.5 G
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(EXEC \( II \))72 58 R 174.292
(8/5/73 EXEC)176.792 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G
(When a C program is e)108 105 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted, it is called as follo).15 E(ws:)-.25 E(main\(ar)144 121.04 Q
(gc, ar)-.18 E(gv\))-.18 E(int ar)144 132.04 Q(gc;)-.18 E(char **ar)144
143.04 Q(gv;)-.18 E(where)108 159.08 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.317
E(gc)-.37 E F0 .817(is the ar)3.317 F .817(gument count and)-.18 F F1
(ar)3.318 E(gv)-.37 E F0 .818
(is an array of character pointers to the ar)3.318 F .818
(guments themselv)-.18 F(es.)-.15 E .109(As indicated,)108 170.08 R F1
(ar)2.609 E(gc)-.37 E F0 .109(is con)2.609 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .109
(ntionally at least one and the f).15 F .109
(irst member of the array points to a string contain-)-.2 F
(ing the name of the f)108 181.08 Q(ile.)-.2 E F1(Ar)108 197.12 Q(gv)
-.37 E F0(is not directly usable in another)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecv).2
E(,)-.74 E F0(since)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(gv[ar)-.37 E(gc])-.37 E F0(is)2.5
E/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1a)C(nd not 0.)-2.5 E/F3 8/Times-Bold@0
SF(SEE ALSO)72 215.32 Q F0(fork \(II\))108 226.32 Q F3(DIA)72 244.52 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .016(If the f)108 255.52 R .016
(ile cannot be found, if it is not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .017
(cutable, if it does not ha).15 F .317 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .017
(alid header \(407, 410, or 411 octal as)-.1 F -.2(fi)108 266.52 S .028
(rst w).2 F .028(ord\), if maximum memory is e)-.1 F .027
(xceeded, or if the ar)-.15 F .027
(guments require more than 512 bytes a return from)-.18 F F1 -.2(ex)108
277.52 S(ec).2 E F0 .899
(constitutes the diagnostic; the error bit \(c-bit\) is set.)3.398 F(Ev)
5.899 E .899(en for the super)-.15 F(-user)-.2 E 3.399(,a)-.4 G 3.399
(tl)-3.399 G .899(east one of the e)-3.399 F(x-)-.15 E
(ecute-permission bits must be set for a f)108 288.52 Q(ile to be e)-.2
E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(cuted. From).15 F 2.5(Ct)2.5 G(he returned v)-2.5 E
(alue is)-.25 E F2(-)2.5 E F0(1.)A F3 -.08(BU)72 306.72 S(GS).08 E F0
(Only 512 characters of ar)108 317.72 Q(guments are allo)-.18 E(wed.)
-.25 E 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(3-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(EXIT \( II \))72 58 R 177.632
(8/5/73 EXIT)180.132 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0 -.15(ex)108 134.2 S(it)
.15 E/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(terminate process)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
157.44 Q F0(\(e)108 168.44 Q(xit = 1.\))-.15 E(\(status in r0\))108
179.44 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys exit)108 190.44 Q(exit\(status\))108
206.48 Q(int status;)108 217.48 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 235.68 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Exit)108 246.68 Q F0 .353
(is the normal means of terminating a process.)2.853 F F4(Exit)5.353 E
F0 .353(closes all the process')2.853 F 2.853(sf)-.55 G .352
(iles and notif)-3.053 F .352(ies the parent)-.2 F .37
(process if it is e)108 257.68 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .371(cuting a).15 F F4
(wait.)2.871 E F0 .371(The lo)5.371 F 2.871(wb)-.25 G .371
(yte of r0 \(resp. the ar)-2.871 F .371(gument to)-.18 F F4 -.2(ex)2.871
G(it).2 E F0 2.871(\)i)C 2.871(sa)-2.871 G -.25(va)-3.071 G .371
(ilable as status to the).25 F(parent process.)108 268.68 Q
(This call can ne)108 284.72 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rr).15 G(eturn.)-2.5 E
F1(SEE ALSO)72 302.92 Q F0 -.1(wa)108 313.92 S(it \(II\)).1 E F1(DIA)72
332.12 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0(None.)108 343.12 Q 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5
(4-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(FORK \( II \))72 58 R 173.732
(8/5/73 FORK)176.232 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(fork)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)5 E F0(spa)5 E(wn ne)-.15 E 2.5(wp)-.25 G(rocess)-2.5 E F1
(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(fork = 2.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sys f)108 174.4 Q(ork)-.25 E F0(\(ne)108 185.4 Q 2.5(wp)-.25 G
(rocess return\))-2.5 E(\(old process return\))108 196.4 Q F3 -.25(fo)
108 212.44 S(rk\( \)).25 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 230.64 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -1.05(Fo)108 241.64 S(rk)1.05 E F0 .013
(is the only w)2.513 F .013(ay ne)-.1 F 2.513(wp)-.25 G .013
(rocesses are created.)-2.513 F .012(The ne)5.012 F 2.512(wp)-.25 G
(rocess')-2.512 E 2.512(sc)-.55 G .012(ore image is a cop)-2.512 F 2.512
(yo)-.1 G 2.512(ft)-2.512 G .012(hat of the caller)-2.512 F(of)108
252.64 Q F4(fork.)3.125 E F0 .625
(The only distinction is the return location and the f)5.625 F .626
(act that r0 in the old \(parent\) process contains)-.1 F
(the process ID of the ne)108 263.64 Q 2.5(w\()-.25 G(child\) process.)
-2.5 E(This process ID is used by)5 E F4(wait.)2.5 E F0 .833(The tw)108
279.68 R 3.333(or)-.1 G .832(eturning processes share all open f)-3.333
F .832(iles that e)-.2 F .832(xisted before the call.)-.15 F .832
(In particular)5.832 F 3.332(,t)-.4 G .832(his is the w)-3.332 F(ay)-.1
E(that standard input and output f)108 290.68 Q
(iles are passed and also ho)-.2 E 2.5(wp)-.25 G(ipes are set up.)-2.5 E
.46(From C, the child process recei)108 306.72 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.96
(sa0r).15 G .46(eturn, and the parent recei)-2.96 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.96
(san).15 G .46(on-zero number which is the pro-)-2.96 F
(cess ID of the child; a return of)108 317.72 Q F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1i)C
(ndicates inability to create a ne)-2.5 E 2.5(wp)-.25 G(rocess.)-2.5 E
F1(SEE ALSO)72 335.92 Q F0 -.1(wa)108 346.92 S(it \(II\), e).1 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.5(c\().15 G(II\))-2.5 E F1(DIA)72 365.12 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E
F0 .032(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set in the old process if a ne)108
376.12 R 2.532(wp)-.25 G .032
(rocess could not be created because of lack of process)-2.532 F 2.5
(space. From)108 387.12 R(C, a return of)2.5 E F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1\()C
(not just ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)i).15 G
(ndicates an error)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(5-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(FST)72 58 Q 1.386 -1.11(AT \( I)-.93 H
168.55 1.666(I\) 8)1.11 H 171.882(/5/73 FST)-1.666 F 1.386 -1.11
(AT \( I)-.93 H 1.666(I\))1.11 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S
(ME).16 E F0(fstat)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)5 E F0
(get status of open f)5 E(ile)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 157.44 Q F0
(\(fstat = 28.\))108 168.44 Q(\(f)108 179.44 Q(ile descriptor in r0\))
-.2 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys fstat; b)108 190.44 Q(uf)-.2 E(fstat\(f)
108 206.48 Q(ildes, b)-.25 E(uf\))-.2 E(struct inode *b)108 217.48 Q
(uf;)-.2 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 235.68 Q F0 .512(This call is identical to)
108 246.68 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(stat,)3.012 E F0 -.15(ex)3.012 G
.512(cept that it operates on open f).15 F .513(iles instead of f)-.2 F
.513(iles gi)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.013(nb).15 G 3.013(yn)-3.013 G 3.013
(ame. It)-3.013 F .513(is most)3.013 F
(often used to get the status of the standard input and output f)108
257.68 Q(iles, whose names are unkno)-.2 E(wn.)-.25 E F1(SEE ALSO)72
275.88 Q F0(stat \(II\))108 286.88 Q F1(DIA)72 305.08 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E
F0 .738(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set if the f)108 316.08 R .738
(ile descriptor is unkno)-.2 F .738(wn; from C, a)-.25 F F2(-)3.237 E F0
3.237(1r)C .737(eturn indicates an error)-3.237 F 3.237(,0i)-.4 G(ndi-)
-3.237 E(cates success.)108 327.08 Q 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(6-)-2.5 G
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(GETGID \( II \))72 58 R 160.692
(5/15/74 GETGID)163.192 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(getgid)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)5 E F0(get group identif)5 E(ications)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
152.4 Q F0(\(getgid = 47.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys getgid)108 174.4 Q(getgid\( \))108 190.44 Q F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 208.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Getgid)108 219.64 Q F0
.303(returns a w)2.803 F .303(ord \(in r0\), the lo)-.1 F 2.803(wb)-.25
G .303(yte of which contains the real group ID of the current process.)
-2.803 F(The)5.303 E .504(high byte contains the ef)108 230.64 R(fecti)
-.25 E .804 -.15(ve g)-.25 H .503(roup ID of the current process.).15 F
.503(The real group ID identif)5.503 F .503(ies the group of)-.2 F .123
(the person who is logged in, in contradistinction to the ef)108 241.64
R(fecti)-.25 E .423 -.15(ve g)-.25 H .123
(roup ID, which determines his access per).15 F(-)-.2 E .196
(mission at the moment.)108 252.64 R .196
(It is thus useful to programs which operate using the `)5.196 F .196
(`set group ID')-.74 F 2.695('m)-.74 G .195(ode, to f)-2.695 F(ind)-.2 E
(out who in)108 263.64 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dt).1 G(hem.)-2.5
E F1(SEE ALSO)72 281.84 Q F0(setgid \(II\))108 292.84 Q F1(DIA)72 311.04
Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F2(-)108 322.04 Q F0 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(7-)-2.5 G
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(GETPID \( II \))72 58 R 164.852
(2/8/75 GETPID)167.352 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(getpid)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)5 E F0(get process identif)5 E(ication)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
152.4 Q F0(\(getpid = 20.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys getpid)108 174.4 Q F0(\(pid in r0\))108 185.4 Q F3
(getpid\( \))108 201.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Getpid)108 230.64 Q F0 .073
(returns the process ID of the current process.)2.573 F .074
(Most often it is used to generate uniquely-named tem-)5.074 F(porary f)
108 241.64 Q(iles.)-.2 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 259.84 Q F2(-)108 270.84 Q F1
(DIA)72 289.04 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F2(-)108 300.04 Q F0 2.5(-1)295.17 767
S 2.5(8-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(GETUID \( II \))72 58 R 160.692
(5/15/74 GETUID)163.192 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(getuid)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)5 E F0(get user identif)5 E(ications)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
152.4 Q F0(\(getuid = 24.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sys getuid)108 174.4 Q(getuid\( \))108 190.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72
208.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Getuid)108 219.64 Q F0 .637
(returns a w)3.137 F .637(ord \(in r0\), the lo)-.1 F 3.137(wb)-.25 G
.636(yte of which contains the real user ID of the current process.)
