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12 /Times-Bold f
(Computing Science) 1746 1220 w
(Technical) 2767 1220 w
(Report) 3298 1220 w
(No. 99) 3687 1220 w
(A History of) 1976 1360 w
(Computing Research*) 2640 1360 w
(at) 2051 1500 w
(Bell) 2181 1500 w
(Laboratories) 2412 1500 w
(\(1937\2551975\)) 3109 1500 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Bernard D. Holbrook) 2448 1760 w
(W. Stanley Brown) 2520 1900 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(1. INTRODUCTION) 720 2680 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Basically) 970 2836 w
(there) 1378 2836 w
(are) 1613 2836 w
(two) 1770 2836 w
(varieties) 1956 2836 w
(of) 2330 2836 w
(modern) 2449 2836 w
(electrical) 2790 2836 w
(computers,) 3191 2836 w
(analog) 3668 2836 w
(and) 3970 2836 w
(digital,) 4151 2836 w
(corresponding) 4469 2836 w
(respectively) 720 2956 w
(to) 1232 2956 w
(the) 1340 2956 w
(much) 1492 2956 w
(older) 1744 2956 w
(slide) 1979 2956 w
(rule) 2198 2956 w
(and) 2382 2956 w
(abacus.) 2555 2956 w
(Analog) 2905 2956 w
(computers) 3228 2956 w
(deal) 3673 2956 w
(with) 3868 2956 w
(continuous) 4075 2956 w
(information,) 4543 2956 w
(such) 720 3076 w
(as) 936 3076 w
(real) 1052 3076 w
(numbers) 1234 3076 w
(and) 1611 3076 w
(waveforms,) 1789 3076 w
(while) 2291 3076 w
(digital) 2547 3076 w
(computers) 2837 3076 w
(handle) 3287 3076 w
(discrete) 3587 3076 w
(information,) 3931 3076 w
(such) 4462 3076 w
(as) 4679 3076 w
(letters) 4796 3076 w
(and) 720 3196 w
(digits.) 892 3196 w
(An) 1193 3196 w
(analog) 1343 3196 w
(computer) 1637 3196 w
(is) 2042 3196 w
(limited) 2137 3196 w
(to) 2449 3196 w
(the) 2554 3196 w
(approximate) 2703 3196 w
(solution) 3229 3196 w
(of) 3579 3196 w
(mathematical) 3689 3196 w
(problems) 4254 3196 w
(for) 4653 3196 w
(which) 4796 3196 w
(a physical analog can be found, while a digital computer can carry out any precisely) 720 3316 w
(specified) 4102 3316 w
(logical) 4488 3316 w
(proce\255) 4786 3316 w
(dure) 720 3436 w
(on) 929 3436 w
(any) 1061 3436 w
(symbolic) 1237 3436 w
(information,) 1636 3436 w
(and) 2165 3436 w
(can,) 2341 3436 w
(in) 2536 3436 w
(principle,) 2645 3436 w
(obtain) 3056 3436 w
(numerical) 3337 3436 w
(results) 3767 3436 w
(to) 4059 3436 w
(any) 4168 3436 w
(desired) 4343 3436 w
(accuracy.) 4662 3436 w
(For) 720 3556 w
(these) 896 3556 w
(reasons,) 1138 3556 w
(digital) 1499 3556 w
(computers) 1792 3556 w
(have) 2245 3556 w
(become) 2470 3556 w
(the) 2817 3556 w
(focal) 2976 3556 w
(point) 3212 3556 w
(of) 3455 3556 w
(modern) 3576 3556 w
(computer) 3919 3556 w
(science,) 4334 3556 w
(although) 4690 3556 w
(analog computing facilities remain of great importance, particularly for specialized applications.) 720 3676 w
(It) 970 3832 w
(is) 1059 3832 w
(no) 1154 3832 w
(accident) 1282 3832 w
(that) 1642 3832 w
(Bell) 1821 3832 w
(Labs) 2017 3832 w
(was) 2240 3832 w
(deeply) 2424 3832 w
(involved) 2719 3832 w
(with) 3098 3832 w
(the) 3305 3832 w
(origins) 3456 3832 w
(of) 3763 3832 w
(both) 3875 3832 w
(analog) 4082 3832 w
(and) 4377 3832 w
(digital) 4550 3832 w
(com\255) 4835 3832 w
(puters,) 720 3952 w
(since) 1015 3952 w
(it) 1246 3952 w
(was) 1328 3952 w
(fundamentally) 1509 3952 w
(concerned) 2112 3952 w
(with) 2547 3952 w
(the) 2751 3952 w
(principles) 2899 3952 w
(and processes of electrical communication.) 3319 3952 w
(Electrical) 720 4072 w
(analog) 1143 4072 w
(computation) 1450 4072 w
(is) 1992 4072 w
(based) 2101 4072 w
(on) 2370 4072 w
(the) 2512 4072 w
(classic) 2676 4072 w
(technology) 2984 4072 w
(of) 3470 4072 w
(telephone) 3595 4072 w
(transmission,) 4025 4072 w
(and) 4598 4072 w
(digital) 4784 4072 w
(computation) 720 4192 w
(on) 1253 4192 w
(that) 1386 4192 w
(of) 1569 4192 w
(telephone) 1685 4192 w
(switching.) 2105 4192 w
(Moreover,) 2576 4192 w
(Bell) 3026 4192 w
(Labs) 3225 4192 w
(found) 3451 4192 w
(itself,) 3716 4192 w
(by) 3973 4192 w
(the) 4105 4192 w
(early) 4259 4192 w
(1930s,) 4490 4192 w
(with) 4786 4192 w
(a) 4996 4192 w
(rapidly growing load of design calculations.) 720 4312 w
(These calculations were performed in part with slide rules and,) 2529 4312 w
(mainly,) 720 4432 w
(with) 1063 4432 w
(desk) 1281 4432 w
(calculators.) 1504 4432 w
(The) 2026 4432 w
(magnitude) 2221 4432 w
(of) 2683 4432 w
(this) 2806 4432 w
(load) 2991 4432 w
(of) 3203 4432 w
(very) 3326 4432 w
(tedious) 3543 4432 w
(routine) 3872 4432 w
(computation) 4195 4432 w
(and) 4735 4432 w
(the) 4918 4432 w
(necessity) 720 4552 w
(of) 1116 4552 w
(carefully) 1229 4552 w
(checking) 1613 4552 w
(it) 2003 4552 w
(indicated) 2089 4552 w
(a) 2485 4552 w
(need) 2560 4552 w
(for) 2779 4552 w
(new) 2926 4552 w
(methods.) 3123 4552 w
(The) 3543 4552 w
(result) 3729 4552 w
(of) 3982 4552 w
(this) 4096 4552 w
(need) 4272 4552 w
(was) 4491 4552 w
(a) 4677 4552 w
(request) 4752 4552 w
(in) 720 4672 w
(1928) 828 4672 w
(from) 1058 4672 w
(a) 1282 4672 w
(design) 1356 4672 w
(department,) 1647 4672 w
(heavily) 2151 4672 w
(burdened) 2475 4672 w
(with) 2876 4672 w
(calculations) 3084 4672 w
(on) 3591 4672 w
(complex) 3721 4672 w
(numbers,) 4095 4672 w
(to) 4494 4672 w
(the) 4601 4672 w
(Mathe\255) 4752 4672 w
(matical) 720 4792 w
(Research) 1047 4792 w
(Department) 1446 4792 w
(for) 1951 4792 w
(suggestions) 2101 4792 w
(as) 2602 4792 w
(to) 2719 4792 w
(possible) 2831 4792 w
(improvements) 3193 4792 w
(in) 3799 4792 w
(computational) 3911 4792 w
(methods.) 4517 4792 w
(At) 4940 4792 w
(that time, however, no useful suggestions could be made.) 720 4912 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(2. EXPEDIENTS FOR COMPUTING WITHOUT COMPUTERS) 720 5152 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(By) 970 5308 w
(1928,) 1113 5308 w
(the) 1364 5308 w
(Bell) 1512 5308 w
(Labs) 1705 5308 w
(accounting) 1925 5308 w
(department) 2390 5308 w
(was) 2866 5308 w
(making) 3048 5308 w
(extensive) 3375 5308 w
(use) 3779 5308 w
(of) 3939 5308 w
(punched\255card) 4049 5308 w
(equipment) 4618 5308 w
(for) 720 5428 w
(cost) 870 5428 w
(accounting.) 1065 5428 w
(This) 1562 5428 w
(punched\255card) 1774 5428 w
(equipment) 2350 5428 w
(was,) 2806 5428 w
(from) 3020 5428 w
(time) 3248 5428 w
(to) 3460 5428 w
(time,) 3572 5428 w
(used) 3809 5428 w
(by) 4026 5428 w
(technical) 4159 5428 w
(departments) 4552 5428 w
(with) 720 5548 w
(extensive) 929 5548 w
(statistical) 1337 5548 w
(jobs;) 1746 5548 w
(in) 1972 5548 w
(addition,) 2081 5548 w
(members) 2465 5548 w
(of) 2862 5548 w
(the) 2976 5548 w
(Mathematical) 3129 5548 w
(Research) 3709 5548 w
(Department) 4106 5548 w
(made) 4609 5548 w
(vali\255) 4857 5548 w
(ant) 720 5668 w
(efforts) 871 5668 w
(to) 1159 5668 w
(use) 1265 5668 w
(it) 1426 5668 w
(for) 1510 5668 w
(more) 1654 5668 w
(purely) 1887 5668 w
(mathematical) 2170 5668 w
(problems,) 2736 5668 w
(but) 3161 5668 w
(with) 3317 5668 w
(very) 3523 5668 w
(little) 3728 5668 w
(success.) 3940 5668 w
(The) 4292 5668 w
(then\255available) 4475 5668 w
(logical capabilities of punched\255card equipment were too limited even for such tasks.) 720 5788 w
(In) 970 5944 w
(some) 1079 5944 w
(cases,) 1316 5944 w
(the) 1577 5944 w
(necessity) 1725 5944 w
(of) 2117 5944 w
(obtaining) 2227 5944 w
(computed) 2632 5944 w
(answers) 3053 5944 w
(to) 3401 5944 w
(important) 3506 5944 w
(problems) 3922 5944 w
(required) 4321 5944 w
(technical) 4680 5944 w
(departments) 720 6064 w
(to) 1244 6064 w
(improvise) 1358 6064 w
(very) 1794 6064 w
(special\255purpose) 2007 6064 w
(methods.) 2668 6064 w
(One) 3067 6064 w
(example) 3268 6064 w
(is) 3641 6064 w
(the) 3743 6064 w
(work) 3900 6064 w
(of) 4140 6064 w
(Clarence) 4258 6064 w
(A.) 4647 6064 w
(Lovell) 4779 6064 w
(and) 720 6184 w
(Linus) 902 6184 w
(E.) 1168 6184 w
(Kittredge) 1292 6184 w
(on) 1707 6184 w
(traffic\255congestion) 1845 6184 w
(problems) 2592 6184 w
(for) 3002 6184 w
(the) 3156 6184 w
(first) 3316 6184 w
(crossbar) 3515 6184 w
(switching) 3885 6184 w
(system) 4313 6184 w
([1].) 4630 6184 w
(They) 4835 6184 w
(managed) 720 6304 w
(to) 1115 6304 w
(use) 1228 6304 w
(punched\255card) 1396 6304 w
(equipment) 1973 6304 w
(for) 2430 6304 w
(much) 2581 6304 w
(of) 2838 6304 w
(their) 2956 6304 w
(work,) 3174 6304 w
(but) 3439 6304 w
(to) 3602 6304 w
(handle) 3715 6304 w
(the) 4016 6304 w
(crucial) 4173 6304 w
(link\255matching) 4479 6304 w
8 /S1 f
(__________________) 720 6404 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(This document is an OCR\255generated rendition) 720 6504 w
(of) 2212 6504 w
