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/E{0 rmoveto show}bind def
/F{0 rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def
/G{0 rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def
/H{0 rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def
/I{0 exch rmoveto show}bind def
/J{0 exch rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def
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/M{rmoveto show}bind def
/N{rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def
/O{rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def
/P{rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def
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/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
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/ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen
/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(A.OUT \( V \))72 58 R 169.572
(9/9/73 A.OUT)172.072 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16
(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(a.out)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0
(assembler and link editor output)2.5 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(A.out)108 163.4 Q F0 .534(is the output f)3.034 F
.534(ile of the assembler)-.2 F F3(as)3.034 E F0 .534
(and the link editor)3.034 F F3(ld.)3.034 E F0 .533(Both programs mak)
5.533 F(e)-.1 E F3(a.out)3.033 E F0 -.15(exe)3.033 G .533(cutable if).15
F(there were no errors and no unresolv)108 174.4 Q(ed e)-.15 E
(xternal references.)-.15 E .528(This f)108 190.44 R .528
(ile has four sections: a header)-.2 F 3.028(,t)-.4 G .528
(he program and data te)-3.028 F .529
(xt, a symbol table, and relocation bits \(in that)-.15 F 2.827
(order\). The)108 201.44 R .327(last tw)2.827 F 2.827(om)-.1 G .327
(ay be empty if the program w)-2.827 F .327(as loaded with the `)-.1 F
(`)-.74 E F2(-)A F0(s')A 2.826('o)-.74 G .326(ption of)-2.826 F F3(ld)
2.826 E F0 .326(or if the symbols)2.826 F(and relocation ha)108 212.44 Q
.3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(y)-2.5 E
F3(strip.)2.5 E F0(The header al)108 228.48 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G
(ys contains 8 w).1 E(ords:)-.1 E 10(1A)118 244.52 S
(magic number \(407, 410, or 411\(8\)\))-7.5 E 10(2T)118 255.52 S
(he size of the program te)-10 E(xt se)-.15 E(gment)-.15 E 10(3T)118
266.52 S(he size of the initialized portion of the data se)-10 E(gment)
-.15 E 10(4T)118 277.52 S
(he size of the uninitialized \(bss\) portion of the data se)-10 E
(gment)-.15 E 10(5T)118 288.52 S(he size of the symbol table)-10 E 10
(6T)118 299.52 S(he entry location \(al)-10 E -.1(wa)-.1 G
(ys 0 at present\)).1 E 10(7U)118 310.52 S(nused)-10 E 10(8A)118 321.52
S(flag indicating relocation bits ha)-7.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
(een suppressed).15 E .818(The sizes of each se)108 337.56 R .818
(gment are in bytes b)-.15 F .818(ut are e)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.318
(n. The).15 F .818(size of the header is not included in an)3.318 F
3.319(yo)-.15 G 3.319(ft)-3.319 G(he)-3.319 E(other sizes.)108 348.56 Q
.718(When a f)108 364.6 R .717
(ile produced by the assembler or loader is loaded into core for e)-.2 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .717(cution, three logical se).15 F(gments)-.15 E .799
(are set up: the te)108 375.6 R .799(xt se)-.15 F .799
(gment, the data se)-.15 F .8
(gment \(with uninitialized data, which starts of)-.15 F 3.3(fa)-.25 G
3.3(sa)-3.3 G .8(ll 0, follo)-3.3 F(wing)-.25 E .835
(initialized\), and a stack.)108 386.6 R .835(The te)5.835 F .835(xt se)
-.15 F .835(gment be)-.15 F .834
(gins at 0 in the core image; the header is not loaded.)-.15 F .834
(If the)5.834 F .377(magic number \(w)108 397.6 R .378
(ord 0\) is 407, it indicates that the te)-.1 F .378(xt se)-.15 F .378
(gment is not to be write-protected and shared, so)-.15 F .996
(the data se)108 408.6 R .996
(gment is immediately contiguous with the te)-.15 F .996(xt se)-.15 F
3.496(gment. If)-.15 F .996(the magic number is 410, the data)3.496 F
(se)108 419.6 Q .236(gment be)-.15 F .236(gins at the f)-.15 F .236
(irst 0 mod 8K byte boundary follo)-.2 F .236(wing the te)-.25 F .236
(xt se)-.15 F .237(gment, and the te)-.15 F .237(xt se)-.15 F .237
(gment is not)-.15 F .308
(writable by the program; if other processes are e)108 430.6 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G .308(cuting the same f).15 F .308(ile, the)-.2 F 2.808(yw)-.15 G
.307(ill share the te)-2.808 F .307(xt se)-.15 F 2.807(gment. If)-.15 F
.136(the magic number is 411, the te)108 441.6 R .136(xt se)-.15 F .136
(gment is ag)-.15 F .136
(ain pure, write-protected, and shared, and moreo)-.05 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.637(ri).15 G(nstruc-)-2.637 E .528
(tion and data space are separated; the te)108 452.6 R .528
(xt and data se)-.15 F .528(gment both be)-.15 F .528
(gin at location 0.)-.15 F .527(See the 11/45 hand-)5.528 F
(book for restrictions which apply to this situation.)108 463.6 Q .2
(The stack will occup)108 479.64 R 2.7(yt)-.1 G .201(he highest possibl\
e locations in the core image: from 177776\(8\) and gro)-2.7 F .201
(wing do)-.25 F(wn-)-.25 E -.1(wa)108 490.64 S 2.561(rds. The).1 F .061
(stack is automatically e)2.561 F .061(xtended as required.)-.15 F .061
(The data se)5.061 F .06(gment is only e)-.15 F .06
(xtended as requested by)-.15 F(the)108 501.64 Q F3(br)2.5 E(eak)-.37 E
F0(system call.)2.5 E .422(The start of the te)108 517.68 R .422(xt se)
-.15 F .422(gment in the f)-.15 F .422
(ile is 20\(8\); the start of the data se)-.2 F .422(gment is 20+S)-.15
F/F4 6/Times-Roman@0 SF(t)3 I F0 .423(\(the size of the te)2.923 -3 N
(xt\))-.15 E .162(the start of the relocation information is 20+S)108
528.68 R F4(t)3 I F0(+S)-3 I F4(d)3 I F0 2.662(;t)-3 K .162
(he start of the symbol table is 20+2\(S)-2.662 F F4(t)3 I F0(+S)-3 I F4
(d)3 I F0 2.662(\)i)-3 K 2.661(ft)-2.662 G .161(he reloca-)-2.661 F
(tion information is present, 20+S)108 539.68 Q F4(t)3 I F0(+S)-3 I F4
(d)3 I F0(if not.)2.5 -3 M .601(The symbol table consists of 6-w)108
555.72 R .602(ord entries.)-.1 F .602(The f)5.602 F .602(irst four w)-.2
F .602(ords contain the ASCII name of the symbol,)-.1 F 2.5
(null-padded. The)108 566.72 R(ne)2.5 E(xt w)-.15 E
(ord is a flag indicating the type of symbol.)-.1 E(The follo)5 E
(wing v)-.25 E(alues are possible:)-.25 E 2.5(00 undef)123 582.76 R
(ined symbol)-.2 E 2.5(01 absolute)123 593.76 R(symbol)2.5 E 2.5(02 te)
123 604.76 R(xt se)-.15 E(gment symbol)-.15 E 2.5(03 data)123 615.76 R
(se)2.5 E(gment symbol)-.15 E 2.5(37 f)123 626.76 R
(ile name symbol \(produced by ld\))-.2 E 2.5(04 bss)123 637.76 R(se)2.5
E(gment symbol)-.15 E 2.5(40 undef)123 648.76 R(ined e)-.2 E
(xternal \(.globl\) symbol)-.15 E 2.5(41 absolute)123 659.76 R -.15(ex)
2.5 G(ternal symbol).15 E 2.5(42 te)123 670.76 R(xt se)-.15 E(gment e)
-.15 E(xternal symbol)-.15 E 2.5(43 data)123 681.76 R(se)2.5 E(gment e)
-.15 E(xternal symbol)-.15 E 2.5(44 bss)123 692.76 R(se)2.5 E(gment e)
-.15 E(xternal symbol)-.15 E -1.11(Va)108 708.8 S
(lues other than those gi)1.11 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(na).15 G(bo)-2.5 E
.3 -.15(ve m)-.15 H(ay occur if the user has def).15 E
(ined some of his o)-.2 E(wn instructions.)-.25 E 2.5(-1-)297.67 767 S
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(A.OUT \( V \))72 58 R 169.572
(9/9/73 A.OUT)172.072 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G(The last w)108 105 Q
(ord of a symbol table entry contains the v)-.1 E(alue of the symbol.)