-3.137 F(The)5.636 E .053(high byte contains the ef)108 230.64 R(fecti)
-.25 E .353 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .053(ser ID of the current process.).15 F
.053(The real user ID identif)5.053 F .054(ies the person who is)-.2 F
.656(logged in, in contradistinction to the ef)108 241.64 R(fecti)-.25 E
.956 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .655
(ser ID, which determines his access permission at the mo-).15 F 3.142
(ment. It)108 252.64 R .642
(is thus useful to programs which operate using the `)3.142 F .643
(`set user ID')-.74 F 3.143('m)-.74 G .643(ode, to f)-3.143 F .643
(ind out who in)-.2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(them.)108 263.64 Q
F1(SEE ALSO)72 281.84 Q F0(setuid \(II\))108 292.84 Q F1(DIA)72 311.04 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F2(-)108 322.04 Q F0 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(9-)-2.5 G
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(GTTY \( II \))72 58 R 173.742
(8/5/73 GTTY)176.242 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(gtty)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)5 E F0(get type)5 E(writer status)-.25 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
152.4 Q F0(\(gtty = 32.\))108 163.4 Q(\(f)108 174.4 Q
(ile descriptor in r0\))-.2 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys gtty; ar)108
185.4 Q(g)-.1 E(...)108 196.4 Q(ar)108 207.4 Q(g: .=.+6)-.1 E(gtty\(f)
108 223.44 Q(ildes, ar)-.25 E(g\))-.1 E(int ar)108 234.44 Q(g[3];)-.1 E
F1(DESCRIPTION)72 252.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Gtty)108 263.64 Q F0
.281(stores in the three w)2.781 F .281(ords addressed by)-.1 F F4(ar)
2.781 E(g)-.37 E F0 .28(the status of the type)2.781 F .28
(writer whose f)-.25 F .28(ile descriptor is gi)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.78(ni).15 G(n)-2.78 E(r0 \(resp. gi)108 274.64 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(na).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he f)-2.5 E(irst ar)-.2 E 2.5(gument\). The)-.18
F(format is the same as that passed by)2.5 E F4(stty)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
(SEE ALSO)72 292.84 Q F0(stty \(II\))108 303.84 Q F1(DIA)72 322.04 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .217(Error bit \(c-bit\) is set if the f)108 333.04
R .218(ile descriptor does not refer to a type)-.2 F(writer)-.25 E 5.218
(.F)-.55 G .218(rom C, a)-5.218 F F2(-)2.718 E F0 2.718(1v)C .218
(alue is returned for)-2.968 F(an error)108 344.04 Q 2.5(,0)-.4 G 2.5
(,f)-2.5 G(or a successful call.)-2.5 E 2.5(-2)295.17 767 S 2.5(0-)-2.5
G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(INDIR \( II \))72 58 R 172.632
(8/5/73 INDIR)175.132 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(indir)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(indirect system call)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q
F0(\(indir = 0.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sys indir; syscall)108 174.4 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 192.6 Q F0
(The system call at the location)108 203.6 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(syscall)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(cuted. Ex).15 F
(ecution resumes after the)-.15 E F4(indir)2.5 E F0(call.)2.5 E .195
(The main purpose of)108 219.64 R F4(indir)2.695 E F0 .195(is to allo)
2.695 F 2.695(wap)-.25 G .194(rogram to store ar)-2.695 F .194
(guments in system calls and e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .194
(cute them out of).15 F(line in the data se)108 230.64 Q 2.5
(gment. This)-.15 F(preserv)2.5 E(es the purity of the te)-.15 E(xt se)
-.15 E(gment.)-.15 E(If)108 246.68 Q F4(indir)2.576 E F0 .076(is e)2.576
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .076(cuted indirectly).15 F 2.576(,i)-.65 G 2.576(ti)
-2.576 G 2.576(san)-2.576 G 2.576(o-op. If)-2.576 F .076
(the instruction at the indirect location is not a system call, the)
2.576 F -.15(exe)108 257.68 S(cuting process will get a f).15 E(ault.)
-.1 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 275.88 Q F2(-)108 286.88 Q F1(DIA)72 305.08 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F2(-)108 316.08 Q F0 2.5(-2)295.17 767 S 2.5(1-)-2.5 G
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(KILL \( II \))72 58 R 172.632
(12/15/74 KILL)175.132 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(kill)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)5 E F0(send signal to a process)5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q
F0(\(kill = 37.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q
(\(process number in r0\))108 174.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sys kill; sig)108 185.4 Q(kill\(pid, sig\);)108 201.44 Q F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Kill)108 230.64 Q F0
.782(sends the signal)3.282 F F4(sig)3.282 E F0 .782
(to the process specif)3.282 F .782(ied by the process number in r0.)-.2
F .782(See signal \(II\) for a list of)5.782 F(signals.)108 241.64 Q
.573(The sending and recei)108 257.68 R .574(ving processes must ha)-.25
F .874 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .574(he same ef).15 F(fecti)-.25 E .874 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .574(ser ID, otherwise this call is restricted).15 F
(to the super)108 268.68 Q(-user)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .8(If the process numbe\
r is 0, the signal is sent to all other processes which ha)108 284.72 R
1.099 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .799(he same controlling type-).15 F
(writer and user ID.)108 295.72 Q
(In no case is it possible for a process to kill itself.)108 311.76 Q F1
(SEE ALSO)72 329.96 Q F0(signal \(II\), kill \(I\))108 340.96 Q F1(DIA)
72 359.16 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .402
(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set if the process does not ha)108 370.16 R
.703 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .403(he same ef).15 F(fecti)-.25 E .703 -.15(ve u)
-.25 H .403(ser ID and the user is not super).15 F(-)-.2 E(user)108
381.16 Q 2.5(,o)-.4 G 2.5(ri)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he process does not e)
-2.5 E 2.5(xist. From)-.15 F(C, \2551 is returned.)2.5 E 2.5(-2)295.17
767 S 2.5(2-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(LINK \( II \))72 58 R 176.522
(8/5/73 LINK)179.022 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(link)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(link to a f)2.5 E(ile)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q
F0(\(link = 9.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sys link; name1; name2)108 174.4 Q(link\(name1, name2\))108 190.44 Q
(char *name1, *name2;)108 201.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q F0 2.5(Al)
108 230.64 S(ink to)-2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name1)2.5 E F0
(is created; the link has the name)2.5 E F4(name2.)2.5 E F0
(Either name may be an arbitrary path name.)5 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 248.84 Q
F0(link \(I\), unlink \(II\))108 259.84 Q F1(DIA)72 278.04 Q(GNOSTICS)
-.44 E F0 .372(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set when)108 289.04 R F4
(name1)2.872 E F0 .372(cannot be found; when)2.872 F F4(name2)2.872 E F0
.371(already e)2.871 F .371(xists; when the directory of)-.15 F F4
(name2)108 300.04 Q F0 .086(cannot be written; when an attempt is made \
to link to a directory by a user other than the super)2.586 F(-user;)-.2
E .156(when an attempt is made to link to a f)108 311.04 R .156
(ile on another f)-.2 F .156
(ile system; when more than 127 links are made.)-.2 F(From)5.156 E(C, a)
108 322.04 Q F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1r)C(eturn indicates an error)-2.5 E 2.5
(,a0r)-.4 G(eturn indicates success.)-2.5 E 2.5(-2)295.17 767 S 2.5(3-)
-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(MKNOD \( II \))72 58 R 162.632
(8/5/73 MKNOD)165.132 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(mknod)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(mak)2.5 E 2.5(ead)-.1 G(irectory or a special f)
-2.5 E(ile)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0
(\(mknod = 14.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(sys mknod;)108 174.4 R(name; mode; addr)2.5 E
(mknod\(name, mode, addr\))108 190.44 Q(char *name;)108 201.44 Q F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Mknod)108 230.64 Q F0
.796(creates a ne)3.296 F 3.296(wf)-.25 G .797
(ile whose name is the null-terminated string pointed to by)-3.496 F F4
(name)3.297 E(.)-.15 E F0 .797(The mode of the)5.797 F(ne)108 241.64 Q
2.602(wf)-.25 G .102(ile \(including directory and special f)-2.802 F
.102(ile bits\) is initialized from)-.2 F F4(mode)2.602 E(.)-.15 E F0
.102(The f)5.102 F .101(irst ph)-.2 F .101(ysical address of the)-.05 F
-.2(fi)108 252.64 S .373(le is initialized from).2 F F4(addr)2.873 E(.)
-1.11 E F0 .373(Note that in the case of a directory)5.373 F(,)-.65 E F4
(addr)2.873 E F0 .373(should be zero.)2.873 F .374
(In the case of a spe-)5.373 F(cial f)108 263.64 Q(ile,)-.2 E F4(addr)
2.5 E F0(specif)2.5 E(ies which special f)-.2 E(ile.)-.2 E F4(Mknod)108
279.68 Q F0(may be in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(do).1 G
(nly by the super)-2.5 E(-user)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 297.88 Q F0
(mkdir \(I\), mknod \(VIII\), fs \(V\))108 308.88 Q F1(DIA)72 327.08 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .417(Error bit \(c-bit\) is set if the f)108 338.08
R .417(ile already e)-.2 F .417(xists or if the user is not the super)
-.15 F(-user)-.2 E 5.417(.F)-.55 G .417(rom C, a)-5.417 F F2(-)2.917 E
F0 2.917(1v)C .416(alue indi-)-3.167 F(cates an error)108 349.08 Q(.)