(Computing) 2299 6504 w
(Science) 2680 6504 w
(Technical) 2948 6504 w
(Report) 3282 6504 w
(No.) 3520 6504 w
(99,) 3659 6504 w
(prepared) 3780 6504 w
(in) 4078 6504 w
(1982,) 4161 6504 w
(mostly) 4362 6504 w
(by) 4600 6504 w
(Brown) 720 6604 w
(and) 970 6604 w
(Holbrook.) 1117 6604 w
(It) 1495 6604 w
(served) 1575 6604 w
(as) 1814 6604 w
(a) 1912 6604 w
(draft) 1978 6604 w
(for) 2158 6604 w
(a) 2281 6604 w
(section) 2347 6604 w
(of) 2603 6604 w
(the) 2700 6604 w
(series) 2828 6604 w
8 /Times-Italic f
(A) 3039 6604 w
(History) 3119 6604 w
(of) 3389 6604 w
(Engineering) 3482 6604 w
(and) 3907 6604 w
(Science) 4058 6604 w
(in) 4331 6604 w
(the) 4424 6604 w
(Bell) 4552 6604 w
(System) 720 6704 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(,) 941 6704 w
(in) 982 6704 w
(the) 1065 6704 w
(volume) 1183 6704 w
(subtitled) 1443 6704 w
8 /Times-Italic f
(Communications) 1739 6704 w
(Sciences) 2303 6704 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(\(AT&T) 2598 6704 w
(Bell) 2864 6704 w
(Laboratories,) 3019 6704 w
(1984:) 3462 6704 w
(ISBN) 3666 6704 w
(0\255932764\25508\2551\)) 3871 6704 w
(as) 4397 6704 w
(Chap\255) 4485 6704 w
(ter) 720 6804 w
(9:) 824 6804 w
(Computer) 907 6804 w
(Science,) 1247 6804 w
(on) 1535 6804 w
(pages) 1636 6804 w
(351\255398.) 1838 6804 w
(There,) 2165 6804 w
(its) 2391 6804 w
(principal authors are identified as W. S. Brown. B. D. Holbrook, and) 2487 6804 w
(M.) 720 6904 w
(D.) 839 6904 w
(McIlroy.) 945 6904 w
(The) 1273 6904 w
(content) 1425 6904 w
(of) 1687 6904 w
(the) 1781 6904 w
(CSTR) 1906 6904 w
(and) 2136 6904 w
(the) 2279 6904 w
(book) 2404 6904 w
(rendition) 2592 6904 w
(overlap) 2907 6904 w
(considerably,) 3173 6904 w
(but) 3627 6904 w
(are) 3757 6904 w
(not) 3882 6904 w
(identical;) 4013 6904 w
(the) 4337 6904 w
(book's) 4463 6904 w
(chapter is somewhat updated and edited, and includes more Unix\255related material.) 720 7004 w
(Editing errors introduced during fixup of the OCR) 970 7140 w
(are the responsibility of Dennis Ritchie.) 2594 7140 w
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(\255 2 \255) 2797 480 w
(phase) 720 840 w
(of) 975 840 w
(their) 1086 840 w
(job) 1297 840 w
(they) 1453 840 w
(had) 1653 840 w
(to) 1825 840 w
(build) 1931 840 w
(a) 2165 840 w
(large) 2237 840 w
(mechanism) 2465 840 w
(that) 2949 840 w
(included) 3128 840 w
(two) 3501 840 w
(or) 3680 840 w
(more) 3792 840 w
(Monroe) 4026 840 w
(desk) 4371 840 w
(calculators,) 4583 840 w
(some) 720 960 w
(moving) 958 960 w
(belts) 1291 960 w
(whose) 1507 960 w
(motion) 1789 960 w
(was) 2100 960 w
(tied) 2282 960 w
(to) 2459 960 w
(the) 2564 960 w
(calculators,) 2713 960 w
(and) 3197 960 w
(a) 3368 960 w
(number) 3439 960 w
(of) 3771 960 w
(clerks) 3881 960 w
(to) 4146 960 w
(move) 4250 960 w
(counters) 4498 960 w
(onto) 4862 960 w
(and) 720 1080 w
(off) 890 1080 w
(the) 1032 1080 w
(belts) 1180 1080 w
(and) 1395 1080 w
(to) 1565 1080 w
(transfer) 1669 1080 w
(numbers) 2000 1080 w
(between) 2371 1080 w
(counters) 2730 1080 w
(and) 3095 1080 w
(calculators.) 3266 1080 w
(With) 3750 1080 w
(this) 3977 1080 w
(analog) 4149 1080 w
(mechanism) 4442 1080 w
(for) 4924 1080 w
(a) 720 1200 w
(basically) 792 1200 w
(digital) 1175 1200 w
(problem,) 1459 1200 w
(Lovell) 1845 1200 w
(and) 2134 1200 w
(Kittredge) 2306 1200 w
(provided) 2711 1200 w
(the) 3094 1200 w
(information) 3243 1200 w
(required) 3742 1200 w
(to) 4101 1200 w
(engineer) 4206 1200 w
(early) 4576 1200 w
(cross\255) 4802 1200 w
(bar systems.) 720 1320 w
(The) 970 1476 w
(probability) 1193 1476 w
(studies) 1700 1476 w
(needed) 2046 1476 w
(for) 2396 1476 w
(initial) 2580 1476 w
(engineering) 2882 1476 w
(of) 3421 1476 w
(the) 3572 1476 w
(early) 3762 1476 w
(multichannel) 4029 1476 w
(telephone\255) 4619 1476 w
(transmission) 720 1596 w
(systems) 1253 1596 w
(provide) 1596 1596 w
(a) 1927 1596 w
(second) 1997 1596 w
(example) 2300 1596 w
(of) 2664 1596 w
(special\255purpose) 2773 1596 w
(methods) 3425 1596 w
(improvised) 3790 1596 w
(to) 4266 1596 w
(obtain) 4370 1596 w
(computed) 4646 1596 w
(answers. The distribution of instantaneous voltages in) 720 1716 w
(the) 2897 1716 w
(speech) 3045 1716 w
(of) 3342 1716 w
(individual) 3451 1716 w
(channels) 3883 1716 w
(was) 4258 1716 w
(known,) 4439 1716 w
(mainly) 4762 1716 w
(by) 720 1836 w
(the) 847 1836 w
(use) 996 1836 w
(of) 1156 1836 w
(sampling) 1266 1836 w
(equipment) 1660 1836 w
(developed) 2109 1836 w
(by) 2546 1836 w
(Hugh) 2673 1836 w
(K.) 2922 1836 w
(Dunn) 3046 1836 w
(of) 3294 1836 w
(the) 3403 1836 w
(Bell) 3551 1836 w
(Labs) 3744 1836 w
(Acoustic) 3964 1836 w
(Research) 4345 1836 w
(Depart\255) 4736 1836 w
(ment.) 720 1956 w
(To) 975 1956 w
(obtain) 1116 1956 w
(the) 1396 1956 w
(distribution) 1549 1956 w
(for) 2042 1956 w
(multichannel) 2189 1956 w
(speech) 2742 1956 w
(as) 3044 1956 w
(a) 3158 1956 w
(function) 3233 1956 w
(of) 3597 1956 w
(the) 3711 1956 w
(number) 3864 1956 w
(of) 4200 1956 w
(channels,) 4314 1956 w
(Bernard) 4719 1956 w
(D.) 720 2076 w
(Holbrook) 858 2076 w
(recorded) 1282 2076 w
(telephone) 1671 2076 w
(speech) 2100 2076 w
(on) 2412 2076 w
(high\255quality) 2553 2076 w
(phonograph) 3083 2076 w
(records,) 3601 2076 w
(and) 3960 2076 w
(used) 4145 2076 w
(simple) 4368 2076 w
(electrical) 4675 2076 w
(analog) 720 2196 w
(adders) 1013 2196 w
(to) 1300 2196 w
(combine) 1405 2196 w
(the) 1776 2196 w
(output) 1925 2196 w
(of) 2208 2196 w
(four) 2318 2196 w
(such) 2511 2196 w
(records) 2722 2196 w
(and) 3043 2196 w
(rerecord) 3215 2196 w
(this) 3574 2196 w
(on) 3747 2196 w
(a) 3875 2196 w
("four\255voice") 3947 2196 w
(record) 4472 2196 w
([2].) 4754 2196 w
(By) 4923 2196 w
(repeating) 720 2316 w
(this) 1124 2316 w
(process) 1302 2316 w
(to) 1634 2316 w
(obtain) 1745 2316 w
(sufficient) 2028 2316 w
(samples,) 2438 2316 w
(and) 2818 2316 w
(using) 2995 2316 w
(the) 3245 2316 w
(original) 3400 2316 w
(sampling) 3744 2316 w
(equipment) 4144 2316 w
(to) 4598 2316 w
(measure) 4708 2316 w
(the) 720 2436 w
(distributions) 876 2436 w
(for) 1411 2436 w
(various) 1561 2436 w
(numbers) 1889 2436 w
(of) 2267 2436 w
(speakers.) 2384 2436 w
(he) 2786 2436 w
(made) 2914 2436 w
(it) 3164 2436 w
(possible) 3254 2436 w
(to) 3616 2436 w
(design) 3728 2436 w
(economical) 4023 2436 w
(multichannel) 4518 2436 w
(amplifiers) 720 2556 w
(with) 1151 2556 w
(adequate) 1355 2556 w
(load\255carrying) 1735 2556 w
(capacity.) 2298 2556 w
(His) 2681 2556 w
(procedure,) 2846 2556 w
(of) 3295 2556 w
(course,) 3404 2556 w
(amounted) 3715 2556 w
(to) 4135 2556 w
(the) 4239 2556 w
(use) 4387 2556 w
(of) 4546 2556 w
(an analog) 4655 2556 w
(computer, built of necessity out of components that were then readily available.) 720 2676 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(3. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND FOR COMPUTERS) 720 2916 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 3072 w
(first) 1151 3072 w
(specific) 1338 3072 w
(suggestion) 1674 3072 w
(for) 2128 3072 w
(doing) 2270 3072 w
(arithmetic) 2525 3072 w
(by) 2957 3072 w
(electrical) 3084 3072 w
(methods) 3476 3072 w
(came) 3842 3072 w
(from) 4079 3072 w
(Sumner) 4300 3072 w
(B.) 4638 3072 w
(Wright) 4757 3072 w
(and) 720 3192 w
(Edmund) 895 3192 w
(R.) 1265 3192 w
(Taylor) 1388 3192 w
([3]) 1685 3192 w
(of) 1832 3192 w
(the) 1946 3192 w
(Development) 2099 3192 w
(and) 2668 3192 w
(Research) 2843 3192 w
(Department) 3239 3192 w
(of) 3741 3192 w
(AT&T) 3854 3192 w
([4].) 4156 3192 w
(They) 4352 3192 w
(were) 4587 3192 w
(not) 4810 3192 w
(at) 4968 3192 w
(all concerned) 720 3312 w
(with) 1280 3312 w
(computational) 1484 3312 w
(problems,) 2082 3312 w
(but) 2505 3312 w
(rather) 2659 3312 w
(with) 2917 3312 w
(the) 3121 3312 w
(mechanization) 3269 3312 w
(of) 3877 3312 w
(the) 3986 3312 w
(control) 4134 3312 w
(of) 4443 3312 w
(transatlantic) 4552 3312 w
(radiotelephone) 720 3432 w
(facilities.) 1351 3432 w
(Here) 1758 3432 w
(it) 1989 3432 w
(was) 2083 3432 w
(necessary) 2276 3432 w
(to) 2701 3432 w
(adjust) 2817 3432 w
(the) 3094 3432 w
(gain) 3254 3432 w
(of) 3464 3432 w
(certain) 3585 3432 w
(sections) 3894 3432 w
(of) 4254 3432 w
(the) 4375 3432 w
(transmission) 4534 3432 w
(paths) 720 3552 w
(to) 970 3552 w
(insure) 1087 3552 w
(that) 1370 3552 w
(the) 1559 3552 w
(actual) 1720 3552 w
(radio) 1997 3552 w
(links) 2241 3552 w
(were) 2475 3552 w
(used) 2708 3552 w
(at) 2931 3552 w
(their) 3043 3552 w
(maximum) 3266 3552 w
(capacity,) 3712 3552 w
(but) 4109 3552 w
(without) 4277 3552 w