-.25 E .499(If the symbol')108 121.04 R 2.999(st)-.55 G .499
(ype is undef)-2.999 F .499(ined e)-.2 F .498(xternal, and the v)-.15 F
.498(alue f)-.25 F .498
(ield is non-zero, the symbol is interpreted by the)-.2 F(loader)108
132.04 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ld)2.5 E F0(as the name of a common re)
2.5 E(gion whose size is indicated by the v)-.15 E(alue of the symbol.)
-.25 E .285(The v)108 148.08 R .285(alue of a w)-.25 F .285
(ord in the te)-.1 F .285
(xt or data portions which is not a reference to an undef)-.15 F .286
(ined e)-.2 F .286(xternal symbol is)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 159.08 S .406
(actly that v).15 F .406(alue which will appear in core when the f)-.25
F .406(ile is e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.906(cuted. If).15 F 2.906(aw)
2.906 G .405(ord in the te)-3.006 F .405(xt or data portion)-.15 F(in)
108 170.08 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(lv).2 E .307(es a reference to an undef)-.15 F
.307(ined e)-.2 F .308
(xternal symbol, as indicated by the relocation bits for that w)-.15 F
.308(ord, then)-.1 F .247(the v)108 181.08 R .247(alue of the w)-.25 F
.246(ord as stored in the f)-.1 F .246(ile is an of)-.2 F .246
(fset from the associated e)-.25 F .246(xternal symbol.)-.15 F .246
(When the f)5.246 F .246(ile is)-.2 F 1.463
(processed by the link editor and the e)108 192.08 R 1.464
(xternal symbol becomes def)-.15 F 1.464(ined, the v)-.2 F 1.464
(alue of the symbol will be)-.25 F(added into the w)108 203.08 Q
(ord in the f)-.1 E(ile.)-.2 E 1.041
(If relocation information is present, it amounts to one w)108 219.12 R
1.041(ord per w)-.1 F 1.04(ord of program te)-.1 F 1.04
(xt or initialized data.)-.15 F
(There is no relocation information if the `)108 230.12 Q
(`suppress relocation')-.74 E 2.5('f)-.74 G(lag in the header is on.)
-2.5 E .618(Bits 3-1 of a relocation w)108 246.16 R .618
(ord indicate the se)-.1 F .618(gment referred to by the te)-.15 F .619
(xt or data w)-.15 F .619(ord associated with the)-.1 F(relocation w)108
257.16 Q(ord:)-.1 E 2.5(00 indicates)123 273.2 R
(the reference is absolute)2.5 E 2.5(02 indicates)123 284.2 R
(the reference is to the te)2.5 E(xt se)-.15 E(gment)-.15 E 2.5
(04 indicates)123 295.2 R(the reference is to initialized data)2.5 E 2.5
(06 indicates)123 306.2 R
(the reference is to bss \(uninitialized data\))2.5 E 2.5(10 indicates)
123 317.2 R(the reference is to an undef)2.5 E(ined e)-.2 E
(xternal symbol.)-.15 E .539(Bit 0 of the relocation w)108 333.24 R .539
(ord indicates if)-.1 F F1(on)3.039 E F0 .539
(that the reference is relati)3.039 F .839 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.038(ot).15
G .538(he pc \(e.g. `)-3.038 F .538(`clr x')-.74 F .538('\); if)-.74 F
F1(of)3.038 E -.1(f,)-.18 G F0(that)3.138 E
(the reference is to the actual symbol \(e.g., `)108 344.24 Q(`clr *$x')
-.74 E('\).)-.74 E .918(The remainder of the relocation w)108 360.28 R
.918(ord \(bits 15-4\) contains a symbol number in the case of e)-.1 F
.919(xternal refer)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(ences, and is unused otherwise.)108
371.28 Q(The f)5 E(irst symbol is numbered 0, the second 1, etc.)-.2 E
/F2 8/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 389.48 Q F0
(as \(I\), ld \(I\), strip \(I\), nm \(I\))108 400.48 Q 2.5(-2-)297.67
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(ARCHIVE \( V \))72 58 R 152.902
(9/10/73 ARCHIVE)155.402 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16
(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(ar)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0
(archi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.25 H(library\) f).15 E(ile format)-.2 E F1
(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q F0 .224(The archi)108 163.4 R .524 -.15(ve c)
-.25 H(ommand).15 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.724 E F0 .224
(is used to combine se)2.724 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .224(ral f).15 F .224
(iles into one.)-.2 F(Archi)5.224 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.724(sa).15 G .224
(re used mainly as libraries to)-2.724 F(be searched by the link-editor)
108 174.4 Q F3(ld.)2.5 E F0 2.692(Af)108 190.44 S .192(ile produced by)
-2.892 F F3(ar)2.692 E F0 .192(has a magic number at the start, follo)
2.692 F .193(wed by the constituent f)-.25 F .193
(iles, each preceded by a)-.2 F -.2(fi)108 201.44 S .956(le header).2 F
5.956(.T)-.55 G .956(he magic number is 177555\(8\) \(it w)-5.956 F .956
(as chosen to be unlik)-.1 F .956(ely to occur an)-.1 F .955
(ywhere else\).)-.15 F(The)5.955 E(header of each f)108 212.44 Q
(ile is 16 bytes long:)-.2 E 24.17(0-7 f)133 228.48 R
(ile name, null padded on the right)-.2 E 19.17(8-11 modif)133 239.48 R
(ication time of the f)-.2 E(ile)-.2 E 27.5(12 user)133 250.48 R
(ID of f)2.5 E(ile o)-.2 E(wner)-.25 E 27.5(13 f)133 261.48 R(ile mode)
-.2 E 14.17(14-15 f)133 272.48 R(ile size)-.2 E .958(Each f)108 288.52 R
.958(ile be)-.2 F .958(gins on a w)-.15 F .958
(ord boundary; a null byte is inserted between f)-.1 F .959
(iles if necessary)-.2 F 5.959(.N)-.65 G -2.15 -.25(ev e)-5.959 H .959
(rtheless the).25 F(size gi)108 299.52 Q .3 -.15(ve r)-.25 H
(eflects the actual size of the f).15 E(ile e)-.2 E(xclusi)-.15 E .3
-.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(fp).15 G(adding.)-2.5 E(Notice there is no pro)108
315.56 Q(vision for empty areas in an archi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H
(ile.)-.05 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 333.76 Q F0(ar \(I\), ld \(I\))108 344.76 Q
F1 -.08(BU)72 362.96 S(GS).08 E F0 .172
(Names are only 8 characters, not 14.)108 373.96 R .172
(More important, there isn')5.172 F 2.672(te)-.18 G .171
(nough room to store the proper mode, so)-2.672 F F3(ar)108 384.96 Q F0
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(ASCII \( V \))72 58 R 171.232
(6/12/72 ASCII)173.732 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16
(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(ascii)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0
(map of ASCII character set)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(cat /usr/pub/ascii)108 163.4 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 181.6
Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Ascii)108 192.6 Q F0
(is a map of the ASCII character set, to be printed as needed.)2.5 E
(It contains:)5 E 2.055(|0)93.777 214.6 S 2.5 .555(00 nu)-1.5 H 3.165
(l|)1.11 G 3.055 .555(001 s)-1.11 H -1.555 .555(oh | 002).555 H 2.22(st)
6.11 G 2.055(x|0)-.555 G 2.78 .555(03 e)-1.5 H -3.775 1.665(tx | 0)1.39
H 2.78 .555(04 e)-1.11 H -2.665 1.665(ot |).28 H 2.78 .555(005 e).39 H
-1.555 .555(nq | 006).28 H 1.115(ac)5.835 G 2.055(k|0)-.28 G 2.5 .555
(07 b)-1.5 H -3.225 1.945(el |).28 H 2.055(|0)93.777 225.6 S 2.5 .555
(10 b)-1.5 H 8.165(s|).555 G 2.5 .555(011 h)-6.11 H 8.72(t|)1.11 G 2.5
.555(012 n)-6.665 H 8.72(l|)1.11 G 2.5 .555(013 v)-6.665 H 8.72(t|)1.11
G 2.5 .555(014 np)-6.665 H 2.055(|0)7.055 G 2.78 .555(15 c)-1.5 H 8.445
(r|)1.115 G 3.055 .555(016 s)-6.39 H 7.61(o|).555 G 3.055 .555(017 s)
-5.555 H 8.72(i|)1.665 G 2.055(|0)93.777 236.6 S 2.5 .555(20 d)-1.5 H
-4.055 1.945(le |)1.11 H 2.5 .555(021 d).11 H -2.115 .835(c1 | 0).28 H
2.5 .555(22 d)-.28 H -2.115 .835(c2 | 0).28 H 2.5 .555(23 d)-.28 H
-2.115 .835(c3 | 0).28 H 2.5 .555(24 d)-.28 H -2.115 .835(c4 | 0).28 H
2.5 .555(25 n)-.28 H -2.115 .835(ak | 0).28 H 3.055 .555(26 s)-.28 H
-1.555 .555(yn | 027).555 H 1.945(et)5.835 G 2.055(b|)-.28 G 2.055(|0)
93.777 247.6 S 2.78 .555(30 c)-1.5 H -2.115 .835(an | 0).56 H 2.78 .555
(31 e)-.28 H 6.219(m|)-1.109 G 3.055 .555(032 s)-4.164 H -1.555 .555
(ub | 033).555 H -2.945 1.39(esc |)5.835 H 3.335 .555(034 f).665 H 8.165
(s|)1.39 G 2.5 .555(035 g)-6.11 H 8.165(s|).555 G 3.335 .555(036 r)-6.11
H 8.165(s|)1.39 G 2.5 .555(037 u)-6.11 H 8.165(s|).555 G 2.055(|0)93.777
258.6 S 3.055 .555(40 s)-1.5 H 7.61(p|).555 G 8.89 .555(041 !)-5.555 H
2.055(|0)7.89 G 8.515 .555(42 ")-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.515 G 8.055 .555(43 #)
-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.055 G 8.055 .555(44 $)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.055 G 6.391
.555(45 %)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)5.389 G 6.666 .555(46 &)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)5.664