-.55 E 2.5(-2)295.17 767 S 2.5(4-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(MOUNT \( II \))72 58 R 161.242
(5/15/74 MOUNT)163.742 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(mount)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(mount f)2.5 E(ile system)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
152.4 Q F0(\(mount = 21.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(sys mount;)108 174.4 R(special; name; rwflag)2.5 E
(mount\(special, name, rwflag\))108 190.44 Q(char *special, *name;)108
201.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Mount)108
230.64 Q F0 .132(announces to the system that a remo)2.631 F -.25(va)
-.15 G .132(ble f).25 F .132
(ile system has been mounted on the block-structured spe-)-.2 F .6
(cial f)108 241.64 R(ile)-.2 E F4(special;)3.1 E F0 .6(from no)3.1 F 3.1
(wo)-.25 G .6(n, references to f)-3.1 F(ile)-.2 E F4(name)3.1 E F0 .6
(will refer to the root f)3.1 F .6(ile on the ne)-.2 F .6(wly mounted f)
-.25 F(ile)-.2 E(system.)108 252.64 Q F4(Special)5 E F0(and)2.5 E F4
(name)2.5 E F0(are pointers to null-terminated strings containing the a\
ppropriate path names.)2.5 E F4(Name)108 268.68 Q F0(must e)2.5 E
(xist already)-.15 E 5(.I)-.65 G
(ts old contents are inaccessible while the f)-5 E
(ile system is mounted.)-.2 E(The)108 284.72 Q F4(rwfla)3.172 E(g)-.1 E
F0(ar)3.172 E .672(gument determines whether the f)-.18 F .672
(ile system can be written on; if it is 0 writing is allo)-.2 F .673
(wed, if)-.25 F .879(non-zero no writing is done.)108 295.72 R(Ph)5.879
E .879(ysically write-protected and magnetic tape f)-.05 F .878
(ile systems must be mounted)-.2 F .5(read-only or errors will occur wh\
en access times are updated, whether or not an)108 306.72 R 3.001(ye)
-.15 G .501(xplicit write is attempt-)-3.151 F(ed.)108 317.72 Q F1
(SEE ALSO)72 335.92 Q F0(mount \(VIII\), umount \(II\))108 346.92 Q F1
(DIA)72 365.12 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .668(Error bit \(c-bit\) set if:)108
376.12 R F4(special)3.168 E F0 .668
(is inaccessible or not an appropriate f)3.168 F(ile;)-.2 E F4(name)
3.168 E F0 .668(does not e)3.168 F(xist;)-.15 E F4(special)3.168 E F0
.667(is al-)3.167 F(ready mounted;)108 387.12 Q F4(name)2.5 E F0
(is in use; there are already too man)2.5 E 2.5(yf)-.15 G
(ile systems mounted.)-2.7 E F1 -.08(BU)72 405.32 S(GS).08 E F0<ad>108
416.32 Q 2.5(-2)295.17 767 S 2.5(5-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(NICE \( II \))72 58 R 177.072
(8/5/73 NICE)179.572 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(nice)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(set program priority)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q
F0(\(nice = 34.\))108 163.4 Q(\(priority in r0\))108 174.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys nice)108 185.4 Q(nice\(priority\))108 201.44 Q F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q F0 .546(The scheduling)108 230.64 R/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(priority)3.046 E F0 .546
(of the process is changed to the ar)3.046 F 3.046(gument. Positi)-.18 F
.846 -.15(ve p)-.25 H .547(riorities get less service than).15 F .369
(normal; 0 is def)108 241.64 R 2.869(ault. Only)-.1 F .369(the super)
2.869 F .369(-user may specify a ne)-.2 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .669
-.15(ve p)-.25 H(riority).15 E 5.369(.T)-.65 G .369(he v)-5.369 F .369
(alid range of)-.25 F F4(priority)2.869 E F0 .368(is 20)2.868 F(to)108
252.64 Q F2(-)2.738 E F0 2.738(220. The)B -.25(va)2.738 G .239
(lue of 4 is recommended to users who wish to e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.239(cute long-running programs without flak).15 F
(from the administration.)108 263.64 Q .667(The ef)108 279.68 R .666
(fect of this call is passed to a child process by the)-.25 F F4(fork)
3.166 E F0 .666(system call.)3.166 F .666(The ef)5.666 F .666
(fect can be cancelled by)-.25 F(another call to)108 290.68 Q F4(nice)
2.5 E F0(with a)2.5 E F4(priority)2.5 E F0(of 0.)2.5 E .22
(The actual running priority of a process is the)108 306.72 R F4
(priority)2.72 E F0(ar)2.72 E .22
(gument plus a number that ranges from 100 to 119)-.18 F
(depending on the cpu usage of the process.)108 317.72 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72
335.92 Q F0(nice \(I\))108 346.92 Q F1(DIA)72 365.12 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E
F0 .256(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set if the user requests a)108 376.12
R F4(priority)2.756 E F0 .255
(outside the range of 0 to 20 and is not the super)2.756 F(-us-)-.2 E
(er)108 387.12 Q(.)-.55 E 2.5(-2)295.17 767 S 2.5(6-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(OPEN \( II \))72 58 R 174.292
(8/5/73 OPEN)176.792 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(open)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(open for reading or writing)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
152.4 Q F0(\(open = 5.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sys open; name; mode)108 174.4 Q F0(\(f)108 185.4 Q
(ile descriptor in r0\))-.2 E F3(open\(name, mode\))108 201.44 Q
(char *name;)108 212.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 230.64 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Open)108 241.64 Q F0 .531(opens the f)3.031 F(ile)-.2
E F4(name)3.032 E F0 .532(for reading \(if)3.032 F F4(mode)3.032 E F0
.532(is 0\), writing \(if)3.032 F F4(mode)3.032 E F0 .532
(is 1\) or for both reading and writing)3.032 F(\(if)108 252.64 Q F4
(mode)2.64 E F0 .14(is 2\).)2.64 F F4(Name)5.14 E F0 .139(is the addres\
s of a string of ASCII characters representing a path name, terminated \
by)2.64 F 2.5(an)108 263.64 S(ull character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E
(The returned f)108 279.68 Q(ile descriptor should be sa)-.2 E -.15(ve)
-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G(or subsequent calls to)-2.5 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G
(ad, write).37 E(,)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F4(close)2.5 E(.)-.15 E F1
(SEE ALSO)72 297.88 Q F0
(creat \(II\), read \(II\), write \(II\), close \(II\))108 308.88 Q F1
(DIA)72 327.08 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .087
(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set if the f)108 338.08 R .088
(ile does not e)-.2 F .088
(xist, if one of the necessary directories does not e)-.15 F .088
(xist or is un-)-.15 F .312(readable, if the f)108 349.08 R .312
(ile is not readable \(resp. writable\), or if too man)-.2 F 2.811(yf)
-.15 G .311(iles are open.)-3.011 F .311(From C, a)5.311 F F2(-)2.811 E
F0 2.811(1v)C .311(alue is re-)-3.061 F(turned on an error)108 360.08 Q
(.)-.55 E 2.5(-2)295.17 767 S 2.5(7-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(PIPE \( II \))72 58 R 179.842
(8/5/73 PIPE)182.342 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(pipe)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(create an interprocess channel)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)
72 152.4 Q F0(\(pipe = 42.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys pipe)
108 174.4 Q F0(\(read f)108 185.4 Q(ile descriptor in r0\))-.2 E
(\(write f)108 196.4 Q(ile descriptor in r1\))-.2 E F3(pipe\(f)108
212.44 Q(ildes\))-.25 E(int f)108 223.44 Q(ildes[2];)-.25 E F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 241.64 Q F0(The)108 252.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(pipe)3.06 E F0 .56(system call creates an I/O mechanism called a pipe.)
3.06 F .56(The f)5.56 F .56(ile descriptors returned can be used in)-.2
F .413(read and write operations.)108 263.64 R .412
(When the pipe is written using the descriptor returned in r1 \(resp. f)
5.413 F .412(ildes[1]\), up)-.2 F .45(to 4096 bytes of data are b)108
274.64 R(uf)-.2 E .451(fered before the writing process is suspended.)
-.25 F 2.951(Ar)5.451 G .451(ead using the descriptor re-)-2.951 F
(turned in r0 \(resp. f)108 285.64 Q(ildes[0]\) will pick up the data.)
-.2 E .971(It is assumed that after the pipe has been set up, tw)108
301.68 R 3.471(o\()-.1 G .971
(or more\) cooperating processes \(created by subse-)-3.471 F(quent)108
312.68 Q F4(fork)2.5 E F0(calls\) will pass data through the pipe with)
2.5 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(ad).37 E F0(and)2.5 E F4(write)2.5 E F0(calls.)