(permitting) 4623 3552 w
(overloading) 720 3672 w
(if) 1231 3672 w
(either) 1326 3672 w
(the) 1587 3672 w
(speech) 1743 3672 w
(volume) 2048 3672 w
(or) 2381 3672 w
(the) 2497 3672 w
(noise) 2652 3672 w
(level) 2896 3672 w
(changed) 3123 3672 w
(substantially;) 3488 3672 w
(heretofore) 4055 3672 w
(this) 4497 3672 w
(had) 4675 3672 w
(been) 4852 3672 w
(done) 720 3792 w
(manually) 941 3792 w
(by) 1340 3792 w
(technical) 1467 3792 w
(operators) 1854 3792 w
(observing) 2252 3792 w
(suitable) 2673 3792 w
(meters.) 3012 3792 w
(Wright) 3331 3792 w
(and) 3642 3792 w
(Taylor's) 3814 3792 w
(mechanism) 4180 3792 w
(was) 4663 3792 w
(basi\255) 4846 3792 w
(cally) 720 3912 w
(an) 941 3912 w
(analog) 1062 3912 w
(adder) 1355 3912 w
(that) 1603 3912 w
(used) 1780 3912 w
(the) 1990 3912 w
(algebraic) 2138 3912 w
(sum) 2529 3912 w
(of) 2722 3912 w
(the) 2831 3912 w
(rms) 2979 3912 w
(values) 3155 3912 w
(of) 3436 3912 w
(several) 3545 3912 w
(rapidly) 3853 3912 w
(varying) 4162 3912 w
(waveforms) 4493 3912 w
(to) 4962 3912 w
(effect) 720 4032 w
(the) 974 4032 w
(necessary) 1124 4032 w
(control.) 1539 4032 w
(It) 1875 4032 w
(took) 1964 4032 w
(some) 2170 4032 w
(time) 2409 4032 w
(for) 2615 4032 w
(this) 2759 4032 w
(idea) 2933 4032 w
(to) 3128 4032 w
(be) 3235 4032 w
(widely) 3358 4032 w
(used,) 3659 4032 w
(and) 3896 4032 w
(then) 4069 4032 w
(it) 4270 4032 w
(took) 4355 4032 w
(rather) 4562 4032 w
(a) 4823 4032 w
(dif\255) 4896 4032 w
(ferent) 720 4152 w
(form) 980 4152 w
(from) 1202 4152 w
(the) 1424 4152 w
(initial) 1574 4152 w
(proposal;) 1836 4152 w
(the) 2236 4152 w
(delay) 2386 4152 w
(was) 2630 4152 w
(essentially) 2813 4152 w
(because) 3263 4152 w
(the) 3606 4152 w
(invention) 3756 4152 w
(was) 4162 4152 w
(a) 4345 4152 w
(bit) 4416 4152 w
(ahead) 4549 4152 w
(of) 4808 4152 w
(the) 4918 4152 w
(state of the art.) 720 4272 w
(Fortunately,) 970 4428 w
(the) 1482 4428 w
(state) 1630 4428 w
(of) 1839 4428 w
(the) 1948 4428 w
(art) 2096 4428 w
(was) 2227 4428 w
(rapidly) 2408 4428 w
(improving.) 2718 4428 w
(On) 3212 4428 w
(the) 3361 4428 w
(analog) 3510 4428 w
(side,) 3803 4428 w
(Harold) 4016 4428 w
(S.) 4320 4428 w
(Black's) 4453 4428 w
(inven\255) 4785 4428 w
(tion) 720 4548 w
(of) 908 4548 w
(the) 1022 4548 w
(feedback) 1175 4548 w
(amplifier) 1565 4548 w
(in) 1962 4548 w
(1927) 2071 4548 w
(and) 2302 4548 w
(Hendrik) 2477 4548 w
(W.) 2835 4548 w
(Bode's) 3010 4548 w
(development) 3324 4548 w
(of) 3871 4548 w
(mathematical) 3985 4548 w
(methods) 4554 4548 w
(for) 4924 4548 w
(designing) 720 4668 w
(it) 1142 4668 w
(to) 1231 4668 w
(specified) 1342 4668 w
(tolerances) 1735 4668 w
(led) 2172 4668 w
(to) 2327 4668 w
(the) 2438 4668 w
(precise,) 2593 4668 w
(stable,) 2933 4668 w
(reliable) 3224 4668 w
(vacuum\255tube) 3557 4668 w
(circuitry) 4112 4668 w
(that) 4484 4668 w
(made) 4668 4668 w
(the) 4918 4668 w
(amplifier) 720 4788 w
(a) 1131 4788 w
(precision) 1220 4788 w
(component) 1631 4788 w
(for) 2120 4788 w
(an) 2281 4788 w
(accurate) 2420 4788 w
(computer) 2796 4788 w
([5].) 3218 4788 w
(These) 3404 4788 w
(developments) 3687 4788 w
(also) 4286 4788 w
(permitted) 4491 4788 w
(the) 4918 4788 w
(development) 720 4908 w
(of) 1269 4908 w
(servomechanisms) 1385 4908 w
(of) 2128 4908 w
(comparable) 2244 4908 w
(accuracy.) 2742 4908 w
(On) 3178 4908 w
(the) 3334 4908 w
(digital) 3490 4908 w
(side,) 3780 4908 w
(the) 4000 4908 w
(pertinent) 4156 4908 w
(history) 4545 4908 w
(goes) 4857 4908 w
(back) 720 5028 w
(to) 942 5028 w
(1906) 1054 5028 w
(when) 1288 5028 w
(Edward) 1538 5028 w
(C.) 1882 5028 w
(Molina's) 2033 5028 w
(invention) 2428 5028 w
(of) 2840 5028 w
(the) 2957 5028 w
(relay) 3112 5028 w
(translator) 3344 5028 w
(triggered) 3754 5028 w
(the) 4147 5028 w
(developments) 4302 5028 w
(that) 4890 5028 w
(ultimately) 720 5148 w
(resulted) 1154 5148 w
(in) 1499 5148 w
(the) 1606 5148 w
(panel) 1757 5148 w
(dial) 2002 5148 w
(system) 2181 5148 w
([6].) 2488 5148 w
(During) 2683 5148 w
(this) 2995 5148 w
(period) 3169 5148 w
(of) 3453 5148 w
(development,) 3565 5148 w
(engineers) 4135 5148 w
(learned) 4546 5148 w
(how) 4868 5148 w
(to) 720 5268 w
(use) 830 5268 w
(relays) 994 5268 w
(to) 1263 5268 w
(handle) 1372 5268 w
(all) 1669 5268 w
(kinds) 1800 5268 w
(of) 2048 5268 w
(duties) 2162 5268 w
(that) 2432 5268 w
(had) 2613 5268 w
(previously) 2788 5268 w
(required) 3241 5268 w
(the) 3604 5268 w
(attention) 3757 5268 w
(of) 4138 5268 w
(an) 4252 5268 w
(operator,) 4377 5268 w
(and) 4765 5268 w
(by) 4940 5268 w
(about) 720 5388 w
(1930) 971 5388 w
(the) 1200 5388 w
(design) 1351 5388 w
(of) 1642 5388 w
(relay) 1755 5388 w
(circuits) 1984 5388 w
(was) 2308 5388 w
(a) 2493 5388 w
(sophisticated) 2567 5388 w
(art.) 3119 5388 w
(It) 3304 5388 w
(was,) 3395 5388 w
(however,) 3605 5388 w
(an) 4003 5388 w
(art) 4127 5388 w
(difficult) 4262 5388 w
(to) 4614 5388 w
(teach) 4722 5388 w
(to) 4962 5388 w
(novices.) 720 5508 w
(But) 1107 5508 w
(in) 1284 5508 w
(1937,) 1394 5508 w
(Claude) 1651 5508 w
(E.) 1966 5508 w
(Shannon) 2084 5508 w
(showed) 2466 5508 w
(how) 2803 5508 w
(to) 3007 5508 w
(use) 3117 5508 w
(Boolean) 3282 5508 w
(algebra) 3646 5508 w
(for) 3970 5508 w
(the) 4117 5508 w
(synthesis,) 4270 5508 w
(analysis,) 4693 5508 w
(and) 720 5628 w
(optimization) 898 5628 w
(of) 1438 5628 w
(relay) 1555 5628 w
(circuits,) 1788 5628 w
(and) 2141 5628 w
(the) 2319 5628 w
(design) 2475 5628 w
(of) 2770 5628 w
(relay) 2887 5628 w
(circuits) 3120 5628 w
(became) 3448 5628 w
(no) 3786 5628 w
(longer) 3921 5628 w
(a) 4211 5628 w
(somewhat) 4290 5628 w
(esoteric) 4730 5628 w
(art, but a science that could be taught as a straightforward engineering discipline [7].) 720 5748 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(4. ELECTRICAL ANALOG COMPUTERS) 720 5988 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Since) 970 6144 w
(useful) 1222 6144 w
(analog) 1496 6144 w
(computers) 1792 6144 w
(could) 2238 6144 w
(be) 2490 6144 w
(built) 2615 6144 w
(without) 2830 6144 w
(modern) 3167 6144 w
(electric) 3503 6144 w
(technology,) 3827 6144 w
(they) 4327 6144 w
(were) 4530 6144 w
(in) 4754 6144 w
(con\255) 4863 6144 w
(stant,) 720 6264 w
(though) 966 6264 w
(limited,) 1276 6264 w
(use) 1617 6264 w
(long) 1782 6264 w
(before) 1992 6264 w
(the) 2278 6264 w
(digital) 2432 6264 w
(computer.) 2720 6264 w
(In) 3154 6264 w
(many) 3269 6264 w
(fields) 3523 6264 w
(they) 3777 6264 w
(were) 3981 6264 w
(very) 4206 6264 w
(valuable,) 4415 6264 w
(as) 4810 6264 w
(for) 4924 6264 w
(instance) 720 6384 w
(where) 1085 6384 w
(mechanical) 1366 6384 w
(models) 1858 6384 w
(of) 2186 6384 w
(continuously) 2308 6384 w
(changing) 2864 6384 w
(problems) 3269 6384 w
(could) 3680 6384 w
(be) 3941 6384 w
(set) 4074 6384 w
(up) 4224 6384 w
(on) 4363 6384 w
(a) 4502 6384 w
(machine) 4585 6384 w
(in) 4962 6384 w
(scale\255model) 720 6504 w
(form.) 1239 6504 w
(Jacob) 1494 6504 w
(Amsler's) 1757 6504 w
(planimeter) 2159 6504 w
(and) 2622 6504 w
(Lord) 2802 6504 w
(Kelvin's) 3032 6504 w
(ball\255and\255disk) 3412 6504 w
(integrator) 3975 6504 w
(are) 4399 6504 w
(early) 4556 6504 w
(exam\255) 4791 6504 w
(ples.) 720 6624 w
(Amsler's) 939 6624 w
(polar) 1338 6624 w
(planimeter,) 1576 6624 w
(invented) 2062 6624 w
(about) 2440 6624 w
(1854,) 2696 6624 w
(could) 2955 6624 w
(readily) 3211 6624 w
(measure) 3522 6624 w
(the) 3888 6624 w
(area) 4044 6624 w
(of) 4243 6624 w
(any) 4360 6624 w
(plane) 4538 6624 w
(shape.) 4788 6624 w
(The) 720 6744 w
(operator) 908 6744 w
(simply) 1273 6744 w
(traced) 1579 6744 w
(the) 1855 6744 w
(outline) 2010 6744 w
(of) 2321 6744 w
(the) 2437 6744 w
(shape) 2592 6744 w
(with) 2852 6744 w
(a) 3063 6744 w
(pointer) 3140 6744 w
(attached) 3456 6744 w
(to) 3821 6744 w
(the) 3932 6744 w
(mechanism.) 4087 6744 w
(The) 4599 6744 w
(differ\255) 4786 6744 w
(ence) 720 6864 w
(of) 937 6864 w
(the) 1055 6864 w
(readings) 1212 6864 w
(on) 1585 6864 w
(a) 1721 6864 w
(graduated) 1801 6864 w
(roller) 2230 6864 w
(taken) 2482 6864 w
(before) 2734 6864 w
(and) 3024 6864 w
(after) 3204 6864 w
(the) 3422 6864 w
(trace) 3580 6864 w
(was) 3809 6864 w
(the) 4000 6864 w
(area) 4158 6864 w
(of) 4359 6864 w
(the) 4478 6864 w
(shape) 4636 6864 w
([8].) 4899 6864 w
(Kelvin's) 720 6984 w
(integrator) 1093 6984 w
(was) 1510 6984 w
(the) 1694 6984 w
(heart) 1845 6984 w
(of) 2073 6984 w
(what) 2185 6984 w
(was) 2408 6984 w
(sometimes) 2592 6984 w
(called) 3048 6984 w
("the) 3314 6984 w
(great) 3505 6984 w
(brass) 3732 6984 w