G 8.89 .555(47 \264)-1.5 H(|)7.89 E 2.055(|0)93.777 269.6 S 8.89 .555
(50 \()-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.89 G 8.89 .555(51 \))-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.89 G
8.055 .555(52 *)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.055 G 7.736 .555(53 +)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)
6.734 G 9.305 .555(54 ,)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)8.305 G .555(55)-1.5 G F2(-)
10.865 E F0 2.055(|0)7.365 G 9.305 .555(56 .)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)8.305 G
9.165 .555(57 /)-1.5 H(|)8.165 E 2.055(|0)93.777 280.6 S 8.055 .555
(60 0)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.055 G 8.055 .555(61 1)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.055 G
8.055 .555(62 2)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.055 G 8.055 .555(63 3)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)
7.055 G 8.055 .555(64 4)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.055 G 8.055 .555(65 5)-1.5 H
2.055(|0)7.055 G 8.055 .555(66 6)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.055 G 8.055 .555
(67 7)-1.5 H(|)7.055 E 2.055(|0)93.777 291.6 S 8.055 .555(70 8)-1.5 H
2.055(|0)7.055 G 8.055 .555(71 9)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)7.055 G 9.165 .555
(72 :)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)8.165 G 9.165 .555(73 ;)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)8.165 G
7.736 .555(74 <)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)6.734 G 7.736 .555(75 =)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)
6.734 G 7.736 .555(76 >)-1.5 H 2.055(|0)6.734 G 8.335 .555(77 ?)-1.5 H
(|)7.335 E 2.055(|1)93.777 302.6 S 5.951 .555(00 @)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)4.949
G 6.946 .555(01 A)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)5.944 G 7.221 .555(02 B)-1.5 H 2.055
(|1)6.219 G 7.221 .555(03 C)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)6.219 G 6.946 .555(04 D)-1.5
H 2.055(|1)5.944 G 7.501 .555(05 E)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)6.499 G 7.776 .555
(06 F)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)6.774 G 6.946 .555(07 G)-1.5 H(|)5.944 E 2.055(|1)
93.777 313.6 S 6.946 .555(10 H)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)5.944 G 8.89 .555(11 I)
-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.89 G 8.61 .555(12 J)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.61 G 6.946 .555
(13 K)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)5.944 G 7.501 .555(14 L)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)6.499 G
6.111 .555(15 M)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)5.109 G 6.946 .555(16 N)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)
5.944 G 6.946 .555(17 O)-1.5 H(|)5.944 E 2.055(|1)93.777 324.6 S 7.776
.555(20 P)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)6.774 G 6.946 .555(21 Q)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)5.944
G 7.221 .555(22 R)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)6.219 G 7.776 .555(23 S)-1.5 H 2.055
(|1)6.774 G 7.501 .555(24 T)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)6.499 G 6.946 .555(25 U)-1.5
H 2.055(|1)5.944 G 6.946 .555(26 V)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)5.944 G 5.836 .555
(27 W)-1.5 H(|)4.834 E 2.055(|1)93.777 335.6 S 6.946 .555(30 X)-1.5 H
2.055(|1)5.944 G 6.946 .555(31 Y)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)5.944 G 7.501 .555
(32 Z)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)6.499 G 8.89 .555(33 [)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.89 G
9.165 .555(34 \\)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)8.165 G 8.89 .555(35 ])-1.5 H 2.055(|1)
7.89 G 8.89 .555(36 ^)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.89 G .4 LW 441.687 338.1 436.687
338.1 DL 20.665 .555(37 |)414.467 335.6 T 2.055(|1)93.777 346.6 S 8.89
.555(40 \222)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.89 G 8.335 .555(41 a)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)
7.335 G 8.055 .555(42 b)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.055 G 8.335 .555(43 c)-1.5 H
2.055(|1)7.335 G 8.055 .555(44 d)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.055 G 8.335 .555
(45 e)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.335 G 8.89 .555(46 f)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.89 G
8.055 .555(47 g)-1.5 H(|)7.055 E 2.055(|1)93.777 357.6 S 8.055 .555
(50 h)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.055 G 9.165 .555(51 i)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)8.165 G
9.165 .555(52 j)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)8.165 G 8.055 .555(53 k)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)
7.055 G 9.165 .555(54 l)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)8.165 G 6.666 .555(55 m)-1.5 H
2.055(|1)5.664 G 8.055 .555(56 n)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.055 G 8.055 .555
(57 o)-1.5 H(|)7.055 E 2.055(|1)93.777 368.6 S 8.055 .555(60 p)-1.5 H
2.055(|1)7.055 G 8.055 .555(61 q)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.055 G 8.89 .555(62 r)
-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.89 G 8.61 .555(63 s)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.61 G 9.165 .555
(64 t)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)8.165 G 8.055 .555(65 u)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.055 G
8.055 .555(66 v)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.055 G 6.946 .555(67 w)-1.5 H(|)5.944 E
2.055(|1)93.777 379.6 S 8.055 .555(70 x)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.055 G 8.055
.555(71 y)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.055 G 8.335 .555(72 z)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.335
G 8.155 .555(73 {)-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.155 G 9.555 .555(74 |)-1.5 H 2.055
(|1)8.555 G 8.155 .555(75 })-1.5 H 2.055(|1)7.155 G 8.89 .555(76 ~)-1.5
H 2.055(|1)7.89 G 2.5 .555(77 d)-1.5 H -3.225 1.945(el |).28 H F1(FILES)
72 408.8 Q F0(found in /usr/pub)108 419.8 Q 2.5(-4-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(CORE \( V \))72 58 R 170.672
(2/11/75 CORE)173.172 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16
(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(core)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0
(format of core image f)2.5 E(ile)-.2 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q F0
.176(UNIX writes out a core image of a terminated process when an)108
163.4 R 2.676(yo)-.15 G 2.676(fv)-2.676 G .177(arious errors occur)
-2.926 F 5.177(.S)-.55 G(ee)-5.177 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .177
(signal \(II\))2.677 F F0(for)2.677 E .116
(the list of reasons; the most common are memory violations, ille)108
174.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.616(li).05 G .116(nstructions, b)-2.616 F .116
(us errors, and user)-.2 F(-gener)-.2 E(-)-.2 E .722(ated quit signals.)
108 185.4 R .722(The core image is called `)5.722 F(`core')-.74 E 3.222
('a)-.74 G .723(nd is written in the process')-3.222 F 3.223(sw)-.55 G
.723(orking directory \(pro-)-3.323 F
(vided it can be; normal access controls apply\).)108 196.4 Q .033
(The f)108 212.44 R .033(irst 1024 bytes of the core image are a cop)-.2
F 2.532(yo)-.1 G 2.532(ft)-2.532 G .032(he system')-2.532 F 2.532(sp)
-.55 G(er)-2.532 E .032(-user data for the process, including the)-.2 F
(re)108 223.44 Q .972(gisters as the)-.15 F 3.472(yw)-.15 G .972
(ere at the time of the f)-3.472 F 3.472(ault. The)-.1 F .973
(remainder represents the actual contents of the user')3.472 F(s)-.55 E
1.451(core area when the core image w)108 234.44 R 1.451(as written.)-.1
F 1.451(If the te)6.451 F 1.45(xt se)-.15 F 1.45
(gment is write-protected and shared, it is not)-.15 F
(dumped; otherwise the entire address space is dumped.)108 245.44 Q .484
(The format of the information in the f)108 261.48 R .484
(irst 1024 bytes is described by the)-.2 F F3(user)2.984 E F0 .485
(structure of the system.)2.984 F(The)5.485 E .866(important stuf)108
272.48 R 3.366(fn)-.25 G .866
(ot detailed therein is the locations of the re)-3.366 F 3.365
(gisters. Here)-.15 F .865(are their of)3.365 F 3.365(fsets. The)-.25 F