2.5 E(The Shell has a syntax to set up a linear array of processes conn\
ected by pipes.)108 328.72 Q .646(Read calls on an empty pipe \(no b)108
344.76 R(uf)-.2 E .646(fered data\) with only one end \(all write f)-.25
F .647(ile descriptors closed\) return)-.2 F .745(an end-of-f)108 355.76
R 3.245(ile. Write)-.2 F .745
(calls under similar conditions generate a f)3.245 F .744
(atal signal \(signal \(II\)\); if the signal is ig-)-.1 F
(nored, an error is returned on the write.)108 366.76 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72
384.96 Q F0(sh \(I\), read \(II\), write \(II\), fork \(II\))108 395.96
Q F1(DIA)72 414.16 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .012
(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set if too man)108 425.16 R 2.512(yf)-.15 G
.012(iles are already open.)-2.712 F .013(From C, a)5.012 F F2(-)2.513 E
F0 2.513(1r)C .013(eturned v)-2.513 F .013(alue indicates an error)-.25
F(.)-.55 E 2.5(As)108 436.16 S(ignal is generated if a write on a pipe \
with only one end is attempted.)-2.5 E F1 -.08(BU)72 454.36 S(GS).08 E
F0 2.5(-2)295.17 767 S 2.5(8-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(PR)72 58 Q -.834(OFIL \( II \))-.4 F
163.852(5/15/74 PR)166.352 F -.834(OFIL \( II \))-.4 F/F1 8/Times-Bold@0
SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(prof)108 134.2 Q(il)-.2 E/F2 10/Symbol
SF(-)2.5 E F0 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cution time prof).15 E(ile)-.2 E F1
(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(prof)108 163.4 Q(il = 44.; not in assembler\))
-.2 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 20.72(sys pr)108 174.4 R(of)-.18 E(il; b)
-.25 E(uff; b)-.2 E(ufsiz; offset; scale)-.2 E(pr)108 190.44 Q(of)-.18 E
(il\(b)-.25 E(uff)-.2 E 2.5(,b)-.15 G(ufsiz, offset, scale\))-2.7 E
(char b)108 201.44 Q(uff[ ];)-.2 E(int b)108 212.44 Q
(ufsiz, offset, scale;)-.2 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 230.64 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Buf)108 241.64 Q(f)-.18 E F0 .35
(points to an area of core whose length \(in bytes\) is gi)2.85 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.85(nb).15 G(y)-2.85 E F4 -.2(bu)2.85 G(fsiz.).2 E F0 .35
(After this call, the user')5.35 F 2.85(sp)-.55 G(rogram)-2.85 E .075
(counter \(pc\) is e)108 252.64 R .075
(xamined each clock tick \(60th second\);)-.15 F F4(of)2.575 E(fset)-.18
E F0 .076(is subtracted from it, and the result multiplied)2.575 F(by)
108 263.64 Q F4(scale)2.5 E(.)-.15 E F0
(If the resulting number corresponds to a w)5 E(ord inside)-.1 E F4 -.2
(bu)2.5 G -2.24 -.18(ff ,).2 H F0(that w)2.68 E(ord is incremented.)-.1
E .362(The scale is interpreted as an unsigned, f)108 279.68 R(ix)-.2 E
.362(ed-point fraction with binary point at the left: 177777\(8\) gi)
-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.861(sa).15 G .207(1-1 mapping of pc')108 290.68
R 2.707(st)-.55 G 2.708(ow)-2.707 G .208(ords in)-2.808 F F4 -.2(bu)
2.708 G -.18(ff).2 G(;).18 E F0 .208
(77777\(8\) maps each pair of instruction w)2.708 F .208(ords together)
-.1 F 5.208(.2)-.55 G .208(\(8\) maps all)-5.208 F
(instructions onto the be)108 301.68 Q(ginning of)-.15 E F4 -.2(bu)2.5 G
-.18(ff).2 G F0(\(producing a non-interrupting core clock\).)2.68 E
(Prof)108 317.72 Q .412(iling is turned of)-.2 F 2.912(fb)-.25 G 2.912
(yg)-2.912 G -.25(iv)-2.912 G .412(ing a).25 F F4(scale)2.912 E F0 .411
(of 0 or 1.)2.912 F .411(It is rendered inef)5.411 F(fecti)-.25 E .711
-.15(ve b)-.25 H 2.911(yg).15 G -.25(iv)-2.911 G .411(ing a).25 F F4 -.2
(bu)2.911 G(fsiz).2 E F0 .411(of 0.)2.911 F(Prof)5.411 E(il-)-.2 E
(ing is also turned of)108 328.72 Q 2.5(fw)-.25 G(hen an)-2.5 E F4 -.2
(ex)2.5 G(ec).2 E F0(is e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted b).15 E
(ut remains on in child and parent both after a)-.2 E F4(fork.)2.5 E F1
(SEE ALSO)72 346.92 Q F0(monitor \(III\), prof \(I\))108 357.92 Q F1
(DIA)72 376.12 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F2(-)108 387.12 Q F0 2.5(-2)295.17 767
S 2.5(9-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(PTRA)72 58 Q -.834(CE \( II \))-.4 F
159.962(1/25/75 PTRA)162.462 F -.834(CE \( II \))-.4 F/F1 8/Times-Bold@0
SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(ptrace)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)5
E F0(process trace)5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0
(\(ptrace = 26.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q(\(data in r0\))108 174.4
Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 20.72(sys ptrace;)108 185.4 R(pid; addr; r)2.5 E
(equest)-.18 E F0(\(v)108 196.4 Q(alue in r0\))-.25 E F3(ptrace\(r)108
212.44 Q(equest, pid, addr)-.18 E 2.5(,d)-.92 G(ata\);)-2.5 E F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 230.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Ptr)108 241.64 Q(ace)
-.15 E F0(pro)2.581 E .081
(vides a means by which a parent process may control the e)-.15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .081(cution of a child process, and e).15 F(xam-)-.15 E .962
(ine and change its core image.)108 252.64 R .961
(Its primary use is for the implementation of breakpoint deb)5.961 F
.961(ugging, b)-.2 F .961(ut it)-.2 F .526
(should be adaptable for simulation of non-UNIX en)108 263.64 R 3.026
(vironments. There)-.4 F .526(are four ar)3.026 F .527
(guments whose interpre-)-.18 F .059(tation depends on a)108 274.64 R F4
-.37(re)2.559 G(quest).37 E F0(ar)2.559 E 2.559(gument. Generally)-.18 F
(,)-.65 E F4(pid)2.559 E F0 .059
(is the process ID of the traced process, which must be)2.559 F 2.86(ac)
108 285.64 S .36
(hild \(no more distant descendant\) of the tracing process.)-2.86 F
2.861(Ap)5.361 G .361(rocess being traced beha)-2.861 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.861(sn).15 G .361(ormally until)-2.861 F 1.446
(it encounters some signal whether internally generated lik)108 296.64 R
3.946(e`)-.1 G(`ille)-4.686 E -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.946(li).05 G(nstruction')
-3.946 E 3.946('o)-.74 G 3.945(re)-3.946 G 1.445(xternally generated)
-4.095 F(lik)108 307.64 Q 2.803(e`)-.1 G(`interrupt.)-3.543 E 4.283 -.74
('' S)-.7 H .303(ee signal \(II\) for the list.).74 F .303
(Then the traced process enters a stopped state and its parent is)5.303
F(notif)108 318.64 Q .401(ied via)-.2 F F4(wait)2.901 E F0 2.901
(\(II\). When)2.901 F .4
(the child is in the stopped state, its core image can be e)2.901 F .4
(xamined and modif)-.15 F(ied)-.2 E(using)108 329.64 Q F4(ptr)2.992 E
(ace)-.15 E(.)-.15 E F0 .492(If desired, another)5.492 F F4(ptr)2.992 E
(ace)-.15 E F0 .493
(request can then cause the child either to terminate or to continue,)
2.992 F(possibly ignoring the signal.)108 340.64 Q(The v)108 356.68 Q
(alue of the)-.25 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(quest).37 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument determines the precise action of the call:)-.18 E 15(0T)108
372.72 S .243(his request is the only one used by the child process; it\
 declares that the process is to be traced by its)-15 F 3.101
(parent. All)128 383.72 R .602(the other ar)3.101 F .602
(guments are ignored.)-.18 F .602
(Peculiar results will ensue if the parent does not e)5.602 F(xpect)-.15
E(to trace the child.)128 394.72 Q 5(1,2 The)108 410.76 R -.1(wo)2.868 G
.368(rd in the child process').1 F 2.868(sa)-.55 G .368(ddress space at)
-2.868 F F4(addr)2.868 E F0 .368(is returned \(in r0\).)2.868 F .367
(Request 1 indicates the data)5.368 F 1.418(space \(normally used\); 2 \
indicates the instruction space \(when I and D space are separated\).)
128 421.76 R F4(addr)6.418 E F0(must be e)128 432.76 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.5(n. The).15 F(child must be stopped.)2.5 E(The input)5 E F4(data)2.5
E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E 15(3T)108 448.8 S .348(he w)-15 F .348
(ord of the system')-.1 F 2.848(sp)-.55 G(er)-2.848 E .348
(-process data area corresponding to)-.2 F F4(addr)2.847 E F0 .347
(is returned.)2.847 F F4(Addr)5.347 E F0 .347(must be e)2.847 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G(n).15 E .137(and less than 512.)128 459.8 R .137
(This space contains the re)5.137 F .138
(gisters and other information about the process; its layout)-.15 F
(corresponds to the)128 470.8 Q F4(user)2.5 E F0
(structure in the system.)2.5 E 5(4,5 The)108 486.84 R(gi)2.585 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F4(data)2.585 E F0 .085(is written at the w)2.585 F
.085(ord in the process')-.1 F 2.585(sa)-.55 G .084
(ddress space corresponding to)-2.585 F F4(addr)2.584 E(,)-1.11 E F0
.084(which must)2.584 F .665(be e)128 497.84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.165
(n. No).15 F .665(useful v)3.165 F .665(alue is returned.)-.25 F .665
(Request 4 specif)5.665 F .665
(ies data space \(normally used\), 5 specif)-.2 F .665(ies in-)-.2 F
.042(struction space.)128 508.84 R .041(Attempts to write in pure proce\
dure result in termination of the child, instead of going)5.042 F
(through or causing an error for the parent.)128 519.84 Q 15(6T)108
535.88 S .472(he process')-15 F 2.972(ss)-.55 G .472
(ystem data is written, as it is read with request 3.)-2.972 F .473
(Only a fe)5.473 F 2.973(wl)-.25 G .473(ocations can be written)-2.973 F
.39(in this w)128 546.88 R .39(ay: the general re)-.1 F .39
(gisters, the floating point status and re)-.15 F .39
(gisters, and certain bits of the proces-)-.15 F(sor status w)128 557.88
Q(ord.)-.1 E 15(7T)108 573.92 S(he)-15 E F4(data)2.646 E F0(ar)2.646 E
.146(gument is tak)-.18 F .147(en as a signal number and the child')-.1
F 2.647(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.797 G .147
(cution continues as if it had incurred).15 F .79(that signal.)128
584.92 R .79(Normally the signal number will be either 0 to indicate th\
at the signal which caused the)5.79 F .127
(stop should be ignored, or that v)128 595.92 R .127
(alue fetched out of the process')-.25 F 2.627(si)-.55 G .127
(mage indicating which signal caused)-2.627 F(the stop.)128 606.92 Q 15
(8T)108 622.96 S(he traced process terminates.)-15 E .172
(As indicated, these calls \(e)108 639 R .171(xcept for request 0\) can\
 be used only when the subject process has stopped.)-.15 F(The)5.171 E
F4(wait)108 650 Q F0 1.061
(call is used to determine when a process stops; in such a case the `)
3.561 F(`termination')-.74 E 3.561('s)-.74 G 1.062(tatus returned by)
-3.561 F F4(wait)108 661 Q F0(has the v)2.5 E
(alue 0177 to indicate stoppage rather than genuine termination.)-.25 E
1.6 -.8(To f)108 677.04 T(orestall possible fraud,).8 E F4(ptr)2.5 E
(ace)-.15 E F0(inhibits the set-user)2.5 E(-id f)-.2 E
(acility on subsequent)-.1 E F4 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ec).2 E F0(\(II\))2.5 E
(calls.)110.5 688.04 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 706.24 Q F0 -.1(wa)108 717.24 S
(it \(II\), signal \(II\), cdb \(I\)).1 E 2.5(-3)295.17 767 S 2.5(0-)
-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(PTRA)72 58 Q -.834(CE \( II \))-.4 F
159.962(1/25/75 PTRA)162.462 F -.834(CE \( II \))-.4 F/F1 8/Times-Bold@0
SF(DIA)72 105 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0(From assembler)108 116 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(he c-bit \(error bit\) is set on errors; from C, \2551 is returned and)
-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(errno)2.5 E F0(has the error code.)2.5 E
F1 -.08(BU)72 134.2 S(GS).08 E F0 .535(The request 0 call should be abl\
e to specify signals which are to be treated normally and not cause a s\
top.)108 145.2 R .252(In this w)108 156.2 R(ay)-.1 E 2.752(,f)-.65 G
.252(or e)-2.752 F .253
(xample, programs with simulated floating point \(which use `)-.15 F
(`ille)-.74 E -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.753(li).05 G(nstruction')-2.753 E 2.753
('s)-.74 G .253(ignals at)-2.753 F 2.5(av)108 167.2 S
(ery high rate\) could be ef)-2.65 E -.2(fi)-.25 G(ciently deb).2 E
(ugged.)-.2 E .511(Also, it should be possible to stop a process on occ\
urrence of a system call; in this w)108 183.24 R .51
(ay a completely con-)-.1 F(trolled en)108 194.24 Q
(vironment could be pro)-.4 E(vided.)-.15 E 2.5(-3)295.17 767 S 2.5(1-)
-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(READ \( II \))72 58 R 173.182
(8/5/73 READ)175.682 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(read)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(read from f)2.5 E(ile)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q
F0(\(read = 3.\))108 163.4 Q(\(f)108 174.4 Q(ile descriptor in r0\))-.2
E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys r)108 185.4 Q(ead; b)-.18 E(uffer; nbytes)
-.2 E -.18(re)108 201.44 S(ad\(f).18 E(ildes, b)-.25 E(uffer)-.2 E 2.5
(,n)-.92 G(bytes\))-2.5 E(char *b)108 212.44 Q(uffer;)-.2 E F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 230.64 Q F0 2.521(Af)108 241.64 S .021
(ile descriptor is a w)-2.721 F .021(ord returned from a successful)-.1
F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .022(open, cr)2.521 F .022(eat, dup,)-.37 F F0
(or)2.522 E F4(pipe)2.522 E F0(call.)2.522 E F4(Buf)5.022 E(fer)-.18 E
F0 .022(is the location of)2.522 F F4(nbytes)108 252.64 Q F0 .607
(contiguous bytes into which the input will be placed.)3.107 F .606
(It is not guaranteed that all)5.607 F F4(nbytes)3.106 E F0 .606
(bytes will)3.106 F 1.041(be read; for e)108 263.64 R 1.041
(xample if the f)-.15 F 1.041(ile refers to a type)-.2 F 1.041
(writer at most one line will be returned.)-.25 F 1.041(In an)6.041 F
3.541(ye)-.15 G -.15(ve)-3.791 G 1.041(nt the).15 F
(number of characters read is returned \(in r0\).)108 274.64 Q
(If the returned v)108 290.68 Q(alue is 0, then end-of-f)-.25 E
(ile has been reached.)-.2 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 308.88 Q F0
(open \(II\), creat \(II\), dup \(II\), pipe \(II\))108 319.88 Q F1(DIA)
72 338.08 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .858
(As mentioned, 0 is returned when the end of the f)108 349.08 R .858
(ile has been reached.)-.2 F .858(If the read w)5.858 F .857
(as otherwise unsuc-)-.1 F .076(cessful the error bit \(c-bit\) is set.)