(brain,") 3965 6984 w
(a) 4264 6984 w
(machine) 4336 6984 w
(that) 4702 6984 w
(pre\255) 4880 6984 w
(dicted) 720 7104 w
(the) 1000 7104 w
(tides) 1158 7104 w
(for) 1383 7104 w
(any) 1535 7104 w
(port) 1715 7104 w
(for) 1912 7104 w
(which) 2064 7104 w
(the) 2344 7104 w
(tidal) 2502 7104 w
(constituents) 2716 7104 w
(had) 3230 7104 w
(been) 3410 7104 w
(found) 3634 7104 w
(\255\255) 3903 7104 w
(not) 4005 7104 w
(merely) 4169 7104 w
(the) 4483 7104 w
(times) 4642 7104 w
(and) 4896 7104 w
(heights of high water, but also the depth of water at any and every instant for a year or more in advance [9].) 720 7224 w
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(\255 3 \255) 2797 480 w
(During the early) 970 840 w
(1930s,) 1650 840 w
(Vannevar) 1940 840 w
(Bush) 2353 840 w
(at) 2585 840 w
(the) 2683 840 w
(Massachusett) 2831 840 w
(Institute) 3395 840 w
(of) 3749 840 w
(Technology) 3858 840 w
(greatly) 4361 840 w
(increased) 4664 840 w
(the) 720 960 w
(flexibility) 874 960 w
(of) 1301 960 w
(the) 1415 960 w
(analog) 1568 960 w
(computer) 1865 960 w
(by) 2273 960 w
(applying) 2404 960 w
(electrical) 2785 960 w
(control) 3181 960 w
(and) 3495 960 w
(drive) 3670 960 w
(equipment;) 3906 960 w
(the) 4387 960 w
(computation) 4540 960 w
(itself was still) 720 1080 w
(based) 1302 1080 w
(on) 1555 1080 w
(an) 1681 1080 w
(improved) 1801 1080 w
(mechanical) 2210 1080 w
(ball\255and\255disk) 2690 1080 w
(integrator.) 3243 1080 w
(At) 3682 1080 w
(about) 3808 1080 w
(the) 4056 1080 w
(same) 4204 1080 w
(time,) 4435 1080 w
(compara\255) 4664 1080 w
(ble) 720 1200 w
(mechanical) 868 1200 w
(analog) 1348 1200 w
(computers, with electrical follow\255up servos, were beginning to be used by the United) 1640 1200 w
(States Army and Navy \255\255 particularly the latter. These) 720 1320 w
(computers) 2894 1320 w
(notably) 3336 1320 w
(improved) 3662 1320 w
(the) 4071 1320 w
(performance) 4219 1320 w
(of) 4748 1320 w
(their) 4857 1320 w
(medium and heavy guns.) 720 1440 w
(Bell) 970 1596 w
(Labs) 1173 1596 w
(made) 1403 1596 w
(some) 1655 1596 w
(use) 1902 1596 w
(of) 2071 1596 w
(the) 2190 1596 w
(Bush) 2348 1596 w
(equipment,) 2590 1596 w
(and) 3073 1596 w
(also) 3253 1596 w
(built) 3450 1596 w
(some) 3670 1596 w
(small) 3917 1596 w
(analog) 4170 1596 w
(computers) 4472 1596 w
(for) 4924 1596 w
(special) 720 1716 w
(purposes.) 1049 1716 w
(One) 1481 1716 w
(example) 1698 1716 w
(was) 2087 1716 w
(the) 2293 1716 w
(Isograph,) 2466 1716 w
(a) 2891 1716 w
(mechanical,) 2986 1716 w
(two\255dimensional) 3516 1716 w
(analog) 4239 1716 w
(of) 4556 1716 w
(the) 4690 1716 w
(one\255) 4863 1716 w
(dimensional) 720 1836 w
(harmonic) 1238 1836 w
(synthesizer) 1644 1836 w
(built) 2122 1836 w
(around) 2335 1836 w
(the) 2641 1836 w
(turn) 2792 1836 w
(of) 2982 1836 w
(the) 3094 1836 w
(century) 3245 1836 w
(by) 3573 1836 w
(Albert) 3702 1836 w
(A.) 3987 1836 w
(Michelson) 4114 1836 w
(and) 4566 1836 w
(Samuel) 4740 1836 w
(W.) 720 1956 w
(Stratton) 865 1956 w
([10].) 1208 1956 w
(It was designed to find the complex roots of polynomials, a necessary step in the design of) 1425 1956 w
(many) 720 2076 w
(types) 973 2076 w
(of) 1215 2076 w
(filters) 1329 2076 w
(and) 1593 2076 w
(networks.) 1768 2076 w
(The) 2190 2076 w
(Isograph) 2376 2076 w
(did) 2756 2076 w
(its) 2915 2076 w
(job,) 3041 2076 w
(but) 3225 2076 w
(not) 3384 2076 w
(well) 3543 2076 w
(enough) 3746 2076 w
(to) 4072 2076 w
(compete) 4182 2076 w
(successfully) 4552 2076 w
(with) 720 2196 w
(the desk calculator. During World War II, it was given to Princeton University for instructional use but) 924 2196 w
(fell) 720 2316 w
(a) 884 2316 w
(victim) 959 2316 w
(of) 1246 2316 w
(wartime) 1360 2316 w
(scheduling) 1718 2316 w
(difficulties:) 2182 2316 w
(it) 2674 2316 w
(was) 2761 2316 w
(shipped) 2947 2316 w
(by) 3289 2316 w
(rail) 3420 2316 w
(to) 3584 2316 w
(Princeton) 3693 2316 w
(and) 4108 2316 w
(left) 4284 2316 w
(overnight) 4449 2316 w
(on) 4864 2316 w
(a) 4996 2316 w
(railway) 720 2436 w
(platform) 1048 2436 w
(without) 1421 2436 w
(a) 1756 2436 w
(protective) 1829 2436 w
(cover.) 2257 2436 w
(During) 2532 2436 w
(the) 2844 2436 w
(night) 2995 2436 w
(there) 3230 2436 w
(was) 3458 2436 w
(a) 3642 2436 w
(heavy) 3715 2436 w
(rain,) 3982 2436 w
(and) 4190 2436 w
(the) 4362 2436 w
(resulting) 4512 2436 w
(rust) 4890 2436 w
(made the isograph no longer a precision instrument.) 720 2556 w
(The) 970 2712 w
(pressing) 1156 2712 w
(need) 1520 2712 w
(for) 1739 2712 w
(better) 1886 2712 w
(control) 2144 2712 w
(of) 2459 2712 w
(antiaircraft) 2574 2712 w
(guns) 3043 2712 w
(led) 3264 2712 w
(\255) 3418 2712 w
(just) 3483 2712 w
(before) 3660 2712 w
(this) 3946 2712 w
(country) 4123 2712 w
(entered) 4460 2712 w
(World) 4785 2712 w
(War) 720 2832 w
(II \255 to the development by Bell Labs of an electrical analog computer, first conceived in 1940 by David) 917 2832 w
(B.) 720 2952 w
(Parkinson) 849 2952 w
(and) 1286 2952 w
(Lovell.) 1467 2952 w
(This) 1790 2952 w
(computer) 2005 2952 w
(used) 2419 2952 w
(shaped) 2639 2952 w
(wire\255wound) 2953 2952 w
(potentiometers) 3473 2952 w
(and) 4105 2952 w
(precision) 4287 2952 w
(vacuum\255) 4691 2952 w
(tube) 720 3072 w
(amplifiers) 920 3072 w
(to) 1353 3072 w
(perform) 1459 3072 w
(standard) 1808 3072 w
(arithmetical) 2174 3072 w
(operations,) 2679 3072 w
(and) 3148 3072 w
(led) 3320 3072 w
(directly) 3470 3072 w
(to) 3803 3072 w
(the) 3909 3072 w
(M\2559) 4058 3072 w
(gun) 4257 3072 w
(director,) 4434 3072 w
(which) 4796 3072 w
(became) 720 3192 w
(the) 1053 3192 w
(Army's) 1204 3192 w
(mainstay) 1538 3192 w
(for) 1929 3192 w
(fire) 2075 3192 w
(control) 2243 3192 w
(of) 2556 3192 w
(heavy) 2669 3192 w
(antiaircraft) 2937 3192 w
(guns) 3404 3192 w
([11].) 3623 3192 w
(The) 3844 3192 w
(first) 4029 3192 w
(production) 4220 3192 w
(M\2559) 4683 3192 w
(was) 4885 3192 w
(delivered) 720 3312 w
(to) 1127 3312 w
(the) 1241 3312 w
(Army) 1399 3312 w
(on) 1668 3312 w
(December) 1803 3312 w
(23,) 2247 3312 w
(1942,) 2407 3312 w
(and) 2667 3312 w
(others) 2846 3312 w
(followed) 3125 3312 w
(very) 3515 3312 w
(rapidly.) 3727 3312 w
(These) 4070 3312 w
(gun) 4343 3312 w
(directors) 4528 3312 w
(did) 4912 3312 w
(yeoman) 720 3432 w
(service) 1062 3432 w
(on) 1370 3432 w
(many) 1496 3432 w
(fronts;) 1744 3432 w
(their) 2032 3432 w
(finest) 2242 3432 w
(achievements) 2491 3432 w
(were) 3061 3432 w
(against) 3281 3432 w
(the) 3591 3432 w
(German) 3740 3432 w
(V\2551) 4088 3432 w
(buzz) 4270 3432 w
(bombs) 4485 3432 w
(during) 4779 3432 w
(the Second Battle of Britain. During the month of August 1944, over 90 percent of the buzz bombs aimed at) 720 3552 w
(London) 720 3672 w
(were) 1060 3672 w
(shot) 1282 3672 w
(down) 1478 3672 w
(over) 1729 3672 w
(the) 1935 3672 w
(cliffs) 2086 3672 w
(of) 2320 3672 w
(Dover;) 2432 3672 w
(in) 2738 3672 w
(a) 2845 3672 w
(single) 2918 3672 w
(week) 3186 3672 w
(in) 3425 3672 w
(August,) 3532 3672 w
(the) 3875 3672 w
(Germans) 4026 3672 w
(launched) 4415 3672 w
(91) 4805 3672 w
(V\255) 4935 3672 w
(1's from the Antwerp area, and heavy guns controlled by M\2559's destroyed 89 of them.) 720 3792 w
(A) 970 3948 w
(number) 1076 3948 w
(of) 1415 3948 w
(other) 1532 3948 w
(fire\255control) 1771 3948 w
(computers) 2259 3948 w
(for) 2709 3948 w
(antiaircraft) 2859 3948 w
(guns) 3330 3948 w
(and) 3553 3948 w
(one) 3732 3948 w
(for) 3911 3948 w
(control) 4062 3948 w
(of) 4380 3948 w
(coast\255defense) 4498 3948 w
(artillery) 720 4068 w
(were) 1072 4068 w
(built) 1301 4068 w
(during) 1521 4068 w
(the) 1818 4068 w
(war.) 1976 4068 w
(While) 2186 4068 w
(none) 2466 4068 w
(of) 2696 4068 w
(these) 2814 4068 w
(computers) 3054 4068 w
(was) 3505 4068 w
(placed) 3695 4068 w
(in) 3990 4068 w
(regular) 4103 4068 w
(operation,) 4420 4068 w
(their) 4857 4068 w
(development) 720 4188 w
(led) 1274 4188 w
(to) 1434 4188 w
(further) 1550 4188 w
(advances) 1859 4188 w
(in) 2262 4188 w
(the) 2378 4188 w
(technology) 2538 4188 w
(of) 3020 4188 w
(electrical) 3141 4188 w
(ana) 3545 4188 w
(log) 3722 4188 w
(computers.) 3889 4188 w
(A) 4369 4188 w
(more) 4480 4188 w
(detailed) 4724 4188 w
(account) 720 4308 w
(of) 1056 4308 w
(these) 1165 4308 w
(developments) 1396 4308 w
(is) 1977 4308 w
(given in Chapter 3 of the second volume in this series,) 2070 4308 w
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(National Service in) 4268 4308 w
(War and Peace, 1925\2551975.) 720 4428 w
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(All) 970 4584 w