(parenthe-)3.365 E .475(sized numbers for the floating re)108 283.48 R
.475(gisters are used if the floating-point hardw)-.15 F .475
(are is in single precision mode,)-.1 F(as indicated in the status re)
108 294.48 Q(gister)-.15 E(.)-.55 E 16.95(fpsr 0004)123 310.52 R 20.84
(fr0 0006)123 321.52 R(\(0006\))5 E 20.84(fr1 0036)123 332.52 R
(\(0022\))5 E 20.84(fr2 0046)123 343.52 R(\(0026\))5 E 20.84(fr3 0056)
123 354.52 R(\(0032\))5 E 20.84(fr4 0016)123 365.52 R(\(0012\))5 E 20.84
(fr5 0026)123 376.52 R(\(0016\))5 E 24.17(r0 1772)123 387.52 R 24.17
(r1 1766)123 398.52 R 24.17(r2 1750)123 409.52 R 24.17(r3 1752)123
420.52 R 24.17(r4 1754)123 431.52 R 24.17(r5 1756)123 442.52 R 23.61
(sp 1764)123 453.52 R 23.06(pc 1774)123 464.52 R 23.61(ps 1776)123
475.52 R(In general the deb)108 491.56 Q(uggers)-.2 E F3(db \(I\))2.5 E
F0(and)2.5 E F3(cdb \(I\))2.5 E F0(are suf)2.5 E -.2(fi)-.25 G
(cient to deal with core images.).2 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 509.76 Q F0
(cdb \(I\), db \(I\), signal \(II\))108 520.76 Q 2.5(-5-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(DIRECT)72 58 Q(OR)-.18 E 137.62 1.666
(Y\(V\) 9)-.65 H 140.952(/10/73 DIRECT)-1.666 F(OR)-.18 E 1.666(Y\(V\))
-.65 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(dir)108 134.2
Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(format of directories)2.5 E F1(DESCRIPTION)
72 152.4 Q F0 2.711(Ad)108 163.4 S .211(irectory beha)-2.711 F -.15(ve)
-.2 G 2.711(se).15 G .211(xactly lik)-2.861 F 2.711(ea)-.1 G 2.711(no)
-2.711 G .211(rdinary f)-2.711 F .211(ile, sa)-.2 F .511 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
.21(hat no user may write into a directory).15 F 5.21(.T)-.65 G .21
(he f)-5.21 F .21(act that)-.1 F 3.016(af)108 174.4 S .516
(ile is a directory is indicated by a bit in the flag w)-3.216 F .517
(ord of its i-node entry)-.1 F 5.517(.D)-.65 G .517
(irectory entries are 16 bytes)-5.517 F 3.384(long. The)108 185.4 R -.2
(fi)3.384 G .884(rst w).2 F .884(ord is the i-number of the f)-.1 F .884
(ile represented by the entry)-.2 F 3.384(,i)-.65 G 3.384(fn)-3.384 G
.884(on-zero; if zero, the entry is)-3.384 F(empty)108 196.4 Q(.)-.65 E
.267(Bytes 2-15 represent the \(14-character\) f)108 212.44 R .267
(ile name, null padded on the right.)-.2 F .267
(These bytes are not cleared for)5.267 F(empty slots.)108 223.44 Q .57
(By con)108 239.48 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .569(ntion, the f).15 F .569(irst tw)
-.2 F 3.069(oe)-.1 G .569(ntries in each directory are for `)-3.069 F(`)
-.74 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(.)A F0 2.049 -.74('' a)D .569(nd `).74 F(`)
-.74 E F3(..)A F0 -.74('')C 5.569(.T).74 G .569(he f)-5.569 F .569
(irst is an entry for the di-)-.2 F .03(rectory itself.)108 250.48 R .03
(The second is for the parent directory)5.03 F 5.03(.T)-.65 G .03
(he meaning of `)-5.03 F(`)-.74 E F3(..)A F0 1.51 -.74('' i)D 2.53(sm)
.74 G(odif)-2.53 E .03(ied for the root directory)-.2 F .224
(of the master f)108 261.48 R .224
(ile system and for the root directories of remo)-.2 F -.25(va)-.15 G
.223(ble f).25 F .223(ile systems.)-.2 F .223(In the f)5.223 F .223
(irst case, there is no)-.2 F .812
(parent, and in the second, the system does not permit of)108 272.48 R
(f-de)-.25 E .812(vice references.)-.25 F .812
(Therefore in both cases `)5.812 F(`)-.74 E F3(..)A F0 -.74('')C
(has the same meaning as `)108 283.48 Q(`)-.74 E F3(.)A F0 -.74('')C(.)
.74 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 301.68 Q F0 -.2(fi)108 312.68 S(le system \(V\)).2
E 2.5(-6-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(DUMP \( V \))72 58 R 168.452
(2/11/75 DUMP)170.952 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16
(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(dump)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0
(incremental dump tape format)2.5 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q F0(The)108
163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dump)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3 -.37(re)2.5 G
(stor).37 E F0
(commands are used to write and read incremental dump magnetic tapes.)
2.5 E(The dump tape consists of blocks of 512-bytes each.)108 179.44 Q
(The f)5 E(irst block has the follo)-.2 E(wing structure.)-.25 E
(struct {)108 195.48 Q 22.94(int isize;)144 206.48 R 22.94(int fsize;)
144 217.48 R 22.94(int date[2];)144 228.48 R 22.94(int ddate[2];)144
239.48 R 22.94(int tsize;)144 250.48 R(};)108 261.48 Q F3(Isize)108
277.52 Q(,)-.1 E F0(and)2.827 E F3(fsize)2.827 E F0 .327
(are the corresponding v)2.827 F .327
(alues from the super block of the dumped f)-.25 F .326(ile system.)-.2
F .326(\(See f)5.326 F .326(ile sys-)-.2 F .454(tem \(V\).\))108 288.52
R F3(Date)5.454 E F0 .454(is the date of the dump.)2.954 F F3(Ddate)
5.454 E F0 .455(is the incremental dump date.)2.954 F .455
(The incremental dump con-)5.455 F .516(tains all f)108 299.52 R .516
(iles modif)-.2 F .516(ied between)-.2 F F3(ddate)3.016 E F0(and)3.016 E
F3(date)3.016 E 5.516(.T)-.15 G(size)-5.516 E F0 .515
(is the number of blocks per reel.)3.016 F .515(This block check-)5.515
F(sums to the octal v)108 310.52 Q(alue 031415.)-.25 E(Ne)108 326.56 Q
.801(xt there are enough whole tape blocks to contain one w)-.15 F .801
(ord per f)-.1 F .801(ile of the dumped f)-.2 F .801(ile system.)-.2 F
.802(This is)5.801 F F3(isize)108 337.56 Q F0(di)2.536 E .036
(vided by 16 rounded to the ne)-.25 F .036(xt higher inte)-.15 F(ger)
-.15 E 5.036(.T)-.55 G .036(he f)-5.036 F .036(irst w)-.2 F .035
(ord corresponds to i-node 1, the second to)-.1 F .361
(i-node 2, and so forth.)108 348.56 R .361(If a w)5.361 F .361
(ord is zero, then the corresponding f)-.1 F .362(ile e)-.2 F .362
(xists, b)-.15 F .362(ut w)-.2 F .362(as not dumped.)-.1 F(\(W)5.362 E
.362(as not)-.8 F(modif)108 359.56 Q .588(ied after)-.2 F F3(ddate\))
3.088 E F0 .588(If the w)3.088 F .588(ord is)-.1 F F2(-)3.088 E F0 .588
(1, the f)B .587(ile does not e)-.2 F 3.087(xist. Other)-.15 F -.25(va)
3.087 G .587(lues for the w).25 F .587(ord indicate that the)-.1 F -.2
(fi)108 370.56 S(le w).2 E(as dumped and the v)-.1 E
(alue is one more than the number of blocks it contains.)-.25 E .903
(The rest of the tape contains for each dumped f)108 386.6 R .903
(ile a header block and the data blocks from the f)-.2 F 3.403(ile. The)
-.2 F .212(header contains an e)108 397.6 R .212(xact cop)-.15 F 2.712
(yo)-.1 G 2.712(ft)-2.712 G .212(he i-node \(see f)-2.712 F .211
(ile system \(V\)\) and also checksums to 031415.)-.2 F .211(The ne)
5.211 F(xt-)-.15 E .41(to-last w)108 408.6 R .41
(ord of the block contains the tape block number)-.1 F 2.911(,t)-.4 G
2.911(oa)-2.911 G .411(id in \(unimplemented\) reco)-2.911 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G .411(ry after tape er).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.866(rors. The)108 419.6 R
.366(number of data blocks per f)2.866 F .366(ile is directly specif)-.2
F .366(ied by the control w)-.2 F .365(ord for the f)-.1 F .365
(ile and indirectly)-.2 F(specif)108 430.6 Q
(ied by the size in the i-node.)-.2 E(If these numbers dif)5 E(fer)-.25
E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he f)-2.5 E(ile w)-.2 E(as dumped with a `phase error'.)
-.1 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 448.8 Q F0(dump \(VIII\), restor \(VIII\), f)108
459.8 Q(ile system\(V\))-.2 E 2.5(-7-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(FILE SYSTEM)72 58 Q 133.45 1.666
(\(V\) 2)1.666 H 136.782(/9/75 FILE)-1.666 F -.834(SYSTEM \( V \))2.5 F
/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(fs)108 134.2 Q/F2
10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(format of f)2.5 E(ile system v)-.2 E(olume)-.2 E
F1(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q F0(Ev)108 163.4 Q .221(ery f)-.15 F .221
(ile system storage v)-.2 F .221(olume \(e.g. RF disk, RK disk, RP disk\
, DECtape reel\) has a common format for)-.2 F 1.631
(certain vital information.)108 174.4 R(Ev)6.631 E 1.631(ery such v)-.15
F 1.631(olume is di)-.2 F 1.63(vided into a certain number of 256 w)-.25
F 1.63(ord \(512 byte\))-.1 F 2.68(blocks. Block)108 185.4 R 2.68(0i)
2.68 G 2.68(su)-2.68 G .18(nused and is a)-2.68 F -.25(va)-.2 G .18(ila\
ble to contain a bootstrap program, pack label, or other information.)