108 360.08 R(Man)5.077 E 2.577(yc)-.15 G .077
(onditions can generate an error: ph)-2.577 F .077
(ysical I/O errors, bad b)-.05 F(uf)-.2 E .077(fer ad-)-.25 F
(dress, preposterous)108 371.08 Q F4(nbytes,)2.5 E F0 -.2(fi)2.5 G
(le descriptor not that of an input f).2 E 2.5(ile. From)-.2 F(C, a)2.5
E F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1r)C(eturn indicates the error)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E 2.5
(-3)295.17 767 S 2.5(2-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(SEEK \( II \))72 58 R 175.402
(8/5/73 SEEK)177.902 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(seek)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(mo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve r)-.15 H(ead/write pointer).15
E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(seek = 19.\))108 163.4 Q(\(f)108 174.4 Q
(ile descriptor in r0\))-.2 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sys seek; offset; ptr)108 185.4 Q(name)-.15 E(seek\(f)108 201.44 Q
(ildes, offset, ptr)-.25 E(name\))-.15 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q F0
.539(The f)108 230.64 R .539(ile descriptor refers to a f)-.2 F .539
(ile open for reading or writing.)-.2 F .538
(The read \(resp. write\) pointer for the f)5.538 F .538(ile is)-.2 F
(set as follo)108 241.64 Q(ws:)-.25 E(if)123 257.68 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(ptrname)2.5 E F0(is 0, the pointer is set to)2.5 E F4
(of)2.5 E(fset.)-.18 E F0(if)123 273.72 Q F4(ptrname)2.5 E F0
(is 1, the pointer is set to its current location plus)2.5 E F4(of)2.5 E
(fset.)-.18 E F0(if)123 289.76 Q F4(ptrname)2.5 E F0
(is 2, the pointer is set to the size of the f)2.5 E(ile plus)-.2 E F4
(of)2.5 E(fset.)-.18 E F0(if)123 305.8 Q F4(ptrname)2.614 E F0 .114
(is 3, 4 or 5, the meaning is as abo)2.614 F .414 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .114
(or 0, 1 and 2 e).15 F .114(xcept that the of)-.15 F .115
(fset is multiplied by 512.)-.25 F(If)108 321.84 Q F4(ptrname)2.5 E F0
(is 0 or 3,)2.5 E F4(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0
(is unsigned, otherwise it is signed.)2.5 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 340.04 Q F0
(open \(II\), creat \(II\))108 351.04 Q F1(DIA)72 369.24 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44
E F0(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set for an undef)108 380.24 Q(ined f)-.2
E(ile descriptor)-.2 E 5(.F)-.55 G(rom C, a)-5 E F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1r)C
(eturn indicates an error)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E 2.5(-3)295.17 767 S 2.5(3-)
-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(SETGID \( II \))72 58 R 164.852
(8/5/73 SETGID)167.352 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(setgid)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(set process group ID)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q
F0(\(setgid = 46.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q(\(group ID in r0\))108
174.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys setgid)108 185.4 Q(setgid\(gid\))108
201.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q F0 .166
(The group ID of the current process is set to the ar)108 230.64 R 2.666
(gument. Both)-.18 F .166(the ef)2.666 F(fecti)-.25 E .466 -.15(ve a)
-.25 H .166(nd the real group ID are set.).15 F
(This call is only permitted to the super)108 241.64 Q
(-user or if the ar)-.2 E(gument is the real group ID.)-.18 E F1
(SEE ALSO)72 259.84 Q F0(getgid \(II\))108 270.84 Q F1(DIA)72 289.04 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0(Error bit \(c-bit\) is set as indicated; from C, a)
108 300.04 Q F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1v)C(alue is returned.)-2.75 E 2.5(-3)
295.17 767 S 2.5(4-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(SETUID \( II \))72 58 R 164.852
(8/5/73 SETUID)167.352 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(setuid)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(set process user ID)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q
F0(\(setuid = 23.\))108 163.4 Q(\(user ID in r0\))108 174.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys setuid)108 185.4 Q(setuid\(uid\))108 201.44 Q F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q F0 .801
(The user ID of the current process is set to the ar)108 230.64 R 3.301
(gument. Both)-.18 F .802(the ef)3.302 F(fecti)-.25 E 1.102 -.15(ve a)
-.25 H .802(nd the real user ID are set.).15 F
(This call is only permitted to the super)108 241.64 Q
(-user or if the ar)-.2 E(gument is the real user ID.)-.18 E F1
(SEE ALSO)72 259.84 Q F0(getuid \(II\))108 270.84 Q F1(DIA)72 289.04 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0(Error bit \(c-bit\) is set as indicated; from C, a)
108 300.04 Q F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1v)C(alue is returned.)-2.75 E 2.5(-3)
295.17 767 S 2.5(5-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(SIGN)72 58 Q -.834(AL \( II \))-.35 F
164.092(8/5/73 SIGN)166.592 F -.834(AL \( II \))-.35 F/F1 8/Times-Bold@0
SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(signal)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)
2.5 E F0(catch or ignore signals)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0
(\(signal = 48.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(sys signal;)108
174.4 R(sig; label)2.5 E F0(\(old v)108 185.4 Q(alue in r0\))-.25 E F3
(signal\(sig, func\))108 201.44 Q(int \(*func\)\( \);)108 212.44 Q F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 230.64 Q F0(A)108 241.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(signal)2.852 E F0 .352(is generated by some abnormal e)2.852 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G .352(nt, initiated either by user at a type).15 F .351
(writer \(quit, interrupt\), by a)-.25 F .221(program error \(b)108
252.64 R .221(us error)-.2 F 2.721(,e)-.4 G .221
(tc.\), or by request of another program \(kill\).)-2.721 F .222
(Normally all signals cause termina-)5.221 F .027(tion of the recei)108
263.64 R .027(ving process, b)-.25 F .026(ut this call allo)-.2 F .026
(ws them either to be ignored or to cause an interrupt to a spec-)-.25 F
(if)108 274.64 Q(ied location.)-.2 E(Here is the list of signals:)5 E 20
(1h)133 290.68 S(angup)-20 E 20(2i)133 301.68 S(nterrupt)-20 E 12.5
(3* quit)133 312.68 R 12.5(4* ille)133 323.68 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.5(li)
.05 G(nstruction \(not reset when caught\))-2.5 E 12.5(5* trace)133
334.68 R(trap \(not reset when caught\))2.5 E 12.5(6* IO)133 345.68 R
2.5(Ti)-.4 G(nstruction)-2.5 E 12.5(7* EMT)133 356.68 R(instruction)2.5
E 12.5(8* floating)133 367.68 R(point e)2.5 E(xception)-.15 E 20(9k)133
378.68 S(ill \(cannot be caught or ignored\))-20 E 7.5(10* b)133 389.68
R(us error)-.2 E 7.5(11* se)133 400.68 R(gmentation violation)-.15 E 7.5
(12* bad)133 411.68 R(ar)2.5 E(gument to system call)-.18 E 12.5
(13 write)133 422.68 R(on a pipe with no one to read it)2.5 E .636
(In the assembler call, if)108 438.72 R F4(label)3.136 E F0 .636(is 0, \
the process is terminated when the signal occurs; this is the def)3.136
F .636(ault ac-)-.1 F 3.029(tion. If)108 449.72 R F4(label)3.029 E F0
.529(is odd, the signal is ignored.)3.029 F(An)5.528 E 3.028(yo)-.15 G
.528(ther e)-3.028 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F4(label)3.028 E F0(specif)
3.028 E .528(ies an address in the process where)-.2 F .452
(an interrupt is simulated.)108 460.72 R .452(An R)5.452 F .452(TI or R)
-.6 F .452(TT instruction will return from the interrupt.)-.6 F .453
(Except as indicated, a)5.453 F .526
(signal is reset to 0 after being caught.)108 471.72 R .526
(Thus if it is desired to catch e)5.526 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .526
(ry such signal, the catching routine).15 F(must issue another)108
482.72 Q F4(signal)2.5 E F0(call.)2.5 E .69(In C, if)108 498.76 R F4
(func)3.19 E F0 .69(is 0, the def)3.19 F .69(ault action for signal)-.1
F F4(sig)3.19 E F0 .691(\(termination\) is reinstated.)3.19 F(If)5.691 E
F4(func)3.191 E F0 .691(is 1, the signal is ig-)3.191 F 2.539(nored. If)
108 509.76 R F4(func)2.539 E F0 .039(is non-zero and e)2.539 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G .039
(n, it is assumed to be the address of a function entry point.).15 F
.038(When the sig-)5.038 F .546
(nal occurs, the function will be called.)108 520.76 R 3.047(Ar)5.547 G
.547(eturn from the function will continue the process at the point it)
-3.047 F -.1(wa)108 531.76 S 3.252(si).1 G 3.252(nterrupted. As)-3.252 F
.751(in the assembler call,)3.252 F F4(signal)3.251 E F0 .751
(must in general be called ag)3.251 F .751(ain to catch subsequent sig-)
-.05 F(nals.)108 542.76 Q .367(When a caught signal occurs during certa\
in system calls, the call terminates prematurely)108 558.8 R 5.368(.I)
-.65 G 2.868(np)-5.368 G .368(articular this)-2.868 F 1.102
(can occur during a)108 569.8 R F4 -.37(re)3.602 G(ad).37 E F0(or)3.602
E F4(write)3.602 E F0 1.102(on a slo)3.602 F 3.601(wd)-.25 G -.25(ev)
-3.601 G 1.101(ice \(lik).25 F 3.601(eat)-.1 G(ype)-3.601 E 1.101
(writer; b)-.25 F 1.101(ut not a f)-.2 F 1.101(ile\); and during or)-.2
F F4(wait.)3.601 E F0 .03(When such a signal occurs, the sa)108 580.8 R
-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.53(du).15 G .03(ser status is arranged in such a w)-2.53
F .03(ay that when return from the signal-)-.1 F .032(catching tak)108
591.8 R .032(es place, it will appear that the system call returned a c\
haracteristic error status.)-.1 F .031(The user')5.031 F 2.531(sp)-.55 G