(of) 1131 4584 w
(these) 1247 4584 w
(military) 1485 4584 w
(analog) 1836 4584 w
(computers) 2136 4584 w
(were) 2586 4584 w
(designed) 2813 4584 w
(to) 3202 4584 w
(perform) 3314 4584 w
(elaborate,) 3669 4584 w
(but) 4093 4584 w
(very) 4255 4584 w
(specific,) 4466 4584 w
(com\255) 4835 4584 w
(puting) 720 4704 w
(tasks.) 1008 4704 w
(After) 1265 4704 w
(the) 1507 4704 w
(war,) 1661 4704 w
(a) 1867 4704 w
(need) 1943 4704 w
(was) 2163 4704 w
(soon) 2350 4704 w
(felt) 2571 4704 w
(for) 2735 4704 w
(computers) 2882 4704 w
(that) 3329 4704 w
(could) 3510 4704 w
(solve) 3763 4704 w
(a) 4005 4704 w
(variety) 4080 4704 w
(of) 4388 4704 w
(mathematical) 4502 4704 w
(problems,) 720 4824 w
(particularly) 1154 4824 w
(those) 1651 4824 w
(beyond) 1899 4824 w
(the) 2230 4824 w
(grasp) 2389 4824 w
(of) 2642 4824 w
(the) 2762 4824 w
(first) 2921 4824 w
(relay) 3119 4824 w
(computers.) 3355 4824 w
(To) 3833 4824 w
(find) 3981 4824 w
(a) 4179 4824 w
(way) 4260 4824 w
(of) 4464 4824 w
(solving) 4585 4824 w
(the) 4918 4824 w
(growing) 720 4944 w
(number) 1083 4944 w
(of) 1418 4944 w
(problems) 1531 4944 w
(not) 1933 4944 w
(amenable) 2091 4944 w
(to) 2503 4944 w
(other) 2611 4944 w
(methods) 2846 4944 w
(of) 3214 4944 w
(computation,) 3326 4944 w
(Bell) 3880 4944 w
(Labs) 4076 4944 w
(\255\255) 4299 4944 w
(like) 4394 4944 w
(other) 4573 4944 w
(mem\255) 4807 4944 w
(bers) 720 5064 w
(of) 917 5064 w
(the) 1031 5064 w
(technical) 1184 5064 w
(community) 1575 5064 w
(\255\255) 2062 5064 w
(soon) 2159 5064 w
(turned) 2379 5064 w
(to) 2665 5064 w
(the) 2774 5064 w
(computer.) 2927 5064 w
(In) 3360 5064 w
(addition) 3475 5064 w
(to) 3835 5064 w
(relay) 3945 5064 w
(computers) 4176 5064 w
(\(discussed) 4624 5064 w
(below\),) 720 5184 w
(Bell) 1064 5184 w
(Labs) 1273 5184 w
(developed) 1509 5184 w
(a) 1961 5184 w
(general\255purpose) 2047 5184 w
(analog) 2731 5184 w
(computer) 3039 5184 w
(\(GPAC\)) 3458 5184 w
([12].) 3833 5184 w
(Nicknamed) 4090 5184 w
(Gypsy,) 4591 5184 w
(the) 4918 5184 w
(computer) 720 5304 w
(was) 1124 5304 w
(designed) 1306 5304 w
(by) 1688 5304 w
(Emory) 1816 5304 w
(Lakatos) 2116 5304 w
(of) 2460 5304 w
(the) 2571 5304 w
(Mathematical) 2721 5304 w
(Research) 3298 5304 w
(Department.) 3691 5304 w
(In) 4215 5304 w
(its) 4326 5304 w
(construction,) 4449 5304 w
(a) 4996 5304 w
(good many left\255over parts from uncompleted wartime computers were used.) 720 5424 w
(Like) 970 5580 w
(the) 1188 5580 w
(military) 1345 5580 w
(analog) 1697 5580 w
(computers,) 1998 5580 w
(this) 2475 5580 w
(machine) 2656 5580 w
(used) 3030 5580 w
(electronic) 3249 5580 w
(circuits) 3678 5580 w
(to) 4008 5580 w
(perform) 4122 5580 w
(addition,) 4479 5580 w
(sub\255) 4868 5580 w
(traction,) 720 5700 w
(multiplication,) 1083 5700 w
(division,) 1703 5700 w
(integration,) 2084 5700 w
(and) 2574 5700 w
(differentiation.) 2750 5700 w
(Unlike) 3378 5700 w
(the) 3682 5700 w
(military) 3836 5700 w
(computers,) 4185 5700 w
(its) 4658 5700 w
(circuit) 4785 5700 w
(configurations) 720 5820 w
(were) 1324 5820 w
(readily) 1544 5820 w
(changed) 1848 5820 w
(from) 2207 5820 w
(problem) 2428 5820 w
(to) 2788 5820 w
(problem,) 2893 5820 w
(which) 3278 5820 w
(made) 3549 5820 w
(it) 3792 5820 w
(much) 3875 5820 w
(more) 4124 5820 w
(flexible) 4356 5820 w
(to) 4688 5820 w
(use.) 4793 5820 w
(It) 4979 5820 w
(also) 720 5940 w
(used,) 910 5940 w
(as) 1146 5940 w
(its) 1257 5940 w
(normal) 1380 5940 w
(output) 1691 5940 w
(mechanism,) 1975 5940 w
(precise) 2483 5940 w
(electrically) 2793 5940 w
(driven) 3264 5940 w
(plotting) 3547 5940 w
(boards) 3887 5940 w
(developed) 4181 5940 w
(in) 4619 5940 w
(connec\255) 4725 5940 w
(tion) 720 6060 w
(with) 905 6060 w
(wartime) 1112 6060 w
(gun\255director) 1468 6060 w
(work.) 1990 6060 w
(Although) 2274 6060 w
(its) 2681 6060 w
(accuracy) 2805 6060 w
(was) 3187 6060 w
(only) 3372 6060 w
(in) 3580 6060 w
(the) 3688 6060 w
(range) 3840 6060 w
(of) 4091 6060 w
(0.1) 4204 6060 w
(to) 4359 6060 w
(1) 4467 6060 w
(percent,) 4547 6060 w
(this) 4895 6060 w
(was) 720 6180 w
(adequate) 914 6180 w
(for) 1307 6180 w
(many) 1462 6180 w
(engineering) 1723 6180 w
(applications,) 2232 6180 w
(especially) 2778 6180 w
(since) 3215 6180 w
(some) 3458 6180 w
(of) 3707 6180 w
(the) 3828 6180 w
(problems) 3988 6180 w
(that) 4398 6180 w
(Gypsy) 4586 6180 w
(was) 4885 6180 w
(able) 720 6300 w
(to) 915 6300 w
(solve,) 1022 6300 w
(such) 1287 6300 w
(as) 1499 6300 w
(nonlinear) 1611 6300 w
(differential) 2017 6300 w
(equations) 2489 6300 w
(for) 2901 6300 w
(relay) 3046 6300 w
(design,) 3274 6300 w
(were) 3589 6300 w
(otherwise) 3811 6300 w
(so) 4228 6300 w
(extremely) 4346 6300 w
(labori\255) 4774 6300 w
(ous) 720 6420 w
(to) 903 6420 w
(handle) 1025 6420 w
(that) 1335 6420 w
(without) 1528 6420 w
(such) 1877 6420 w
(a) 2103 6420 w
(computer) 2190 6420 w
(only) 2610 6420 w
(very) 2831 6420 w
(rough) 3051 6420 w
(approximations) 3327 6420 w
(were) 3992 6420 w
(available.) 4228 6420 w
(The) 4681 6420 w
(first) 4879 6420 w
(Gypsy) 720 6540 w
(was) 1014 6540 w
(placed) 1202 6540 w
(in) 1495 6540 w
(service) 1606 6540 w
(in) 1921 6540 w
(1949) 2033 6540 w
(\(Fig.) 2267 6540 w
(1\)) 2493 6540 w
(and) 2610 6540 w
(proved) 2788 6540 w
(so) 3099 6540 w
(useful) 3222 6540 w
(that) 3500 6540 w
(a) 3684 6540 w
(duplicate) 3762 6540 w
(was) 4162 6540 w
(built) 4351 6540 w
(a) 4569 6540 w
(few) 4647 6540 w
(years) 4830 6540 w
(later.) 720 6660 w
(The) 958 6660 w
(two) 1148 6660 w
(machines) 1333 6660 w
(were) 1745 6660 w
(arranged) 1973 6660 w
(so) 2356 6660 w
(that) 2480 6660 w
(for) 2665 6660 w
(small) 2816 6660 w
(problems) 3068 6660 w
(they) 3475 6660 w
(could) 3682 6660 w
(be) 3939 6660 w
(used) 4068 6660 w
(independently,) 4286 6660 w
(but) 4912 6660 w
(could) 720 6780 w
(be) 969 6780 w
(coupled) 1090 6780 w
(together) 1433 6780 w
(when) 1787 6780 w
(large) 2030 6780 w
(problems) 2256 6780 w
(had) 2655 6780 w
(to) 2826 6780 w
(be) 2931 6780 w
(solved.) 3052 6780 w
(They) 3366 6780 w
(were,) 3599 6780 w
(however,) 3845 6780 w
(replaced) 4241 6780 w
(in) 4606 6780 w
(1960) 4712 6780 w
(by) 4940 6780 w
(a) 720 6900 w
(commercially) 797 6900 w
(built) 1379 6900 w
(machine) 1595 6900 w
(that,) 1965 6900 w
(comprising) 2172 6900 w
(ten) 2654 6900 w
(years) 2808 6900 w
(of) 3050 6900 w
(new) 3165 6900 w
(developments,) 3363 6900 w
(was) 3975 6900 w
(faster,) 4162 6900 w
(more) 4440 6900 w
(compact,) 4677 6900 w
(and) 720 7020 w
(much) 890 7020 w
(quicker) 1138 7020 w
(in) 1463 7020 w
(changing) 1567 7020 w
(over) 1959 7020 w
(from) 2162 7020 w
(one) 2383 7020 w
(problem) 2554 7020 w
(to) 2914 7020 w
(another.) 3019 7020 w
(The) 3370 7020 w
(Gypsies) 3552 7020 w
(were) 3901 7020 w
(then) 4121 7020 w
(given) 4320 7020 w
(to) 4569 7020 w
(the) 4674 7020 w
(Poly\255) 4823 7020 w
(technic Institute of Brooklyn for educational use.) 720 7140 w
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(\255 4 \255) 2797 480 w
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(5. DIGITAL COMPUTERS) 720 840 w
(5.1 The Complex Number Computer) 720 1080 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(In) 970 1236 w
(1937,) 1081 1236 w
(George) 1334 1236 w
(R.) 1655 1236 w
(Stibitz,) 1775 1236 w
(a) 2090 1236 w
(Bell) 2162 1236 w
(Labs) 2357 1236 w
(research) 2579 1236 w
(mathematician,) 2938 1236 w
(was) 3579 1236 w
(well) 3762 1236 w
(aware) 3962 1236 w
(of) 4227 1236 w
(the) 4339 1236 w
(growing) 4490 1236 w
(need) 4852 1236 w
(for) 720 1356 w
(improvements) 870 1356 w
(in) 1476 1356 w
(numerical) 1588 1356 w
(computation) 2021 1356 w
(and) 2555 1356 w
(also) 2733 1356 w
(of) 2927 1356 w
(the) 3043 1356 w
(logical) 3198 1356 w
(capabilities) 3503 1356 w
(of) 3991 1356 w
(relay) 4107 1356 w
(circuits.) 4339 1356 w
(Since) 4691 1356 w
(he) 4946 1356 w
(saw) 720 1476 w
(both) 903 1476 w
(the) 1109 1476 w
(need) 1259 1476 w
(and) 1475 1476 w
(a) 1647 1476 w
(practicable) 1719 1476 w
(means) 2184 1476 w
(of) 2467 1476 w
(satisfying) 2578 1476 w
(it,) 2995 1476 w
(he) 3104 1476 w
(proceeded) 3226 1476 w
(to) 3663 1476 w
(sketch) 3770 1476 w
(out) 4054 1476 w
(a) 4211 1476 w
(preliminary) 4284 1476 w
(design) 4779 1476 w
(for) 720 1596 w
(a) 870 1596 w
(relay) 948 1596 w
(calculator.) 1181 1596 w
(His) 1633 1596 w
(initial) 1806 1596 w
(plan) 2074 1596 w
(consisted) 2280 1596 w
(of) 2686 1596 w
(a) 2803 1596 w
(machine) 2881 1596 w
(that) 3252 1596 w
(worked) 3435 1596 w
(internally) 3767 1596 w
(in) 4183 1596 w