.25 F(Block 1 is the)108 201.44 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(super bloc)2.5
E(k.)-.2 E F0(Starting from its f)5 E(irst w)-.2 E
(ord, the format of a super)-.1 E(-block is)-.2 E(struct {)108 217.48 Q
22.94(int isize;)144 228.48 R 22.94(int fsize;)144 239.48 R 22.94
(int nfree;)144 250.48 R 22.94(int free[100];)144 261.48 R 22.94
(int ninode;)144 272.48 R 22.94(int inode[100];)144 283.48 R 16.29
(char flock;)144 294.48 R 16.29(char ilock;)144 305.48 R 16.29
(char fmod;)144 316.48 R 22.94(int time[2];)144 327.48 R(};)108 338.48 Q
F3(Isize)108 354.52 Q F0 .478(is the number of blocks de)2.978 F -.2(vo)
-.25 G .478(ted to the i-list, which starts just after the super).2 F
.478(-block, in block 2.)-.2 F F3(Fsize)5.477 E F0 .43(is the f)108
365.52 R .43(irst block not potentially a)-.2 F -.25(va)-.2 G .43
(ilable for allocation to a f).25 F 2.931(ile. These)-.2 F .431
(numbers are used by the system to)2.931 F .393
(check for bad block numbers; if an `)108 376.52 R(`impossible')-.74 E
2.893('b)-.74 G .392
(lock number is allocated from the free list or is freed, a)-2.893 F .27
(diagnostic is written on the on-line console.)108 387.52 R(Moreo)5.27 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 1.07 -.4(r, t).15 H .271
(he free array is cleared, so as to pre).4 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .271
(nt further al-).15 F(location from a presumably corrupted free list.)
108 398.52 Q 3.346(The free list for each v)108 414.56 R 3.345
(olume is maintained as follo)-.2 F 5.845(ws. The)-.25 F F3(fr)5.845 E
(ee)-.37 E F0 3.345(array contains, in)5.845 F F3(fr)5.845 E 3.345
(ee[1], ... ,)-.37 F(fr)108 425.56 Q(ee[nfr)-.37 E(ee)-.37 E F2(-)A F3
(1],)A F0 1.399(up to 99 numbers of free blocks.)3.898 F F3 -1.77 -.55
(Fr e)6.399 H(e[0]).55 E F0 1.399
(is the block number of the head of a chain of)3.899 F .491
(blocks constituting the free list.)108 436.56 R .491(The f)5.491 F .491
(irst w)-.2 F .491
(ord in each free-chain block is the number \(up to 100\) of free-)-.1 F
.485(block numbers listed in the ne)108 447.56 R .485(xt 100 w)-.15 F
.485(ords of this chain member)-.1 F 5.485(.T)-.55 G .485(he f)-5.485 F
.485(irst of these 100 blocks is the link)-.2 F .296(to the ne)108
458.56 R .296(xt member of the chain.)-.15 F 1.895 -.8(To a)5.295 H .295
(llocate a block: decrement).8 F F3(nfr)2.795 E(ee)-.37 E(,)-.1 E F0
.295(and the ne)2.795 F 2.795(wb)-.25 G .295(lock is)-2.795 F F3(fr)
2.795 E(ee[nfr)-.37 E(ee].)-.37 E F0(If)5.295 E .634(the ne)108 469.56 R
3.134(wb)-.25 G .634(lock number is 0, there are no blocks left, so gi)
-3.134 F .934 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.134(ne).15 G(rror)-3.134 E 5.634(.I)
-.55 G(f)-5.634 E F3(nfr)3.134 E(ee)-.37 E F0 .634
(became 0, read in the block)3.134 F .908(named by the ne)108 480.56 R
3.408(wb)-.25 G .908(lock number)-3.408 F 3.408(,r)-.4 G(eplace)-3.408 E
F3(nfr)3.408 E(ee)-.37 E F0 .908(by its f)3.408 F .908(irst w)-.2 F .908
(ord, and cop)-.1 F 3.408(yt)-.1 G .908(he block numbers in the ne)
-3.408 F(xt)-.15 E .142(100 w)108 491.56 R .142(ords into the)-.1 F F3
(fr)2.642 E(ee)-.37 E F0(array)2.642 E 5.142(.T)-.65 G 2.642(of)-5.942 G
.142(ree a block, check if)-2.642 F F3(nfr)2.643 E(ee)-.37 E F0 .143
(is 100; if so, cop)2.643 F(y)-.1 E F3(nfr)2.643 E(ee)-.37 E F0 .143
(and the)2.643 F F3(fr)2.643 E(ee)-.37 E F0 .143(array into)2.643 F .825
(it, write it out, and set)108 502.56 R F3(nfr)3.325 E(ee)-.37 E F0 .825
(to 0.)3.325 F .825(In an)5.825 F 3.325(ye)-.15 G -.15(ve)-3.575 G .825
(nt set).15 F F3(fr)3.325 E(ee[nfr)-.37 E(ee])-.37 E F0 .825
(to the freed block')3.325 F 3.325(sn)-.55 G .825(umber and increment)
-3.325 F F3(nfr)108 513.56 Q(ee)-.37 E(.)-.15 E(Ninode)108 529.6 Q F0
.024(is the number of free i-numbers in the)2.524 F F3(inode)2.524 E F0
(array)2.524 E 5.024(.T)-.65 G 2.524(oa)-5.824 G .024
(llocate an i-node: if)-2.524 F F3(ninode)2.524 E F0 .024
(is greater than 0,)2.524 F .613(decrement it and return)108 540.6 R F3
(inode[ninode].)3.112 E F0 .612(If it w)5.612 F .612
(as 0, read the i-list and place the numbers of all free inodes)-.1 F
.589(\(up to 100\) into the)108 551.6 R F3(inode)3.089 E F0(array)3.089
E 3.089(,t)-.65 G .589(hen try ag)-3.089 F 3.089(ain. T)-.05 F 3.089(of)
-.8 G .589(ree an i-node, pro)-3.089 F(vided)-.15 E F3(ninode)3.089 E F0
.589(is less than 100, place)3.089 F 1.174(its number into)108 562.6 R
F3(inode[ninode])3.673 E F0 1.173(and increment)3.673 F F3(ninode)3.673
E(.)-.15 E F0(If)6.173 E F3(ninode)3.673 E F0 1.173
(is already 100, don')3.673 F 3.673(tb)-.18 G 1.173(other to enter the)
-3.673 F .553(freed i-node into an)108 573.6 R 3.054(yt)-.15 G 3.054
(able. This)-3.054 F .554(list of i-nodes is only to speed up the alloc\
ation process; the information)3.054 F(as to whether the inode is reall\
y free or not is maintained in the inode itself.)108 584.6 Q F3(Floc)108
600.64 Q(k)-.2 E F0(and)2.707 E F3(iloc)2.707 E(k)-.2 E F0 .207
(are flags maintained in the core cop)2.707 F 2.707(yo)-.1 G 2.706(ft)
-2.707 G .206(he f)-2.706 F .206
(ile system while it is mounted and their v)-.2 F(alues)-.25 E .059
(on disk are immaterial.)108 611.64 R .059(The v)5.059 F .059(alue of)
-.25 F F3(fmod)2.559 E F0 .059(on disk is lik)2.559 F -.25(ew)-.1 G .06
(ise immaterial; it is used as a flag to indicate that).25 F .177
(the super)108 622.64 R .176
(-block has changed and should be copied to the disk during the ne)-.2 F
.176(xt periodic update of f)-.15 F .176(ile system)-.2 F(information.)