(ro-)-2.531 E(gram may then, if it wishes, re-e)108 602.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15
G(cute the call.).15 E(The starred signals in the list abo)108 618.84 Q
.3 -.15(ve c)-.15 H(ause a core image if not caught or ignored.).15 E
(The v)108 634.88 Q(alue of the call is the old action def)-.25 E
(ined for the signal.)-.2 E(After a)108 650.92 Q F4(fork)2.5 E F0
(\(II\) the child inherits all signals.)2.5 E F4(Exec)5 E F0
(\(II\) resets all caught signals to def)2.5 E(ault action.)-.1 E F1
(SEE ALSO)72 669.12 Q F0
(kill \(I\), kill \(II\), ptrace \(II\), reset \(III\))108 680.12 Q F1
(DIA)72 698.32 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .448
(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set if the gi)108 709.32 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.949(ns).15 G .449(ignal is out of range.)-2.949 F .449(In C, a)5.449 F
F2(-)2.949 E F0 2.949(1i)C .449(ndicates an error; 0 indicates suc-)
-2.949 F(cess.)108 720.32 Q 2.5(-3)295.17 767.32 S 2.5(6-)-2.5 G EP
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164.092(8/5/73 SIGN)166.592 F -.834(AL \( II \))-.35 F/F1 8/Times-Bold@0
SF -.08(BU)72 105 S(GS).08 E F0 2.5(-3)295.17 767 S 2.5(7-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(SLEEP \( II \))72 58 R 170.952
(8/5/73 SLEEP)173.452 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(sleep)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(stop e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution for interv).15
E(al)-.25 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(sleep = 35.; not in assembler\))
108 163.4 Q(\(seconds in r0\))108 174.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sys sleep)108 185.4 Q(sleep\(seconds\))108 201.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72
219.64 Q F0(The current process is suspended from e)108 230.64 Q -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cution for the number of seconds specif).15 E(ied by the ar)
-.2 E(gument.)-.18 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 248.84 Q F0(sleep \(I\))108 259.84 Q
F1(DIA)72 278.04 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F2(-)108 289.04 Q F0 2.5(-3)295.17
767 S 2.5(8-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(ST)72 58 Q 1.386 -1.11(AT \( I)-.93 H
174.11 1.666(I\) 8)1.11 H 177.442(/5/73 ST)-1.666 F 1.386 -1.11(AT \( I)
-.93 H 1.666(I\))1.11 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E
F0(stat)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(get f)2.5 E(ile status)
-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(stat = 18.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys stat; name; b)108 174.4 Q(uf)-.2 E(stat\(name, b)
108 190.44 Q(uf\))-.2 E(char *name;)108 201.44 Q(struct inode *b)108
212.44 Q(uf;)-.2 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 230.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(Name)108 241.64 Q F0 .401
(points to a null-terminated string naming a f)2.902 F(ile;)-.2 E F4 -.2
(bu)2.901 G(f).2 E F0 .401(is the address of a 36\(10\) byte b)2.901 F
(uf)-.2 E .401(fer into which)-.25 F .8
(information is placed concerning the f)108 252.64 R 3.3(ile. It)-.2 F
.8(is unnecessary to ha)3.3 F 1.1 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.1 -.15(ny p).15 H .8
(ermissions at all with respect to).15 F .79(the f)108 263.64 R .79
(ile, b)-.2 F .79(ut all directories leading to the f)-.2 F .79
(ile must be readable.)-.2 F(After)5.79 E F4 .79(stat, b)3.29 F(uf)-.2 E
F0 .79(has the follo)3.29 F .79(wing structure)-.25 F(\(starting of)108
274.64 Q(fset gi)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(nb)-2.5 G
(ytes\):)-2.5 E(struct inode {)108 290.68 Q 16.29(char minor;)144 301.68
R(/* +0: minor de)81.33 E(vice of i-node */)-.25 E 16.29(char major;)144
312.68 R(/* +1: major de)81.89 E(vice */)-.25 E 22.94(int inumber;)144
323.68 R(/* +2 */)71.89 E 22.94(int flags;)144 334.68 R(/* +4: see belo)
85.78 E 2.5(w*)-.25 G(/)-2.5 E 16.29(char nlinks;)144 345.68 R
(/* +6: number of links to f)80.77 E(ile */)-.2 E 16.29(char uid;)144
356.68 R(/* +7: user ID of o)92.44 E(wner */)-.25 E 16.29(char gid;)144
367.68 R(/* +8: group ID of o)92.44 E(wner */)-.25 E 16.29(char size0;)
144 378.68 R(/* +9: high byte of 24-bit size */)84.67 E 22.94
(int size1;)144 389.68 R(/* +10: lo)84.67 E 2.5(ww)-.25 G
(ord of 24-bit size */)-2.6 E 22.94(int addr[8];)144 400.68 R
(/* +12: block numbers or de)75.79 E(vice number */)-.25 E 22.94
(int actime[2];)144 411.68 R(/* +28: time of last access */)66.9 E 22.94
(int modtime[2];)144 422.68 R(/* +32: time of last modif)58 E
(ication */)-.2 E(};)108 433.68 Q(The flags are as follo)108 449.72 Q
(ws:)-.25 E 12.5(100000 i-node)113 465.76 R(is allocated)2.5 E 12.5
(060000 2-bit)113 476.76 R -.2(fi)2.5 G(le type:).2 E 12.5(000000 plain)
138 487.76 R -.2(fi)2.5 G(le).2 E 12.5(040000 directory)138 498.76 R
12.5(020000 character)138 509.76 R(-type special f)-.2 E(ile)-.2 E 12.5
(060000 block-type)138 520.76 R(special f)2.5 E(ile.)-.2 E 12.5
(010000 lar)113 531.76 R(ge f)-.18 E(ile)-.2 E 12.5(004000 set)113
542.76 R(user)2.5 E(-ID on e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E 12.5
(002000 set)113 553.76 R(group-ID on e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E
12.5(001000 sa)113 564.76 R .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -.15(ex).15 G 2.5(ti).15
G(mage after e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E 12.5(000400 read)113
575.76 R(\(o)2.5 E(wner\))-.25 E 12.5(000200 write)113 586.76 R(\(o)2.5
E(wner\))-.25 E 12.5(000100 e)113 597.76 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute \(o).15 E
(wner\))-.25 E 12.5(000070 read,)113 608.76 R(write, e)2.5 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cute \(group\)).15 E 12.5(000007 read,)113 619.76 R(write, e)2.5
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute \(others\)).15 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 637.96 Q F0
(ls \(I\), fstat \(II\), fs \(V\))108 648.96 Q F1(DIA)72 667.16 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0(Error bit \(c-bit\) is set if the f)108 678.16 Q
(ile cannot be found.)-.2 E(From C, a)5 E F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1r)C
(eturn indicates an error)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E 2.5(-3)295.17 767 S 2.5(9-)
-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(STIME \( II \))72 58 R 170.402
(8/5/73 STIME)172.902 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(stime)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(set time)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0
(\(stime = 25.\))108 163.4 Q(\(time in r0-r1\))108 174.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys stime)108 185.4 Q(stime\(tb)108 201.44 Q(uf\))-.2 E
(int tb)108 212.44 Q(uf[2];)-.2 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 230.64 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Stime)108 241.64 Q F0 1.281(sets the system')3.781 F
3.781(si)-.55 G 1.281(dea of the time and date.)-3.781 F -.35(Ti)6.281 G
1.281(me is measured in seconds from 0000 GMT Jan 1).35 F 2.5
(1970. Only)108 252.64 R(the super)2.5 E(-user may use this call.)-.2 E
F1(SEE ALSO)72 270.84 Q F0(date \(I\), time \(II\), ctime \(III\))108
281.84 Q F1(DIA)72 300.04 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0
(Error bit \(c-bit\) set if user is not the super)108 311.04 Q(-user)-.2
E(.)-.55 E 2.5(-4)295.17 767 S 2.5(0-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(STTY \( II \))72 58 R 170.402
(12/15/74 STTY)172.902 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(stty)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(set mode of type)2.5 E(writer)-.25 E F1(SYNOPSIS)
72 152.4 Q F0(\(stty = 31.\))108 163.4 Q(\(f)108 174.4 Q
(ile descriptor in r0\))-.2 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sys stty; ar)108
185.4 Q(g)-.1 E(...)108 196.4 Q(ar)108 207.4 Q 2.5(g: .byte)-.1 F
(ispeed, ospeed; .byte erase, kill; mode)2.5 E(stty\(f)108 223.44 Q
(ildes, ar)-.25 E(g\))-.1 E(struct {)108 234.44 Q 14.06(char ispeed,)144
245.44 R(ospeed;)2.5 E 14.06(char erase,)144 256.44 R(kill;)2.5 E 21.83
(int mode;)144 267.44 R 2.5(}*)108 278.44 S(ar)-2.5 E(g;)-.1 E F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 301.68 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Stty)108 312.68 Q F0
.309(sets mode bits and character speeds for the type)2.809 F .309
(writer whose f)-.25 F .309
(ile descriptor is passed in r0 \(resp. is the)-.2 F -.2(fi)108 323.68 S
.581(rst ar).2 F .581(gument to the call\).)-.18 F .581
(First, the system delays until the type)5.581 F .581
(writer is quiescent.)-.25 F .582(The input and output)5.581 F .449
(speeds are set from the f)108 334.68 R .449(irst tw)-.2 F 2.949(ob)-.1
G .449(ytes of the ar)-2.949 F .449
(gument structure as indicated by the follo)-.18 F .448
(wing table, which)-.25 F 1.413
(corresponds to the speeds supported by the DH-11 interf)108 345.68 R
3.913(ace. If)-.1 F 1.414(DC-11, DL-11 or KL-11 interf)3.913 F 1.414
(aces are)-.1 F(used, impossible speed changes are ignored.)108 356.68 Q
15(0\()128 372.72 S(hang up dataphone\))-15 E 15(15)128 383.72 S 2.5(0b)
-15 G(aud)-2.5 E 15(27)128 394.72 S 2.5(5b)-15 G(aud)-2.5 E 15(31)128
405.72 S(10 baud)-15 E 15(41)128 416.72 S(34.5 baud)-15 E 15(51)128
427.72 S(50 baud)-15 E 15(62)128 438.72 S(00 baud)-15 E 15(73)128 449.72
S(00 baud)-15 E 15(86)128 460.72 S(00 baud)-15 E 15(91)128 471.72 S
(200 baud)-15 E 7.5(10 1800)128 482.72 R(baud)2.5 E 7.5(11 2400)128
493.72 R(baud)2.5 E 7.5(12 4800)128 504.72 R(baud)2.5 E 7.5(13 9600)128
515.72 R(baud)2.5 E 7.5(14 External)128 526.72 R(A)2.5 E 7.5