(the) 4294 1596 w
(binary) 4449 1596 w
(system,) 4737 1596 w
(with) 720 1716 w
(decimal) 927 1716 w
(input) 1272 1716 w
(either) 1507 1716 w
(from) 1763 1716 w
(a) 1986 1716 w
(keyboard) 2059 1716 w
(or) 2459 1716 w
(teletypewriter) 2571 1716 w
(paper) 3154 1716 w
(tape,) 3405 1716 w
(and) 3626 1716 w
(decimal) 3800 1716 w
(output) 4146 1716 w
(either) 4432 1716 w
(on) 4689 1716 w
(paper) 4819 1716 w
(tape) 720 1836 w
(or) 925 1836 w
(teleprinter.) 1047 1836 w
(Relay) 1521 1836 w
(circuitry) 1792 1836 w
(would) 2168 1836 w
(take) 2456 1836 w
(care) 2660 1836 w
(of) 2863 1836 w
(binary\255decimal) 2984 1836 w
(conversion) 3626 1836 w
(in) 4102 1836 w
(either) 4218 1836 w
(direction.) 4483 1836 w
(His) 4901 1836 w
(plan) 720 1956 w
(also) 920 1956 w
(provided) 1109 1956 w
(for) 1492 1956 w
(internal) 1636 1956 w
(memory) 1969 1956 w
(\(relay) 2330 1956 w
(registers\)) 2590 1956 w
(and) 2989 1956 w
(for) 3161 1956 w
(TELETYPE\256) 3305 1956 w
(tape) 3904 1956 w
(facilities) 4099 1956 w
(to) 4472 1956 w
(handle) 4579 1956 w
(pro\255) 4874 1956 w
(grams) 720 2076 w
(and) 991 2076 w
(subroutines) 1162 2076 w
(and) 1650 2076 w
(to) 1821 2076 w
(provide) 1926 2076 w
(additional) 2258 2076 w
(external) 2685 2076 w
(memory.) 3033 2076 w
(The) 3418 2076 w
(machine) 3600 2076 w
(would) 3964 2076 w
(be) 4240 2076 w
(constructed) 4360 2076 w
(from) 4846 2076 w
(existing) 720 2196 w
(telephone) 1080 2196 w
(components:) 1511 2196 w
(relays,) 2065 2196 w
(sequence) 2372 2196 w
(switches,) 2781 2196 w
(and) 3194 2196 w
(standard) 3382 2196 w
(Teletype) 3764 2196 w
(equipment.) 4157 2196 w
(A) 4648 2196 w
(careful) 4764 2196 w
(examination of the possible uses of such a machine resulted in a decision to build first a smaller and simpler) 720 2316 w
(machine) 720 2436 w
(that) 1088 2436 w
(would) 1268 2436 w
(try) 1548 2436 w
(out) 1689 2436 w
(most) 1847 2436 w
(of) 2072 2436 w
(the) 2185 2436 w
(essential) 2337 2436 w
(features;) 2711 2436 w
(the) 3084 2436 w
(resulting) 3236 2436 w
(experience) 3616 2436 w
(would) 4077 2436 w
(be) 4357 2436 w
(of) 4481 2436 w
(great) 4594 2436 w
(value) 4824 2436 w
(in design of a second and more elaborate machine.) 720 2556 w
(At) 970 2712 w
(the) 1105 2712 w
(time) 1262 2712 w
(that) 1475 2712 w
(Stibitz) 1660 2712 w
(was) 1957 2712 w
(working) 2147 2712 w
(on) 2515 2712 w
(his) 2650 2712 w
(computer,) 2802 2712 w
(there) 3239 2712 w
(was) 3473 2712 w
(a) 3663 2712 w
(great) 3743 2712 w
(need) 3978 2712 w
(for) 4202 2712 w
(improvements) 4354 2712 w
(in) 4962 2712 w
(means) 720 2832 w
(for) 1015 2832 w
(accurately) 1171 2832 w
(performing) 1619 2832 w
(standard) 2107 2832 w
(arithmetic) 2484 2832 w
(operations) 2928 2832 w
(on) 3383 2832 w
(complex) 3522 2832 w
(numbers.) 3905 2832 w
(There) 4338 2832 w
(were) 4609 2832 w
(three) 4841 2832 w
(computing) 720 2952 w
(groups) 1177 2952 w
(at) 1478 2952 w
(Bell) 1579 2952 w
(Labs) 1775 2952 w
(who) 1998 2952 w
(were) 2199 2952 w
(spending) 2421 2952 w
(a) 2811 2952 w
(large) 2884 2952 w
(proportion) 3112 2952 w
(of) 3563 2952 w
(their) 3675 2952 w
(time) 3887 2952 w
(doing) 4094 2952 w
(such) 4351 2952 w
(calculations) 4563 2952 w
(on) 720 3072 w
(desk) 853 3072 w
(calculators,) 1069 3072 w
(a) 1559 3072 w
(job) 1636 3072 w
(that) 1797 3072 w
(could) 1980 3072 w
(be) 2235 3072 w
(handled) 2362 3072 w
(by) 2711 3072 w
(a) 2844 3072 w
(relatively) 2921 3072 w
(simple) 3331 3072 w
(machine) 3631 3072 w
(of) 4002 3072 w
(the) 4117 3072 w
(type) 4271 3072 w
(envisioned) 4475 3072 w
(by) 4940 3072 w
(Stibitz.) 720 3192 w
(This) 1033 3192 w
(machine) 1237 3192 w
(was) 1602 3192 w
(designed) 1784 3192 w
(by) 2166 3192 w
(Stibitz,) 2293 3192 w
(and) 2607 3192 w
(engineered) 2778 3192 w
(and) 3242 3192 w
(constructed) 3413 3192 w
(during) 3900 3192 w
(1938) 4188 3192 w
(and) 4415 3192 w
(1939) 4586 3192 w
(under) 4813 3192 w
(the) 720 3312 w
(direction) 868 3312 w
(of) 1249 3312 w
(Samuel) 1358 3312 w
(B.) 1684 3312 w
(Williams,) 1802 3312 w
(an experienced relay\255system design engineer [13]. Because of the time) 2220 3312 w
(needed) 720 3432 w
(for) 1037 3432 w
(relay) 1188 3432 w
(circuitry) 1422 3432 w
(to) 1795 3432 w
(do) 1908 3432 w
(extensive) 2043 3432 w
(binary\255decimal) 2455 3432 w
(conversion) 3094 3432 w
(for) 3567 3432 w
(input) 3718 3432 w
(and) 3959 3432 w
(output,) 4138 3432 w
(Stibitz) 4454 3432 w
(revised) 4752 3432 w
(his) 720 3552 w
(initial) 867 3552 w
(proposal) 1131 3552 w
(in) 1505 3552 w
(favor) 1613 3552 w
(of) 1853 3552 w
(operating) 1966 3552 w
(throughout) 2373 3552 w
(on) 2842 3552 w
(a) 2972 3552 w
(binary\255coded) 3046 3552 w
(decimal) 3602 3552 w
(basis,) 3948 3552 w
(using) 4203 3552 w
(four) 4450 3552 w
(relays) 4646 3552 w
(per) 4913 3552 w
(decimal digit, with astutely modified binary coding) 720 3672 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(within) 2797 3672 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(each digit.) 3073 3672 w
(The) 970 3828 w
(computer) 1152 3828 w
(consisted) 1556 3828 w
(of) 1955 3828 w
(a) 2065 3828 w
(standard) 2136 3828 w
(relay) 2501 3828 w
(rack,) 2727 3828 w
(on) 2950 3828 w
(which) 3077 3828 w
(were) 3348 3828 w
(mounted) 3568 3828 w
(450) 3945 3828 w
(relays) 4122 3828 w
(and) 4387 3828 w
(ten) 4558 3828 w
(crossbar) 4708 3828 w
(switches) 720 3948 w
(\(Fig.) 1098 3948 w
(2\).) 1324 3948 w
(There) 1466 3948 w
(were) 1732 3948 w
(two) 1959 3948 w
(separate) 2143 3948 w
(calculator) 2503 3948 w
(units,) 2930 3948 w
(one) 3184 3948 w
(to) 3362 3948 w
(handle) 3473 3948 w
(the) 3772 3948 w
(real) 3927 3948 w
(parts) 4109 3948 w
(of) 4336 3948 w
(complex) 4452 3948 w
(num\255) 4829 3948 w
(bers,) 720 4068 w
(the) 937 4068 w
(other) 1085 4068 w
(for) 1316 4068 w
(the) 1458 4068 w
(imaginary) 1606 4068 w
(parts.) 2037 4068 w
(Input) 2282 4068 w
(and) 2519 4068 w
(output) 2689 4068 w
(could) 2971 4068 w
(handle) 3219 4068 w
(numbers) 3511 4068 w
(of) 3881 4068 w
(up) 3990 4068 w
(to) 4117 4068 w
(eight) 4222 4068 w
(decimal) 4449 4068 w
(digits,) 4792 4068 w
(with) 720 4188 w
(two) 934 4188 w
(extra) 1119 4188 w
(internal) 1353 4188 w
(digits) 1693 4188 w
(to) 1951 4188 w
(minimize) 2064 4188 w
(round\255off) 2477 4188 w
(errors.) 2894 4188 w
(The) 3186 4188 w
(computer) 3376 4188 w
(itself) 3788 4188 w
(was) 4023 4188 w
(locked) 4213 4188 w
(up) 4514 4188 w
(in) 4649 4188 w
(a) 4762 4188 w
(large) 4841 4188 w
(closet,) 720 4308 w
(which) 1009 4308 w
(was) 1284 4308 w
(opened) 1470 4308 w
(only) 1790 4308 w
(for) 2000 4308 w
(maintenance.) 2148 4308 w
(Its) 2709 4308 w
(users) 2841 4308 w
(were) 3078 4308 w
(provided) 3303 4308 w
(with) 3690 4308 w
(three) 3900 4308 w
(operator) 4131 4308 w
(stations,) 4495 4308 w
(each) 4858 4308 w
(with) 720 4428 w
(a) 924 4428 w
(keyboard) 994 4428 w
(for) 1391 4428 w
(input) 1533 4428 w
(and a standard teletypewriter for output \(Fig. 3\). The keyboard also made it possi\255) 1765 4428 w
(ble) 720 4548 w
(to) 868 4548 w
(choose) 973 4548 w
(the) 1277 4548 w
(complex\255number) 1426 4548 w
(arithmetical) 2135 4548 w
(operations) 2639 4548 w
(to) 3082 4548 w
(be) 3187 4548 w
(performed.) 3308 4548 w
(The) 3775 4548 w
(multiplication) 3957 4548 w
(and) 4546 4548 w
(division) 4717 4548 w
(keys) 720 4668 w
(each) 940 4668 w
(directed) 1158 4668 w
(a) 1515 4668 w
(complex) 1595 4668 w
(numerical) 1975 4668 w
(operation) 2410 4668 w
(by) 2823 4668 w
(calling) 2959 4668 w
(an) 3267 4668 w
(appropriate) 3397 4668 w
(subroutine) 3887 4668 w
(of) 4345 4668 w
(about) 4464 4668 w
(a) 4722 4668 w
(dozen) 4802 4668 w
(steps. This effected the required complex operation by two calculator units,) 720 4788 w
(each) 3757 4788 w
(working) 3965 4788 w
(only) 4324 4788 w
(on) 4528 4788 w
(real) 4654 4788 w
(num\255) 4829 4788 w
(bers.) 720 4908 w
(Three) 943 4908 w
(operator) 1207 4908 w
(stations) 1571 4908 w
(were) 1909 4908 w
(installed) 2134 4908 w
(on) 2505 4908 w
(different) 2637 4908 w
(floors) 3012 4908 w
(of) 3276 4908 w
(the) 3390 4908 w
(Bell) 3543 4908 w
(Labs) 3741 4908 w
(building) 3966 4908 w
(on) 4331 4908 w
(West) 4462 4908 w
(Street) 4698 4908 w
(in) 4962 4908 w
(New) 720 5028 w
(York) 936 5028 w
(City.) 1169 5028 w
(Each) 1395 5028 w
(was) 1622 5028 w
(close) 1805 5028 w
(to) 2038 5028 w
(one) 2144 5028 w
(of) 2316 5028 w
(the) 2427 5028 w
(three) 2577 5028 w
(groups) 2804 5028 w
(expected) 3104 5028 w
(to) 3486 5028 w
(make) 3593 5028 w
(the) 3838 5028 w
(most) 3989 5028 w
(use) 4213 5028 w
(of) 4375 5028 w