108 633.64 Q F3 -.55(Ti)108 649.68 S(me).55 E F0 .609
(is the last time the super)3.108 F .609(-block of the f)-.2 F .609
(ile system w)-.2 F .609
(as changed, and is a double-precision representa-)-.1 F .464
(tion of the number of seconds that ha)108 660.68 R .764 -.15(ve e)-.2 H
.464(lapsed since 0000 Jan. 1 1970 \(GMT\).).15 F .463
(During a reboot, the)5.463 F F3(time)2.963 E F0(of the super)108 671.68
Q(-block for the root f)-.2 E(ile system is used to set the system')-.2
E 2.5(si)-.55 G(dea of the time.)-2.5 E .409(I-numbers be)108 687.72 R
.409(gin at 1, and the storage for i-nodes be)-.15 F .41
(gins in block 2.)-.15 F .41(Also, i-nodes are 32 bytes long, so 16)5.41
F .73(of them f)108 698.72 R .73(it into a block.)-.2 F .73
(Therefore, i-node)5.73 F F3(i)3.23 E F0 .73(is located in block \()3.23
F F3(i)A F0 2.5(+3)2.5 G(1\) / 16,)-2.5 E .73(and be)3.23 F .73(gins 32)
-.15 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(.)-5 I F0(\(\()5 I F3(i)A F0 2.5(+3)2.5 G
(1\) \(mod)-2.5 E .256(16\) bytes from its start.)108 709.72 R .256
(I-node 1 is reserv)5.256 F .256(ed for the root directory of the f)-.15
F .256(ile system, b)-.2 F .256(ut no other i-number)-.2 F(has a b)108
720.72 Q(uilt-in meaning.)-.2 E(Each i-node represents one f)5 E 2.5
(ile. The)-.2 F(format of an i-node is as follo)2.5 E(ws.)-.25 E 2.5
(-8-)297.67 767.72 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(FILE SYSTEM)72 58 Q 133.45 1.666
(\(V\) 2)1.666 H 136.782(/9/75 FILE)-1.666 F -.834(SYSTEM \( V \))2.5 F
(struct {)108 105 Q 22.94(int flags;)144 116 R(/* +0: see belo)85.78 E
2.5(w*)-.25 G(/)-2.5 E 16.29(char nlinks;)144 127 R
(/* +2: number of links to f)80.77 E(ile */)-.2 E 16.29(char uid;)144
138 R(/* +3: user ID of o)92.44 E(wner */)-.25 E 16.29(char gid;)144 149
R(/* +4: group ID of o)92.44 E(wner */)-.25 E 16.29(char size0;)144 160
R(/* +5: high byte of 24-bit size */)84.67 E 22.94(int size1;)144 171 R
(/* +6: lo)84.67 E 2.5(ww)-.25 G(ord of 24-bit size */)-2.6 E 22.94
(int addr[8];)144 182 R(/* +8: block numbers or de)75.79 E
(vice number */)-.25 E 22.94(int actime[2];)144 193 R
(/* +24: time of last access */)66.9 E 22.94(int modtime[2];)144 204 R
(/* +28: time of last modif)58 E(ication */)-.2 E(};)108 215 Q
(The flags are as follo)108 231.04 Q(ws:)-.25 E 12.5(100000 i-node)113
247.08 R(is allocated)2.5 E 12.5(060000 2-bit)113 258.08 R -.2(fi)2.5 G
(le type:).2 E 12.5(000000 plain)138 269.08 R -.2(fi)2.5 G(le).2 E 12.5
(040000 directory)138 280.08 R 12.5(020000 character)138 291.08 R
(-type special f)-.2 E(ile)-.2 E 12.5(060000 block-type)138 302.08 R
(special f)2.5 E(ile.)-.2 E 12.5(010000 lar)113 313.08 R(ge f)-.18 E
(ile)-.2 E 12.5(004000 set)113 324.08 R(user)2.5 E(-ID on e)-.2 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E 12.5(002000 set)113 335.08 R(group-ID on e)2.5 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E 12.5(000400 read)113 346.08 R(\(o)2.5 E
(wner\))-.25 E 12.5(000200 write)113 357.08 R(\(o)2.5 E(wner\))-.25 E
12.5(000100 e)113 368.08 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute \(o).15 E(wner\))-.25 E
12.5(000070 read,)113 379.08 R(write, e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cute \(group\)).15 E 12.5(000007 read,)113 390.08 R(write, e)2.5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cute \(others\)).15 E .783(Special f)108 406.12 R .783
(iles are recognized by their flags and not by i-number)-.2 F 5.783(.A)
-.55 G .783(block-type special f)-2.5 F .783(ile is basically one)-.2 F
.195(which can potentially be mounted as a f)108 417.12 R .195
(ile system; a character)-.2 F .195(-type special f)-.2 F .195
(ile cannot, though it is not nec-)-.2 F .202(essarily character)108
428.12 R 2.702(-oriented. F)-.2 F .202(or special f)-.15 F .202
(iles the high byte of the f)-.2 F .202(irst address w)-.2 F .202
(ord specif)-.1 F .201(ies the type of de-)-.2 F .09(vice; the lo)108
439.12 R 2.59(wb)-.25 G .09(yte specif)-2.59 F .09(ies one of se)-.2 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G .09(ral de).15 F .09(vices of that type.)-.25 F .09
(The de)5.09 F .09(vice type numbers of block and char)-.25 F(-)-.2 E
(acter special f)108 450.12 Q(iles o)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rlap.).15 E
1.115(The address w)108 466.16 R 1.115(ords of ordinary f)-.1 F 1.115
(iles and directories contain the numbers of the blocks in the f)-.2 F
1.114(ile \(if it is)-.2 F .112
(small\) or the numbers of indirect blocks \(if the f)108 477.16 R .112
(ile is lar)-.2 F 2.612(ge\). Byte)-.18 F(number)2.612 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)2.612 E F0 .112(of a f)2.612 F .112
(ile is accessed as follo)-.2 F(ws.)-.25 E F1(N)108 488.16 Q F0 .49
(is di)2.99 F .49(vided by 512 to f)-.25 F .49
(ind its logical block number \(say)-.2 F F1(b)2.99 E F0 2.99(\)i)2.99 G
2.99(nt)-2.99 G .49(he f)-2.99 F 2.99(ile. If)-.2 F .49(the f)2.99 F .49
(ile is small \(flag 010000 is)-.2 F(0\), then)108 499.16 Q F1(b)2.5 E
F0(must be less than 8, and the ph)2.5 E(ysical block number is)-.05 E
F1(addr[b].)2.5 E F0 .341(If the f)108 515.2 R .341(ile is lar)-.2 F
(ge,)-.18 E F1(b)2.841 E F0 .341(is di)2.841 F .341
(vided by 256 to yield)-.25 F F1(i.)2.841 E F0(If)5.341 E F1(i)2.841 E
F0 .341(is less than 7, then)2.841 F F1(addr[i])2.841 E F0 .342
(is the ph)2.842 F .342(ysical block num-)-.05 F .258
(ber of the indirect block.)108 526.2 R .258(The remainder from the di)
5.258 F .258(vision yields the w)-.25 F .257
(ord in the indirect block which con-)-.1 F
(tains the number of the block for the sought-for byte.)108 537.2 Q(If)
108 553.24 Q F1(i)3.15 E F0 .65(is equal to 7, then the f)3.15 F .65
(ile has become e)-.2 F(xtra-lar)-.15 E .65(ge \(huge\), and)-.18 F F1
(addr[7])3.15 E F0 .65(is the address of a f)3.15 F .65(irst indirect)
-.2 F 2.602(block. Each)108 564.24 R -.1(wo)2.602 G .101
(rd in this block is the number of a second-le).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601
(li).15 G .101(ndirect block; each w)-2.601 F .101(ord in the second-le)
-.1 F(v-)-.25 E .599(el indirect blocks points to a data block.)108
575.24 R .599(Notice that e)5.599 F(xtra-lar)-.15 E .599(ge f)-.18 F
.599(iles are not mark)-.2 F .599(ed by an)-.1 F 3.099(ym)-.15 G .599
(ode bit, b)-3.099 F(ut)-.2 E 1.595(only by ha)108 586.24 R(ving)-.2 E
F1(addr[7])4.095 E F0 1.595
(non-zero; and that although this scheme allo)4.095 F 1.594
(ws for more than 256)-.25 F/F2 10/Symbol SF<b4>A F0(256)A F2<b4>A F0
1.594(512 =)B 2.057(33,554,432 bytes per f)108 597.24 R 2.057
(ile, the length of f)-.2 F 2.057
(iles is stored in 24 bits so in practice a f)-.2 F 2.058
(ile can be at most)-.2 F(16,777,216 bytes long.)108 608.24 Q -.15(Fo)
108 624.28 S 2.642(rb).15 G(lock)-2.642 E F1(b)2.642 E F0 .142(in a f)
2.642 F .142(ile to e)-.2 F .141
(xist, it is not necessary that all blocks less than)-.15 F F1(b)2.641 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.641 G 2.641(ist. A).15 F .141(zero block number either)
2.641 F .606(in the address w)108 635.28 R .606(ords of the i-node or i\
n an indirect block indicates that the corresponding block has ne)-.1 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E(been allocated.)108 646.28 Q
(Such a missing block reads as if it contained all zero w)5 E(ords.)-.1
E/F3 8/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 664.48 Q F0(icheck, dcheck \(VIII\))
108 675.48 Q 2.5(-9-)297.67 767 S EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(GREEK \( V \))72 58 R 161.512
(10/31/72 GREEK)164.012 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16
(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(greek)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0
(graphics for e)2.5 E(xtended TTY)-.15 E(-37 type-box)-1.11 E F1
(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cat /usr/pub/gr)108 163.4 Q
(eek)-.18 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 181.6 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Gr)108
192.6 Q(eek)-.37 E F0(gi)3.224 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.224(st).15 G .723
(he mapping from ascii to the `)-3.224 F .723(`shift out')-.74 F 3.223
('g)-.74 G .723(raphics in ef)-3.223 F .723
(fect between SO and SI on model 37)-.25 F -.7(Te)108 203.6 S
(letypes with a 128-character type-box.).7 E(It contains:)5 E(alpha)108
219.64 Q/F5 10/Symbol-Slanted SF(a)50.34 E F0 46.78(Ab)15.98 G(eta)
-46.78 E F5(b)55.34 E F0 47.33(Bg)16.71 G(amma)-47.38 E F5(g)42.61 E F0
(\\)17.94 E(GAMMA)108 230.64 Q F2(G)32.56 E F0 46.78(Gd)15.57 G(elta)
-46.78 E F5(d)52.56 E F0 46.78(DD)17.2 G(EL)-46.78 E -.93(TA)-.92 G F2