(15 External)128 537.72 R(B)2.5 E .759(In the current conf)108 553.76 R
.758(iguration, only 110, 150 and 300 baud are really supported on dial\
-up lines, in that the)-.2 F .388(code con)108 564.76 R -.15(ve)-.4 G
.389(rsion and line control required for IBM 2741').15 F 2.889(s\()-.55
G .389(134.5 baud\) must be implemented by the user')-2.889 F(s)-.55 E
(program, and the half-duple)108 575.76 Q 2.5(xl)-.15 G(ine discipline \
required for the 202 dataset \(1200 baud\) is not supplied.)-2.5 E .852
(The ne)108 591.8 R .852(xt tw)-.15 F 3.352(oc)-.1 G .852
(haracters of the ar)-3.352 F .852
(gument structure specify the erase and kill characters respecti)-.18 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.852(.\()-.65 G(De-)-5.852 E -.1(fa)108 602.8 S
(ults are # and @.\)).1 E(The)108 618.84 Q F4(mode)2.5 E F0(contains se)
2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral bits which determine the system').15 E 2.5(st)
-.55 G(reatment of the type)-2.5 E(writer:)-.25 E 2.5(100000 Select)133
634.88 R(one of tw)2.5 E 2.5(oa)-.1 G(lgorithms for backspace delays)
-2.5 E 2.5(040000 Select)133 645.88 R(one of tw)2.5 E 2.5(oa)-.1 G
(lgorithms for form-feed and v)-2.5 E(ertical-tab delays)-.15 E 2.5
(030000 Select)133 656.88 R
(one of four algorithms for carriage-return delays)2.5 E 2.5
(006000 Select)133 667.88 R(one of four algorithms for tab delays)2.5 E
2.5(001400 Select)133 678.88 R(one of four algorithms for ne)2.5 E
(w-line delays)-.25 E 2.5(000200 e)133 689.88 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np)
.15 G(arity allo)-2.5 E(wed on input \(e. g. for M37s\))-.25 E 2.5
(000100 odd)133 700.88 R(parity allo)2.5 E(wed on input)-.25 E 2.5
(000040 ra)133 711.88 R 2.5(wm)-.15 G(ode: w)-2.5 E(ak)-.1 E 2.5(eu)-.1
G 2.5(po)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(ll characters)-2.5 E 2.5(000020 map)133
722.88 R(CR into LF; echo LF or CR as CR-LF)2.5 E 2.5(-4)295.17 769.88 S
2.5(1-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(STTY \( II \))72 58 R 170.402
(12/15/74 STTY)172.902 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G 2.5
(000010 echo)133 105 R(\(full duple)2.5 E(x\))-.15 E 2.5(000004 map)133
116 R(upper case to lo)2.5 E(wer on input \(e. g. M33\))-.25 E 2.5
(000002 echo)133 127 R(and print tabs as spaces)2.5 E 2.5(000001 hang)
133 138 R(up \(remo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve `)-.15 H(data terminal ready).15 E
1.4 -.7(,' l)-.65 H(ead CD\) after last close).7 E .677
(The delay bits specify ho)108 154.04 R 3.177(wl)-.25 G .677
(ong transmission stops to allo)-3.177 F 3.178(wf)-.25 G .678
(or mechanical or other mo)-3.178 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .678(ment when cer)
.15 F(-)-.2 E(tain characters are sent to the terminal.)108 165.04 Q
(In all cases a v)5 E(alue of 0 indicates no delay)-.25 E(.)-.65 E
(Backspace delays are currently ignored b)108 181.08 Q
(ut will be used for T)-.2 E(erminet 300')-.7 E(s.)-.55 E
(If a form-feed/v)108 197.12 Q(ertical tab delay is specif)-.15 E
(ied, it lasts for about 2 seconds.)-.2 E .077(Carriage-return delay ty\
pe 1 lasts about .08 seconds and is suitable for the T)108 213.16 R .076
(erminet 300.)-.7 F .076(Delay type 2 lasts)5.076 F
(about .16 seconds and is suitable for the VT05 and the TI 700.)108
224.16 Q(Delay type 3 is unimplemented and is 0.)5 E(Ne)108 240.2 Q .42
(w-line delay type 1 is dependent on the current column and is tuned fo\
r T)-.25 F .42(eletype model 37')-.7 F 2.92(s. T)-.55 F .42(ype 2 is)-.8
F(useful for the VT05 and is about .10 seconds.)108 251.2 Q -.8(Ty)5 G
(pe 3 is unimplemented and is 0.).8 E -.8(Ta)108 267.24 S 3.303(bd).8 G
.802(elay type 1 is dependent on the amount of mo)-3.303 F -.15(ve)-.15
G .802(ment and is tuned to the T).15 F .802(eletype model 37.)-.7 F
(Other)5.802 E(types are unimplemented and are 0.)108 278.24 Q
(Characters with the wrong parity)108 294.28 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G 2.5(sd)-2.5
G(etermined by bits 200 and 100, are ignored.)-2.5 E 1.205(In ra)108
310.32 R 3.705(wm)-.15 G 1.205(ode, e)-3.705 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.205
(ry character is passed immediately to the program without w).15 F 1.206
(aiting until a full line has)-.1 F 1.293(been typed.)108 321.32 R 1.293
(No erase or kill processing is done; the end-of-f)6.293 F 1.292
(ile character \(EO)-.2 F 1.292(T\), the interrupt character)-.4 F
(\(DEL\) and the quit character \(FS\) are not treated specially)108
332.32 Q(.)-.65 E .159
(Mode 020 causes input carriage returns to be turned into ne)108 348.36
R .159(w-lines; input of either CR or LF causes LF-CR)-.25 F
(both to be echoed \(used for GE T)108 359.36 Q(ermiNet 300')-.7 E 2.5
(sa)-.55 G(nd other terminals without the ne)-2.5 E(wline function\).)
-.25 E .076(The hangup mode 01 causes the line to be disconnected when \
the last process with the line open closes it or)108 375.4 R 3.069
(terminates. It)108 386.4 R .569
(is useful when a port is to be used for some special purpose; for e)
3.069 F .569(xample, if it is associated)-.15 F(with an A)108 397.4 Q
(CU used to place outgoing calls.)-.4 E 1
(This system call is also used with certain special f)108 413.44 R .999
(iles other than type)-.2 F .999(writers, b)-.25 F .999
(ut since none of them are)-.2 F(part of the standard system the specif)
108 424.44 Q(ications will not be gi)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(n.).15 E/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 442.64 Q F0(stty \(I\), gtty \(II\))108
453.64 Q F1(DIA)72 471.84 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .161
(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set if the f)108 482.84 R .161
(ile descriptor does not refer to a type)-.2 F(writer)-.25 E 5.161(.F)
-.55 G .161(rom C, a ne)-5.161 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .461 -.15(ve v)
-.25 H .161(alue indi-)-.1 F(cates an error)108 493.84 Q(.)-.55 E 2.5
(-4)295.17 767 S 2.5(2-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(SYNC \( II \))72 58 R 173.732
(8/5/73 SYNC)176.232 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(sync)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(update super)2.5 E(-block)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
152.4 Q F0(\(sync = 36.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(sys sync)108 174.4 R F1(DESCRIPTION)72 192.6 Q/F4
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Sync)108 203.6 Q F0 .576(causes all information in\
 core memory that should be on disk to be written out.)3.077 F .576
(This includes modi-)5.576 F -.2(fi)108 214.6 S(ed super blocks, modif)
.2 E(ied i-nodes, and delayed block I/O.)-.2 E .101
(It should be used by programs which e)108 230.64 R .101(xamine a f)-.15
F .101(ile system, for e)-.2 F(xample)-.15 E F4(ic)2.601 E(hec)-.15 E
.101(k, df)-.2 F(,)-.1 E F0 2.601(etc. It)2.601 F .101(is mandatory be-)
2.601 F(fore a boot.)108 241.64 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 259.84 Q F0
(sync \(VIII\), update \(VIII\))108 270.84 Q F1(DIA)72 289.04 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F2(-)108 300.04 Q F0 2.5(-4)295.17 767 S 2.5(3-)-2.5 G
EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(TIME \( II \))72 58 R 175.962
(8/5/73 TIME)178.462 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(time)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(get date and time)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0
(\(time = 13.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(sys time)108 174.4
R(time\(tv)108 190.44 Q(ec\))-.1 E(int tv)108 201.44 Q(ec[2];)-.1 E F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.55(Ti)108 230.64 S
(me).55 E F0 1.144(returns the time since 00:00:00 GMT)3.644 F 3.644(,J)
-.74 G 1.143(an. 1, 1970, measured in seconds.)-3.644 F(From)6.143 E F4
(as,)3.643 E F0 1.143(the high order)3.643 F -.1(wo)108 241.64 S
(rd is in the r0 re).1 E(gister and the lo)-.15 E 2.5(wo)-.25 G
(rder is in r1.)-2.5 E(From C, the user)5 E(-supplied v)-.2 E
(ector is f)-.15 E(illed in.)-.2 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 259.84 Q F0
(date \(I\), stime \(II\), ctime \(III\))108 270.84 Q F1(DIA)72 289.04 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F2(-)108 300.04 Q F0 2.5(-4)295.17 767 S 2.5(4-)-2.5 G
EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(TIMES \( II \))72 58 R 170.402
(8/5/73 TIMES)172.902 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(times)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(get process times)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0
(\(times = 43.; not in assembler\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(sys times;)108 174.4 R -.2(bu)2.5 G(ffer).2 E(times\(b)108 190.44 Q
(uffer\))-.2 E(struct tb)108 201.44 Q(uffer *b)-.2 E(uffer;)-.2 E F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.55(Ti)108 230.64 S
(mes).55 E F0 .268(returns time-accounting information for the current \
process and for the terminated child processes of)2.767 F
(the current process.)108 241.64 Q(All times are in 1/60 seconds.)5 E
(After the call, the b)108 257.68 Q(uf)-.2 E(fer will appear as follo)
-.25 E(ws:)-.25 E(struct tb)108 273.72 Q(uf)-.2 E(fer {)-.25 E .4 LW
202.77 287.22 197.77 287.22 DL 22.94(int proc)144 284.72 R 224.43 287.22
219.43 287.22 DL 2.5(user time;)202.77 284.72 R 202.77 298.22 197.77
298.22 DL 22.94(int proc)144 295.72 R 235.55 298.22 230.55 298.22 DL 2.5
(system time;)202.77 295.72 R 205 309.22 200 309.22 DL 22.94(int child)
144 306.72 R 226.66 309.22 221.66 309.22 DL 2.5(user time[2];)205 306.72
R 205 320.22 200 320.22 DL 22.94(int child)144 317.72 R 237.78 320.22