(the) 4487 5028 w
(computer.) 4638 5028 w
(This) 720 5148 w
(was) 925 5148 w
(the) 1107 5148 w
(first) 1256 5148 w
(instance) 1444 5148 w
(of) 1798 5148 w
(either) 1908 5148 w
(remote) 2162 5148 w
(or) 2466 5148 w
(multistation) 2576 5148 w
(computer\255terminal) 3081 5148 w
(facilities,) 3850 5148 w
(although,) 4245 5148 w
(of) 4646 5148 w
(course,) 4755 5148 w
(the limited speed of the relays in the computer permitted only one operator station to be used at a time.) 720 5268 w
(The) 970 5424 w
(machine) 1158 5424 w
(was) 1529 5424 w
(completed) 1717 5424 w
(in) 2166 5424 w
(October) 2277 5424 w
(1939,) 2631 5424 w
(and,) 2889 5424 w
(after) 3091 5424 w
(thorough) 3307 5424 w
(testing) 3702 5424 w
(for) 4003 5424 w
(performance) 4153 5424 w
(in) 4690 5424 w
(actual) 4802 5424 w
(operation,) 720 5544 w
(it) 1155 5544 w
(was) 1244 5544 w
(placed) 1432 5544 w
(in) 1725 5544 w
(routine) 1836 5544 w
(service) 2152 5544 w
(on) 2467 5544 w
(January) 2600 5544 w
(8,) 2943 5544 w
(1940.) 3051 5544 w
(It) 3309 5544 w
(remained) 3403 5544 w
(in) 3807 5544 w
(service) 3918 5544 w
(until) 4233 5544 w
(1949,) 4450 5544 w
(continu\255) 4707 5544 w
(ously) 720 5664 w
(performing) 965 5664 w
(accurate) 1442 5664 w
(and) 1801 5664 w
(rapid) 1973 5664 w
(calculations.) 2206 5664 w
(During) 2736 5664 w
(World) 3047 5664 w
(War) 3330 5664 w
(II,) 3529 5664 w
(the) 3648 5664 w
(great) 3798 5664 w
(increase) 4025 5664 w
(in) 4379 5664 w
(the) 4485 5664 w
(work) 4635 5664 w
(load) 4868 5664 w
(of) 720 5784 w
(the) 836 5784 w
(network) 991 5784 w
(design) 1351 5784 w
(groups,) 1645 5784 w
(its) 1975 5784 w
(principal) 2102 5784 w
(users,) 2489 5784 w
(kept) 2751 5784 w
(it) 2955 5784 w
(almost) 3043 5784 w
(continuously) 3342 5784 w
(busy) 3891 5784 w
(from) 4112 5784 w
(8:00) 4338 5784 w
(a.m.) 4548 5784 w
(to) 4752 5784 w
(9:00) 4862 5784 w
(p.m.) 720 5904 w
(six) 924 5904 w
(days) 1067 5904 w
(a) 1276 5904 w
(week.) 1346 5904 w
(Since) 1607 5904 w
(the) 1855 5904 w
(machine) 2003 5904 w
(had) 2367 5904 w
(been) 2537 5904 w
(built) 2751 5904 w
(as) 2961 5904 w
(a) 3070 5904 w
(demonstration) 3140 5904 w
(model) 3739 5904 w
(before) 4016 5904 w
(the) 4297 5904 w
(war,) 4446 5904 w
(it) 4647 5904 w
(was) 4730 5904 w
(not) 4912 5904 w
(equipped) 720 6024 w
(with) 1115 6024 w
(many) 1322 6024 w
(of) 1573 6024 w
(the) 1685 6024 w
(self\255checking) 1836 6024 w
(and) 2402 6024 w
(contact\255protection) 2575 6024 w
(facilities) 3330 6024 w
(that) 3703 6024 w
(were) 3881 6024 w
(standard) 4102 6024 w
(in) 4468 6024 w
(dial\255control) 4574 6024 w
(central) 720 6144 w
(offices;) 1024 6144 w
(and) 1357 6144 w
(the) 1535 6144 w
(war) 1691 6144 w
(prevented) 1874 6144 w
(design) 2301 6144 w
(and) 2596 6144 w
(construction) 2774 6144 w
(of) 3302 6144 w
(the) 3419 6144 w
(second) 3575 6144 w
(and) 3886 6144 w
(more) 4064 6144 w
(elaborate) 4303 6144 w
(machine) 4702 6144 w
(that) 720 6264 w
(was) 903 6264 w
(initially) 1091 6264 w
(envisioned.) 1436 6264 w
(As) 1927 6264 w
(a) 2070 6264 w
(result,) 2146 6264 w
(it) 2425 6264 w
(became) 2513 6264 w
(necessary,) 2849 6264 w
(late) 3293 6264 w
(in) 3469 6264 w
(the) 3579 6264 w
(war,) 3733 6264 w
(to) 3939 6264 w
(take) 4049 6264 w
(it) 4247 6264 w
(out) 4335 6264 w
(of) 4495 6264 w
(service) 4610 6264 w
(for) 4924 6264 w
(two) 720 6384 w
(days,) 903 6384 w
(while) 1144 6384 w
(special) 1399 6384 w
(maintenance) 1709 6384 w
(tools) 2247 6384 w
(\(developed) 2476 6384 w
(by) 2953 6384 w
(Western) 3087 6384 w
(Electric) 3453 6384 w
(for) 3797 6384 w
(the) 3947 6384 w
(relief) 4103 6384 w
(of) 4347 6384 w
(central) 4464 6384 w
(offices) 4769 6384 w
(with) 720 6504 w
(similar) 926 6504 w
(complaints\)) 1232 6504 w
(were) 1732 6504 w
(used) 1953 6504 w
(to) 2164 6504 w
(strip) 2270 6504 w
(the) 2476 6504 w
(badly\255worn) 2626 6504 w
(contacts) 3114 6504 w
(from) 3469 6504 w
(the) 3691 6504 w
(computer's) 3841 6504 w
(relays) 4317 6504 w
(and) 4582 6504 w
(replace) 4753 6504 w
(them with new metal.) 720 6624 w
(Thus,) 970 6780 w
(Stibitz') 1224 6780 w
(original) 1548 6780 w
(Complex) 1888 6780 w
(Number) 2284 6780 w
(Computer,) 2641 6780 w
(later) 3096 6780 w
(known) 3303 6780 w
(as) 3605 6780 w
(the) 3718 6780 w
(Model) 3870 6780 w
(I,) 4161 6780 w
(remained) 4249 6780 w
(in) 4650 6780 w
(service) 4758 6780 w
(for) 720 6900 w
(over) 868 6900 w
(nine) 1077 6900 w
(years,) 1281 6900 w
(until) 1548 6900 w
(replaced) 1764 6900 w
(by) 2133 6900 w
(the) 2265 6900 w
(Model) 2419 6900 w
(VI.) 2712 6900 w
(It) 2874 6900 w
(was) 2967 6900 w
(the) 3154 6900 w
(first) 3308 6900 w
(electric) 3501 6900 w
(computer) 3826 6900 w
(to) 4235 6900 w
(perform) 4345 6900 w
(its) 4698 6900 w
(arith\255) 4824 6900 w
(metical operations in basically) 720 7020 w
(binary) 1964 7020 w
(fashion,) 2245 7020 w
(the) 2590 7020 w
(first) 2738 7020 w
(to) 2925 7020 w
(be) 3029 7020 w
(placed) 3149 7020 w
(in) 3435 7020 w
(routine) 3539 7020 w
(operation) 3848 7020 w
(for) 4251 7020 w
(general) 4393 7020 w
(use,) 4712 7020 w
(and) 4896 7020 w
(the first with either remote or multistation terminal facilities.) 720 7140 w
(The) 970 7296 w
(first) 1154 7296 w
(public) 1344 7296 w
(demonstration) 1623 7296 w
(of) 2224 7296 w
(the) 2336 7296 w
(complex) 2487 7296 w
(computer) 2860 7296 w
(took) 3267 7296 w
(place) 3475 7296 w
(on) 3715 7296 w
(September) 3845 7296 w
(11,) 4302 7296 w
(1940,) 4457 7296 w
(before) 4712 7296 w
(a) 4996 7296 w
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(\255 5 \255) 2797 480 w
(meeting) 720 840 w
(of) 1070 840 w
(the) 1181 840 w
(American) 1331 840 w
(Mathematical) 1752 840 w
(Society) 2329 840 w
(at) 2657 840 w
(Hanover,) 2757 840 w
(New) 3153 840 w
(Hampshire.) 3369 840 w
(One) 3885 840 w
(of) 4078 840 w
(the) 4188 840 w
(operator) 4337 840 w
(consoles) 4696 840 w
(from) 720 960 w
(the) 946 960 w
(West) 1100 960 w
(Street) 1337 960 w
(building,) 1602 960 w
(modified) 1993 960 w
(to) 2386 960 w
(communicate) 2497 960 w
(with) 3068 960 w
(the) 3279 960 w
(computer) 3434 960 w
(over) 3844 960 w
(a) 4054 960 w
(standard) 4131 960 w
(long\255distance) 4502 960 w
(teletypewriter) 720 1080 w
(circuit) 1306 1080 w
(instead) 1593 1080 w
(of) 1908 1080 w
(the) 2023 1080 w
(multiconductor) 2177 1080 w
(cable) 2820 1080 w
(used) 3062 1080 w
(locally,) 3277 1080 w
(was) 3606 1080 w
(installed) 3792 1080 w
(in) 4162 1080 w
(the) 4271 1080 w
(lecture) 4424 1080 w
(room) 4726 1080 w
(at) 4968 1080 w
(Hanover,) 720 1200 w
(and) 1124 1200 w
(members) 1304 1200 w
(of) 1706 1200 w
(the) 1825 1200 w
(audience) 1983 1200 w
(were) 2374 1200 w
(invited) 2604 1200 w
(to) 2919 1200 w
(use) 3034 1200 w
(the) 3204 1200 w
(keyboard) 3363 1200 w
(to) 3771 1200 w
(give) 3886 1200 w
(the) 4095 1200 w
(computer) 4254 1200 w
(problems) 4668 1200 w
(involving) 720 1320 w
(addition,) 1134 1320 w
(subtraction,) 1516 1320 w
(multiplication,) 2014 1320 w
(or) 2630 1320 w
(division) 2742 1320 w
(of) 3094 1320 w
(complex) 3206 1320 w
(numbers) 3579 1320 w
([14].) 3952 1320 w
(Among) 4172 1320 w
(the) 4501 1320 w
(interested) 4652 1320 w
(participants) 720 1440 w
(was) 1217 1440 w
(Norbert) 1403 1440 w
(Wiener) 1744 1440 w
(who) 2068 1440 w
(was) 2271 1440 w
(an) 2457 1440 w
(M.I.T.) 2582 1440 w
(mathematics) 2871 1440 w
(professor) 3407 1440 w
(at) 3809 1440 w
(the) 3912 1440 w
(time.) 4065 1440 w
(The) 4300 1440 w
(circuits) 4487 1440 w
(trans\255) 4813 1440 w
(mitted) 720 1560 w
(the) 1008 1560 w
(input) 1162 1560 w
(to) 1399 1560 w
(the) 1508 1560 w
(computer's) 1661 1560 w
(relay) 2141 1560 w
(equipment) 2371 1560 w
(in) 2824 1560 w
(New) 2933 1560 w
(York) 3152 1560 w
(and) 3388 1560 w
(the) 3563 1560 w
(results) 3716 1560 w
(back) 4008 1560 w
(to) 4227 1560 w
(the) 4336 1560 w
(Hanover) 4489 1560 w
(tele\255) 4863 1560 w
(typewriter;) 720 1680 w
(the) 1189 1680 w
(answers) 1342 1680 w
(returned) 1694 1680 w
(in) 2057 1680 w
(less) 2166 1680 w
(than) 2347 1680 w
(a) 2550 1680 w
(minute.) 2625 1680 w
(This) 2959 1680 w
(remote\255control) 3169 1680 w
(operation,) 3794 1680 w
(not) 4228 1680 w
(to) 4388 1680 w
(be) 4498 1680 w
(duplicated) 4624 1680 w
(anywhere) 720 1800 w
(for) 1141 1800 w
(ten) 1291 1800 w
(years,) 1447 1800 w
(foreshadowed) 1716 1800 w
(the) 2309 1800 w
(use) 2465 1800 w
(of) 2631 1800 w
(telephone) 2747 1800 w
(and) 3168 1800 w
(radio) 3345 1800 w
(circuits) 3583 1800 w
(for) 3910 1800 w
(computer) 4059 1800 w
(data) 4469 1800 w
(transmis\255) 4668 1800 w
(sion.) 720 1920 w
(This) 939 1920 w