(D)42.01 E F0(W)15.48 E(epsilon)108 241.64 Q F5(e)43.11 E F0 48.44(Sz)
17.69 G(eta)-48.44 E F5(z)55.9 E F0 46.78(Qe)17.2 G(ta)-46.78 E F5(h)
60.34 E F0(N)16.23 E(THET)108 252.64 Q(A)-.93 E F2(Q)40.16 E F0 47.89
(Tt)14.19 G(heta)-47.89 E F5(q)52.56 E F0 46.78(Ol)16.96 G(ambda)-46.78
E F5(l)42.56 E F0(L)16.71 E(LAMBD)108 263.64 Q(A)-.4 E F2(L)29.07 E F0
47.89(Em)14.74 G(u)-47.89 E F5(m)59.22 E F0 45.11(Mn)16.47 G(u)-45.11 E
F5(n)62 E F0(@)16.96 E(xi)108 274.64 Q F5(x)64.22 E F0 46.78(Xp)17.21 G
(i)-46.78 E F5(p)64.22 E F0 50.11(JP)16.71 G(I)-50.11 E F2(P)63.11 E F0
(P)13.92 E(rho)108 285.64 Q F5(r)58.67 E F0 46.78(Ks)16.71 G(igma)-46.78
E F5(s)48.11 E F0 46.78(YS)16.23 G(IGMA)-46.78 E F2(S)39.78 E F0(R)15.68
E(tau)108 296.64 Q F5(t)59.78 E F0 50.67(Ip)17.69 G(hi)-50.67 E F5(f)
59.22 E F0 46.78(UP)16.96 G(HI)-46.78 E F2(F)55.89 E F0(F)13.97 E(psi)
108 307.64 Q F5(y)60.33 E F0 46.78(VP)15.49 G(SI)-46.78 E F2(Y)57.55 E
F0 46.78(Ho)13.65 G(me)-46.78 E -.05(ga)-.15 G F5(w)45.59 E F0(C)15.49 E
(OMEGA)108 318.64 Q F2(W)35.34 E F0 47.89(Zn)13.92 G(abla)-47.89 E F2
<d1>50.34 E F0 50.67([n)14.47 G .4 LW 501.8 321.14 496.8 321.14 DL 56.72
(ot \254)408.2 318.64 R(partial)108 329.64 Q F2<b6>46.45 E F0 50.67(]i)
16.66 G(nte)-50.67 E(gral)-.15 E F2<f2>41.6 E F0(^)18.86 E F1(SEE ALSO)
72 347.84 Q F0(ascii \(VII\))108 358.84 Q 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(0-)
-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(GR)72 58 Q -.834(OUP \( V \))-.4 F
163.852(2/10/75 GR)166.352 F -.834(OUP \( V \))-.4 F/F1 8/Times-Bold@0
SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(group)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)
2.5 E F0(group f)2.5 E(ile)-.2 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Gr)108 163.4 Q(oup)-.45 E F0
(contains for each group the follo)2.5 E(wing information:)-.25 E
(group name)133 179.44 Q(encrypted passw)133 190.44 Q(ord)-.1 E
(numerical group ID)133 201.44 Q 2.5(ac)133 212.44 S
(omma separated list of all users allo)-2.5 E(wed in the group)-.25 E
.339(This is an ASCII f)108 228.48 R 2.839(ile. The)-.2 F -.2(fi)2.839 G
.339(elds are separated by colons; Each group is separated from the ne)
.2 F .339(xt by a ne)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E 2.5(line. If)108 239.48 R
(the passw)2.5 E(ord f)-.1 E(ield is null, no passw)-.2 E
(ord is demanded.)-.1 E .751(This f)108 255.52 R .751
(ile resides in directory /etc.)-.2 F .751
(Because of the encrypted passw)5.751 F .75(ords, it can and does ha)-.1
F 1.05 -.15(ve g)-.2 H .75(eneral read).15 F
(permission and can be used, for e)108 266.52 Q
(xample, to map numerical group ID')-.15 E 2.5(st)-.55 G 2.5(on)-2.5 G
(ames.)-2.5 E F1(FILES)72 284.72 Q F0(/etc/group)108 295.72 Q F1
(SEE ALSO)72 313.92 Q F0(ne)108 324.92 Q
(wgrp \(I\), login \(I\), crypt \(III\), passwd \(I\))-.25 E 2.5(-1)
295.17 767 S 2.5(1-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q(MT)72 58 Q -.834(AB \( V \))-.93 F
171.882(1/6/74 MT)174.382 F -.834(AB \( V \))-.93 F/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF
-.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(mtab)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E
F0(mounted f)2.5 E(ile system table)-.2 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q/F3
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Mtab)108 163.4 Q F0 .153(resides in directory)2.652
F F3(/etc)2.653 E F0 .153(and contains a table of de)2.653 F .153
(vices mounted by the)-.25 F F3(mount)2.653 E F0(command.)2.653 E F3
(Umount)5.153 E F0(re-)2.653 E(mo)108 174.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(se).15
G(ntries.)-2.5 E 1.263(Each entry is 64 bytes long; the f)108 190.44 R
1.263(irst 32 are the null-padded name of the place where the special f)
-.2 F 1.263(ile is)-.2 F .415
(mounted; the second 32 are the null-padded name of the special f)108
201.44 R 2.916(ile. The)-.2 F .416(special f)2.916 F .416
(ile has all its directories)-.2 F(stripped a)108 212.44 Q -.1(wa)-.15 G
(y; that is, e).1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rything through the last `).15 E(`/')
-.74 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(hro)-2.5 E(wn a)-.25 E -.1(wa)-.15 G
-.65(y.).1 G .085(This table is present only so people can look at it.)
108 228.48 R .085(It does not matter to)5.085 F F3(mount)2.585 E F0 .084
(if there are duplicated entries)2.584 F(nor to)108 239.48 Q F3(umount)
2.5 E F0(if a name cannot be found.)2.5 E F1(FILES)72 257.68 Q F0
(/etc/mtab)108 268.68 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 286.88 Q F0
(mount \(VIII\), umount \(VIII\))108 297.88 Q F1 -.08(BU)72 316.08 S(GS)
.08 E F0 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(2-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.92(PA)72 58 S -.834(SSWD \( V \)).92
F 157.702(9/10/73 P)160.202 F -.834(ASSWD \( V \))-.92 F/F1 8
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(passwd)108 134.2 Q/F2 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0(passw)2.5 E(ord f)-.1 E(ile)-.2 E F1(DESCRIPTION)
72 152.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.8(Pa)108 163.4 S(sswd).8 E F0
(contains for each user the follo)2.5 E(wing information:)-.25 E
(name \(login name, contains no upper case\))133 179.44 Q
(encrypted passw)133 190.44 Q(ord)-.1 E(numerical user ID)133 201.44 Q
(numerical group ID \(for no)133 212.44 Q 1.3 -.65(w, a)-.25 H -.1(lwa)
.65 G(ys 1\)).1 E(GCOS job number)133 223.44 Q 2.5(,b)-.4 G(ox number)
-2.5 E 2.5(,o)-.4 G(ptional GCOS user)-2.5 E(-id)-.2 E(initial w)133
234.44 Q(orking directory)-.1 E(program to use as Shell)133 245.44 Q
.047(This is an ASCII f)108 261.48 R 2.547(ile. Each)-.2 F -.2(fi)2.547
G .047(eld within each user').2 F 2.547(se)-.55 G .048
(ntry is separated from the ne)-2.547 F .048(xt by a colon.)-.15 F .048
(The GCOS)5.048 F -.2(fi)108 272.48 S .409(eld is used only when commun\
icating with that system, and in other installations can contain an).2 F
2.909(yd)-.15 G(esired)-2.909 E 2.706(information. Each)108 283.48 R
.206(user is separated from the ne)2.706 F .206(xt by a ne)-.15 F 2.706
(w-line. If)-.25 F .206(the passw)2.706 F .206(ord f)-.1 F .206
(ield is null, no passw)-.2 F(ord)-.1 E(is demanded; if the Shell f)108
294.48 Q(ield is null, the Shell itself is used.)-.2 E .751(This f)108
310.52 R .751(ile resides in directory /etc.)-.2 F .751
(Because of the encrypted passw)5.751 F .75(ords, it can and does ha)-.1
F 1.05 -.15(ve g)-.2 H .75(eneral read).15 F
(permission and can be used, for e)108 321.52 Q
(xample, to map numerical user ID')-.15 E 2.5(st)-.55 G 2.5(on)-2.5 G
(ames.)-2.5 E F1(FILES)72 339.72 Q F0(/etc/passwd)108 350.72 Q F1
(SEE ALSO)72 368.92 Q F0
(login \(I\), crypt \(III\), passwd \(I\), group \(V\))108 379.92 Q 2.5
(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(3-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.93(TA)72 58 S -.834(BS \( V \)).93 F
172.712(6/15/72 T)175.212 F -.834(ABS \( V \))-.93 F/F1 8/Times-Bold@0
SF -.16(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(tabs)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5
E F0(set tab stops)2.5 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 152.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(cat /usr/pub/tabs)108 163.4 Q F1(DESCRIPTION)72 181.6 Q F0 .31
(Printing this f)108 192.6 R .31
(ile on a suitable terminal sets tab stops e)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .31
(ry 8 columns.).15 F .31(Suitable terminals include the T)5.31 F(ele-)
-.7 E(type model 37 and the GE T)108 203.6 Q(ermiNet 300.)-.7 E(These t\
ab stop settings are desirable because UNIX assumes them in calculating\
 delays.)108 219.64 Q 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(4-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(TP \( V \))72 58 R 185.672
(9/10/73 TP)188.172 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16(NA)
72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(tp)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0
(DEC/mag tape formats)2.5 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q F0 .465
(The command)108 163.4 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(tp)2.965 E F0 .465
(dumps f)2.965 F .465(iles to and e)-.2 F .465(xtracts f)-.15 F .465
(iles from DECtape and magtape.)-.2 F .464(The formats of these tapes)
5.464 F(are the same e)108 174.4 Q(xcept that magtapes ha)-.15 E .3 -.15
(ve l)-.2 H(ar).15 E(ger directories.)-.18 E(Block zero contains a cop)
108 190.44 Q 2.5(yo)-.1 G 2.5(fas)-2.5 G(tand-alone bootstrap program.)