232.78 320.22 DL 2.5(system time[2];)205 317.72 R(};)108 328.72 Q
(The children times are the sum of the children')108 344.76 Q 2.5(sp)
-.55 G(rocess times and their children')-2.5 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(imes.)-2.5
E F1(SEE ALSO)72 362.96 Q F0(time \(I\))108 373.96 Q F1(DIA)72 392.16 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F2(-)108 403.16 Q F1 -.08(BU)72 421.36 S(GS).08 E F0
(The process times should be 32 bits as well.)108 432.36 Q 2.5(-4)295.17
767 S 2.5(5-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(UMOUNT \( II \))72 58 R 156.522
(8/5/73 UMOUNT)159.022 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(umount)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(dismount f)2.5 E(ile system)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72
152.4 Q F0(\(umount = 22.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(sys umount;)108 174.4 R(special)2.5 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 192.6 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Umount)108 203.6 Q F0 .821
(announces to the system that special f)3.322 F(ile)-.2 E F4(special)
3.321 E F0 .821(is no longer to contain a remo)3.321 F -.25(va)-.15 G
.821(ble f).25 F .821(ile system.)-.2 F(The f)108 214.6 Q
(ile associated with the special f)-.2 E(ile re)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rts to its ordinary interpretation; see).15 E F4(mount)2.5 E F0
(\(II\).)2.5 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 237.84 Q F0(umount \(VIII\), mount \(II\))
108 248.84 Q F1(DIA)72 267.04 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .649
(Error bit \(c-bit\) set if no f)108 278.04 R .649(ile system w)-.2 F
.649(as mounted on the special f)-.1 F .649
(ile or if there are still acti)-.2 F .949 -.15(ve f)-.25 H .65
(iles on the)-.05 F(mounted f)108 289.04 Q(ile system.)-.2 E 2.5(-4)
295.17 767 S 2.5(6-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(UNLINK \( II \))72 58 R 162.082
(8/5/73 UNLINK)164.582 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(unlink)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve d)-.15 H(irectory entry).15
E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(unlink = 10.\))108 163.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(sys unlink;)108 174.4 R(name)2.5 E(unlink\(name\))
108 190.44 Q(char *name;)108 201.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 219.64 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Name)108 230.64 Q F0 .481
(points to a null-terminated string.)2.981 F F4(Unlink)5.481 E F0(remo)
2.981 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.981(st).15 G .481(he entry for the f)-2.981 F
.48(ile pointed to by)-.2 F F4(name)2.98 E F0 .48(from its)2.98 F
(directory)108 241.64 Q 5.11(.I)-.65 G 2.61(ft)-5.11 G .11(his entry w)
-2.61 F .11(as the last link to the f)-.1 F .11
(ile, the contents of the f)-.2 F .11(ile are freed and the f)-.2 F .11
(ile is destro)-.2 F(yed.)-.1 E .078(If, ho)108 252.64 R(we)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G .878 -.4(r, t).15 H .078(he f).4 F .078(ile w)-.2 F .078
(as open in an)-.1 F 2.577(yp)-.15 G .077
(rocess, the actual destruction is delayed until it is closed, e)-2.577
F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.577(nt).15 G(hough)-2.577 E
(the directory entry has disappeared.)108 263.64 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 281.84
Q F0(rm \(I\), rmdir \(I\), link \(II\))108 292.84 Q F1(DIA)72 311.04 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .022
(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set to indicate that the f)108 322.04 R .022
(ile does not e)-.2 F .023
(xist or that its directory cannot be written.)-.15 F(Write)5.023 E .514
(permission is not required on the f)108 333.04 R .513(ile itself.)-.2 F
.513(It is also ille)5.513 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.013(lt).05 G 3.013(ou)
-3.013 G .513(nlink a directory \(e)-3.013 F .513(xcept for the super)
-.15 F(-us-)-.2 E 2.5(er\). From)108 344.04 R(C, a)2.5 E F2(-)2.5 E F0
2.5(1r)C(eturn indicates an error)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E 2.5(-4)295.17 767 S
2.5(7-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -1.2(WA)72 58 S -.834(IT \( II \))1.2
F 175.502(2/9/75 W)178.002 F -.834(AIT \( II \))-1.2 F/F1 8/Times-Bold@0
SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0 -.1(wa)108 134.2 S(it).1 E/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0 -.1(wa)2.5 G(it for process to terminate).1 E F1
(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q F0(\(w)108 163.4 Q(ait = 7.\))-.1 E/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(sys wait)108 174.4 R F0(\(process ID in r0\))108
185.4 Q(\(status in r1\))108 196.4 Q F3(wait\(status\))108 212.44 Q
(int *status;)108 223.44 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 241.64 Q/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.92(Wa)108 252.64 S(it).92 E F0 .156(causes its cal\
ler to delay until one of its child processes terminates.)2.656 F .157
(If an)5.157 F 2.657(yc)-.15 G .157(hild has died since the last)-2.657
F F4(wait,)108 263.64 Q F0 .898(return is immediate; if there are no ch\
ildren, return is immediate with the error bit set \(resp. with a)3.398
F -.25(va)108 274.64 S .492(lue of).25 F F2(-)2.992 E F0 2.992(1r)C
2.992(eturned\). The)-2.992 F .493
(normal return yields the process ID of the terminated child \(in r0\).)
2.992 F .493(In the case)5.493 F(of se)108 285.64 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ral children se).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F4(wait)2.5 E F0
(calls are needed to learn of all the deaths.)2.5 E .546(If no error is\
 indicated on return, the r1 high byte \(resp. the high byte stored int\
o)108 301.68 R F4(status)3.046 E F0 3.046(\)c)3.046 G .546
(ontains the lo)-3.046 F(w)-.25 E .129
(byte of the child process r0 \(resp. the ar)108 312.68 R .129
(gument of)-.18 F F4 -.2(ex)2.629 G(it).2 E F0 2.629(\)w)2.629 G .129
(hen it terminated.)-2.629 F .129(The r1 \(resp.)5.129 F F4(status)5.129
E F0 2.629(\)l)2.629 G .63 -.25(ow b)-2.629 H(yte).25 E .693
(contains the termination status of the process.)108 323.68 R .692
(See signal \(II\) for a list of termination statuses \(signals\); 0)
5.692 F .128(status indicates normal termination.)108 334.68 R 2.629(As)
5.128 G .129
(pecial status \(0177\) is returned for a stopped process which has not)
-2.629 F .508(terminated and can be restarted.)108 345.68 R .508
(See ptrace \(II\).)5.508 F .507
(If the 0200 bit of the termination status is set, a core im-)5.508 F
(age of the process w)108 356.68 Q(as produced by the system.)-.1 E .668
(If the parent process terminates without w)108 372.72 R .668
(aiting on its children, the initialization process \(process ID = 1\))
-.1 F(inherits the children.)108 383.72 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 401.92 Q F0
-.15(ex)108 412.92 S(it \(II\), fork \(II\), signal \(II\)).15 E F1(DIA)
72 431.12 Q(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .184
(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set if there are no children not pre)108
442.12 R .184(viously w)-.25 F .184(aited for)-.1 F 5.184(.F)-.55 G .184
(rom C, a returned v)-5.184 F .183(alue of)-.25 F F2(-)2.683 E F0(1)A
(indicates an error)108 453.12 Q(.)-.55 E 2.5(-4)295.17 767 S 2.5(8-)
-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(WRITE \( II \))72 58 R 168.742
(8/5/73 WRITE)171.242 F 1.666(\(I)1.666 G 1.666(I\))-1.666 G/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(write)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(write on a f)2.5 E(ile)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4
Q F0(\(write = 4.\))108 163.4 Q(\(f)108 174.4 Q(ile descriptor in r0\))
-.2 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(sys write;)108 185.4 R -.2(bu)2.5 G
(ffer; nbytes).2 E(write\(f)108 201.44 Q(ildes, b)-.25 E(uffer)-.2 E 2.5
(,n)-.92 G(bytes\))-2.5 E(char *b)108 212.44 Q(uffer;)-.2 E F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 230.64 Q F0 2.5(Af)108 241.64 S(ile descriptor is a w)
-2.7 E(ord returned from a successful)-.1 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(open, cr)2.5 E(eat, dup,)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F4(pipe)2.5 E F0(call.)2.5
E F4(Buf)108 257.68 Q(fer)-.18 E F0 .486(is the address of)2.986 F F4
(nbytes)2.986 E F0 .487
(contiguous bytes which are written on the output f)2.986 F 2.987
(ile. The)-.2 F .487(number of char)2.987 F(-)-.2 E .044
(acters actually written is returned \(in r0\).)108 268.68 R .043
(It should be re)5.044 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .043
(rded as an error if this is not the same as request-).05 F(ed.)108
279.68 Q .056(Writes which are multiples of 512 characters long and be)
108 295.72 R .056(gin on a 512-byte boundary in the f)-.15 F .056
(ile are more ef-)-.2 F -.2(fi)108 306.72 S(cient than an).2 E 2.5(yo)
-.15 G(thers.)-2.5 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 324.92 Q F0
(creat \(II\), open \(II\), pipe \(II\))108 335.92 Q F1(DIA)72 354.12 Q
(GNOSTICS)-.44 E F0 .129
(The error bit \(c-bit\) is set on an error: bad descriptor)108 365.12 R
2.628(,b)-.4 G(uf)-2.828 E .128(fer address, or count; ph)-.25 F .128
(ysical I/O errors.)-.05 F .128(From C,)5.128 F 2.5(ar)108 376.12 S
(eturned v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(-)2.5 E F0 2.5(1i)C
(ndicates an error)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E 2.5(-4)295.17 767 S 2.5(9-)-2.5 G EP
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