-2.5 E(See boot procedures \(VIII\).)5 E .066(Blocks 1 through 24 for D\
ECtape \(1 through 62 for magtape\) contain a directory of the tape.)108
206.48 R .067(There are 192)5.067 F .022(\(resp. 496\) entries in the d\
irectory; 8 entries per block; 64 bytes per entry)108 217.48 R 5.021(.E)
-.65 G .021(ach entry has the follo)-5.021 F .021(wing for)-.25 F(-)-.2
E(mat:)108 228.48 Q(path name)128 244.52 Q(32 bytes)58.62 E 75.28
(mode 2)128 255.52 R(bytes)2.5 E 84.72(uid 1)128 266.52 R(byte)2.5 E
84.72(gid 1)128 277.52 R(byte)2.5 E 69.17(unused 1)128 288.52 R(byte)2.5
E 81.95(size 3)128 299.52 R(bytes)2.5 E(time modif)128 310.52 Q 41.31
(ied 4)-.2 F(bytes)2.5 E(tape address)128 321.52 Q 2.5(2b)50.85 G(ytes)
-2.5 E 69.17(unused 16)128 332.52 R(bytes)2.5 E(check sum)128 343.52 Q
2.5(2b)57.51 G(ytes)-2.5 E .634
(The path name entry is the path name of the f)108 359.56 R .634
(ile when put on the tape.)-.2 F .634
(If the pathname starts with a zero)5.634 F -.1(wo)108 370.56 S .326
(rd, the entry is empty).1 F 5.326(.I)-.65 G 2.826(ti)-5.326 G 2.826(sa)
-2.826 G 2.826(tm)-2.826 G .326
(ost 32 bytes long and ends in a null byte.)-2.826 F .325
(Mode, uid, gid, size and time)5.325 F(modif)108 381.56 Q 1.372
(ied are the same as described under i-nodes \(f)-.2 F 1.372
(ile system \(V\)\).)-.2 F 1.373(The tape address is the tape block)
6.372 F 1.221(number of the start of the contents of the f)108 392.56 R
3.721(ile. Ev)-.2 F 1.221(ery f)-.15 F 1.221
(ile starts on a block boundary)-.2 F 6.221(.T)-.65 G 1.221(he f)-6.221
F 1.221(ile occupies)-.2 F 1.225
(\(size+511\)/512 blocks of continuous tape.)108 403.56 R 1.226
(The checksum entry has a v)6.226 F 1.226
(alue such that the sum of the 32)-.25 F -.1(wo)108 414.56 S
(rds of the directory entry is zero.).1 E
(Blocks 25 \(resp. 63\) on are a)108 430.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable for f)
.25 E(ile storage.)-.2 E 2.5(Af)108 446.64 S(ak)-2.6 E 2.5(ee)-.1 G
(ntry \(see tp \(I\)\) has a size of zero.)-2.5 E F1(SEE ALSO)72 464.84
Q F0 -.2(fi)108 475.84 S(le system \(V\), tp \(I\)).2 E 2.5(-1)295.17
767 S 2.5(5-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(TTYS \( V \))72 58 R 172.342
(2/11/75 TTYS)174.842 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16
(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(ttys)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0
(type)2.5 E(writer initialization data)-.25 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q
F0(The)108 163.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ttys)3.361 E F0 -.2(fi)3.361
G .861(le is read by the).2 F F3(init)3.361 E F0 .861
(program and specif)3.361 F .86(ies which type)-.2 F .86
(writer special f)-.25 F .86(iles are to ha)-.2 F 1.16 -.15(ve a p)-.2 H
(rocess).15 E(created for them which will allo)108 174.4 Q 2.5(wp)-.25 G
(eople to log in.)-2.5 E(It consists of lines of 3 characters each.)5 E
.42(The f)108 190.44 R .421(irst character is either `0' or `1'; the fo\
rmer causes the line to be ignored, the latter causes it to be ef-)-.2 F
(fecti)108 201.44 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.605(.T).15 G 1.604
(he second character is the last character in the name of a type)-6.605
F 1.604(writer; e.g.)-.25 F F3(x)4.104 E F0 1.604(refers to the f)4.104
F(ile)-.2 E(`/de)108 212.44 Q(v/tty)-.25 E F3(x)A F0 3.013('. The)B .513
(third character is used as an ar)3.013 F .514(gument to the)-.18 F F3
-.1(ge)3.014 G(tty).1 E F0 .514(program, which performs such tasks as)
3.014 F .163(baud-rate recognition, reading the login name, and calling)
108 223.44 R F3(lo)2.663 E(gin.)-.1 E F0 -.15(Fo)5.162 G 2.662(rn).15 G
.162(ormal lines, the character is `0'; oth-)-2.662 F .678
(er characters can be used, for e)108 234.44 R .679(xample, with hard-w\
ired terminals where speed recognition is unnecessary)-.15 F
(or which ha)108 245.44 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H(pecial characteristics.).15
E(\(Getty will ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(ob).15 G 2.5(ef)-2.5 G(ix)
-2.7 E(ed in such cases.\))-.15 E F1(FILES)72 263.64 Q F0(/etc/ttys)108
274.64 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 292.84 Q F0
(init \(VIII\), getty \(VIII\), login \(I\))108 303.84 Q 2.5(-1)295.17
767 S 2.5(6-)-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(UTMP \( V \))72 58 R 169.562
(9/10/73 UTMP)172.062 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16
(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(utmp)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0
(user information)2.5 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q F0 .815(This f)108
163.4 R .815(ile allo)-.2 F .814(ws one to disco)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.314(ri).15 G .814(nformation about who is currently using UNIX.)-3.314
F .814(The f)5.814 F .814(ile is binary; each)-.2 F .701
(entry is 16\(10\) bytes long.)108 174.4 R .702(The f)5.702 F .702
(irst eight bytes contain a user')-.2 F 3.202(sl)-.55 G .702
(ogin name or are null if the table slot is)-3.202 F 2.532(unused. The)
108 185.4 R(lo)2.532 E 2.532(wo)-.25 G .032(rder byte of the ne)-2.532 F
.032(xt w)-.15 F .031(ord contains the last character of a type)-.1 F
.031(writer name.)-.25 F .031(The ne)5.031 F .031(xt tw)-.15 F(o)-.1 E
-.1(wo)108 196.4 S(rds contain the user').1 E 2.5(sl)-.55 G(ogin time.)
-2.5 E(The last w)5 E(ord is unused.)-.1 E F1(FILES)72 214.6 Q F0
(/etc/utmp)108 225.6 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 243.8 Q F0
(init \(VIII\) and login \(I\), which maintain the f)108 254.8 Q
(ile; who \(I\), which interprets it.)-.2 E 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(7-)
-2.5 G EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-)72 11 Q -.834(WTMP \( V \))72 58 R 167.342
(2/22/74 WTMP)169.842 F 1.666(\(V\))1.666 G/F1 8/Times-Bold@0 SF -.16
(NA)72 123.2 S(ME).16 E F0(wtmp)108 134.2 Q/F2 10/Symbol SF(-)2.5 E F0
(user login history)2.5 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 152.4 Q F0 .327(This f)108
163.4 R .327(ile records all logins and logouts.)-.2 F .327
(Its format is e)5.327 F .327(xactly lik)-.15 F 2.827(eu)-.1 G .327
(tmp \(V\) e)-2.827 F .327(xcept that a null user name in-)-.15 F .024
(dicates a logout on the associated type)108 174.4 R(writer)-.25 E 5.023
(.F)-.55 G .023(urthermore, the type)-5.023 F .023
(writer name `~' indicates that the system)-.25 F -.1(wa)108 185.4 S
2.566(sr).1 G .067
(ebooted at the indicated time; the adjacent pair of entries with type)
-2.566 F .067(writer names `|' and `}' indicate the)-.25 F 1.24
(system-maintained time just before and just after a)108 196.4 R/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(date)3.74 E F0 1.24(command has changed the system')
3.74 F 3.74(si)-.55 G 1.24(dea of the)-3.74 F(time.)108 207.4 Q F3(Wtmp)
108 223.44 Q F0 .989(is maintained by login \(I\) and init \(VIII\).)
3.489 F .989(Neither of these programs creates the f)5.989 F .989
(ile, so if it is re-)-.2 F(mo)108 234.44 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dr).15 G
(ecord-k)-2.5 E(eeping is turned of)-.1 E 2.5(f. It)-.25 F
(is summarized by ac \(VIII\).)2.5 E F1(FILES)72 252.64 Q F0
(/usr/adm/wtmp)108 263.64 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 281.84 Q F0
(utmp \(V\), login \(I\), init \(VIII\), ac \(VIII\), who \(I\))108
292.84 Q 2.5(-1)295.17 767 S 2.5(8-)-2.5 G EP
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%%EOF