(became) 1144 1920 w
(commercially) 1475 1920 w
(important) 2051 1920 w
(in) 2467 1920 w
(the) 2572 1920 w
(mid\2551960s) 2721 1920 w
(and) 3176 1920 w
(has) 3347 1920 w
(since) 3507 1920 w
(shown) 3739 1920 w
(almost) 4027 1920 w
(explosive) 4321 1920 w
(growth.) 4732 1920 w
(Another) 720 2040 w
(result) 1090 2040 w
(of) 1355 2040 w
(the) 1481 2040 w
(Hanover) 1646 2040 w
(demonstration) 2032 2040 w
(was) 2647 2040 w
(that) 2845 2040 w
(mathematicians) 3038 2040 w
(from) 3708 2040 w
(many) 3945 2040 w
(parts) 4210 2040 w
(of) 4446 2040 w
(the) 4571 2040 w
(country) 4735 2040 w
(began, for the first time, to think seriously about new methods in computation.) 720 2160 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(5.2 Relay Digital Computers in World War II) 720 2400 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 2556 w
(successful) 1159 2556 w
(development) 1603 2556 w
(of) 2153 2556 w
(electrical) 2270 2556 w
(analog) 2669 2556 w
(computers) 2970 2556 w
(for) 3421 2556 w
(gunfire\255control) 3572 2556 w
(purposes) 4211 2556 w
(triggered) 4601 2556 w
(a) 4996 2556 w
(demand) 720 2676 w
(for) 1070 2676 w
(a) 1220 2676 w
(great) 1298 2676 w
(deal) 1530 2676 w
(of) 1729 2676 w
(highly) 1845 2676 w
(routine) 2134 2676 w
(computation.) 2450 2676 w
(Initially,) 3008 2676 w
(this) 3383 2676 w
(computation) 3561 2676 w
(was) 4094 2676 w
(used) 4282 2676 w
(in) 4498 2676 w
(the) 4609 2676 w
(perfor\255) 4764 2676 w
(mance) 720 2796 w
(tests) 1006 2796 w
(of) 1210 2796 w
(gunfire\255control) 1320 2796 w
(equipment) 1951 2796 w
(as) 2400 2796 w
(it) 2510 2796 w
(came) 2593 2796 w
(off) 2830 2796 w
(the) 2973 2796 w
(production) 3122 2796 w
(line,) 3582 2796 w
(and) 3784 2796 w
(later) 3955 2796 w
(in) 4159 2796 w
(the) 4264 2796 w
(investigation) 4413 2796 w
(of) 4957 2796 w
(the) 720 2916 w
(effects) 876 2916 w
(of) 1175 2916 w
(new) 1292 2916 w
(enemy) 1492 2916 w
(tactics) 1792 2916 w
(on) 2081 2916 w
(the) 2215 2916 w
(behavior) 2371 2916 w
(of) 2754 2916 w
(available) 2871 2916 w
(equipment) 3265 2916 w
(and) 3721 2916 w
(the) 3898 2916 w
(value) 4053 2916 w
(of) 4302 2916 w
(possible) 4418 2916 w
(design) 4779 2916 w
(modifications as countermeasures. The required computing was) 720 3036 w
(almost) 3294 3036 w
(always) 3587 3036 w
(within) 3890 3036 w
(the) 4172 3036 w
(scope) 4320 3036 w
(of) 4573 3036 w
(desk) 4682 3036 w
(cal\255) 4891 3036 w
(culators,) 720 3156 w
(but) 1094 3156 w
(the) 1255 3156 w
(load) 1410 3156 w
(was) 1615 3156 w
(immediately) 1803 3156 w
(seen) 2336 3156 w
(to) 2546 3156 w
(be) 2657 3156 w
(much) 2784 3156 w
(greater) 3038 3156 w
(than) 3346 3156 w
(could) 3550 3156 w
(be) 3804 3156 w
(handled) 3930 3156 w
(with) 4278 3156 w
(available) 4488 3156 w
(per\255) 4880 3156 w
(sonnel,) 720 3276 w
(equipment,) 1046 3276 w
(and) 1533 3276 w
(methods) 1717 3276 w
(of) 2096 3276 w
(system) 2219 3276 w
(organization.) 2537 3276 w
(The) 3101 3276 w
(digital) 3296 3276 w
(techniques) 3592 3276 w
(provided) 4059 3276 w
(by) 4454 3276 w
(Stibitz) 4594 3276 w
(and) 4896 3276 w
(Williams) 720 3396 w
(were) 1115 3396 w
(therefore) 1336 3396 w
(applied,) 1723 3396 w
(and) 2070 3396 w
(as) 2242 3396 w
(a) 2353 3396 w
(result,) 2425 3396 w
(Bell) 2700 3396 w
(Labs) 2894 3396 w
(developed) 3115 3396 w
(three) 3552 3396 w
(additional) 3778 3396 w
(relay) 4205 3396 w
(computers) 4431 3396 w
(dur\255) 4874 3396 w
(ing) 720 3516 w
(the) 877 3516 w
(war) 1028 3516 w
([15].) 1206 3516 w
(These) 1426 3516 w
(were) 1693 3516 w
(designed) 1915 3516 w
(as) 2299 3516 w
(special\255purpose) 2411 3516 w
(machines) 3066 3516 w
(to) 3472 3516 w
(meet) 3579 3516 w
(very) 3802 3516 w
(specific) 4008 3516 w
(needs,) 4347 3516 w
(but) 4628 3516 w
(turned) 4785 3516 w
(out) 720 3636 w
(to) 886 3636 w
(be) 1002 3636 w
(sufficiently) 1134 3636 w
(flexible) 1627 3636 w
(to) 1970 3636 w
(handle) 2086 3636 w
(many) 2390 3636 w
(other) 2650 3636 w
(types) 2893 3636 w
(of) 3142 3636 w
(problems.) 3262 3636 w
(These) 3696 3636 w
(machines) 3971 3636 w
(are) 4385 3636 w
(described) 4543 3636 w
(in) 4962 3636 w
(more) 720 3756 w
(detail) 960 3756 w
(in) 1218 3756 w
(Chapter) 1332 3756 w
(3) 1684 3756 w
(of) 1770 3756 w
(the) 1889 3756 w
(second) 2047 3756 w
(volume) 2360 3756 w
(in) 2696 3756 w
(this) 2810 3756 w
(series,) 2991 3756 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(National) 3279 3756 w
(Service) 3666 3756 w
(in) 3995 3756 w
(War) 4109 3756 w
(and) 4317 3756 w
(Peace,) 4503 3756 w
(1925\255) 4807 3756 w
(1975.) 720 3876 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(All) 970 4032 w
(three) 1125 4032 w
(of) 1351 4032 w
(these) 1461 4032 w
(computers) 1693 4032 w
(used) 2136 4032 w
(punched) 2346 4032 w
(paper) 2711 4032 w
(tape) 2959 4032 w
(for) 3152 4032 w
(data) 3295 4032 w
(input) 3488 4032 w
(and) 3721 4032 w
(output,) 3892 4032 w
(and) 4200 4032 w
(also) 4371 4032 w
(for) 4559 4032 w
(program) 4702 4032 w
(input.) 720 4152 w
(Frequently) 990 4152 w
(used) 1462 4152 w
(subroutines) 1684 4152 w
(were) 2184 4152 w
(punched) 2416 4152 w
(on) 2793 4152 w
(looped) 2932 4152 w
(tapes) 3243 4152 w
(so) 3487 4152 w
(that) 3615 4152 w
(they) 3804 4152 w
(could) 4015 4152 w
(be) 4276 4152 w
(called) 4409 4152 w
(from) 4686 4152 w
(the) 4918 4152 w
(main) 720 4272 w
(program) 958 4272 w
(as) 1334 4272 w
(needed.) 1455 4272 w
(The) 1800 4272 w
(Model) 1993 4272 w
(II) 2292 4272 w
(relay) 2396 4272 w
(computer) 2633 4272 w
(\(Fig.) 3048 4272 w
(4\)) 3278 4272 w
(contained) 3399 4272 w
(440) 3826 4272 w
(relays) 4015 4272 w
(and) 4292 4272 w
(five) 4475 4272 w
(pieces) 4669 4272 w
(of) 4957 4272 w
(TELETYPE) 720 4392 w
(equipment.) 1240 4392 w
(It) 1713 4392 w
(was) 1800 4392 w
(designed) 1981 4392 w
(to) 2362 4392 w
(perform) 2466 4392 w
(linear) 2813 4392 w
(iterative) 3066 4392 w
(operations) 3419 4392 w
(on) 3861 4392 w
(numbers) 3987 4392 w
(obtained) 4357 4392 w
(from an) 4727 4392 w
(input) 720 4512 w
(data) 955 4512 w
(tape.) 1150 4512 w
(Its) 1371 4512 w
(repertoire) 1501 4512 w
(of) 1918 4512 w
(arithmetic) 2031 4512 w
(skills) 2466 4512 w
(was) 2708 4512 w
(thus) 2893 4512 w
(very) 3090 4512 w
(limited.) 3297 4512 w
(The) 3636 4512 w
(Model) 3821 4512 w
(III) 4112 4512 w
(and) 4241 4512 w
(Model) 4415 4512 w
(IV) 4706 4512 w
(relay) 4841 4512 w
(machines) 720 4632 w
(were) 1132 4632 w
(designed) 1360 4632 w
(for) 1750 4632 w
(Army) 1901 4632 w
(and) 2169 4632 w
(Navy) 2348 4632 w
(use,) 2599 4632 w
(respectively,) 2792 4632 w
(and) 3334 4632 w
(were) 3513 4632 w
(much) 3741 4632 w
(larger) 3997 4632 w
(and) 4263 4632 w
(more) 4441 4632 w
(powerful) 4680 4632 w
(than) 720 4752 w
(the) 924 4752 w
(Model) 1078 4752 w
(II) 1371 4752 w
(\(Figs.) 1469 4752 w
(5) 1732 4752 w
(and) 1814 4752 w
(6\).) 1990 4752 w
(Each) 2130 4752 w
(contained) 2361 4752 w
(about) 2781 4752 w
(1400) 3036 4752 w
(relays,) 3269 4752 w
(10) 3565 4752 w
(storage) 3698 4752 w
(registers,) 4019 4752 w
(and) 4415 4752 w
(7) 4592 4752 w
(pieces) 4675 4752 w
(of) 4957 4752 w
(TELETYPE) 720 4872 w
(equipment.) 1242 4872 w
(All) 1717 4872 w
(three) 1873 4872 w
(machines) 2100 4872 w
(had) 2505 4872 w
(the) 2677 4872 w
(standard) 2827 4872 w
(dial\255system) 3193 4872 w
(features) 3682 4872 w
(needed) 4025 4872 w
(for) 4335 4872 w
(reliability) 4479 4872 w
(and) 4896 4872 w
(maintainability.) 720 4992 w
(The) 970 5148 w
(Model) 1153 5148 w
(II) 1442 5148 w
(machine) 1536 5148 w
(was) 1902 5148 w
(placed) 2085 5148 w
(in) 2373 5148 w
(service) 2479 5148 w
(in) 2789 5148 w
(September) 2895 5148 w
(1943,) 3350 5148 w
(the) 3603 5148 w
(Model) 3754 5148 w
(III) 4044 5148 w
(in) 4172 5148 w
(June) 4279 5148 w
(1944,) 4491 5148 w
(and) 4745 5148 w
(the) 4918 5148 w
(Model) 720 5268 w
(IV) 1008 5268 w
(in) 1140 5268 w
(March) 1245 5268 w
(1945.) 1532 5268 w
(All) 1784 5268 w
(of) 1939 5268 w
(them) 2049 5268 w
(operated) 2276 5268 w
(regularly) 2646 5268 w
(seven) 3033 5268 w
(days) 3286 5268 w
(and) 3495 5268 w
(seven) 3665 5268 w
(nights) 3918 5268 w
(a) 4189 5268 w
(week,) 4259 5268 w
(usually) 4520 5268 w
(unat\255) 4835 5268 w
(tended,) 720 5388 w
(and) 1041 5388 w
(together) 1215 5388 w
(they) 1572 5388 w
(did) 1774 5388 w
(the) 1932 5388 w
(work) 2084 5388 w
(of) 2320 5388 w
(at) 2434 5388 w
(least) 2537 5388 w
(100) 2751 5388 w
(desk) 2932 5388 w
(calculators.) 3146 5388 w
(All) 3634 5388 w
(of) 3793 5388 w
(them) 3907 5388 w
(were) 4138 5388 w
(later) 4362 5388 w
(modified) 4570 5388 w
(to) 4962 5388 w
(extend) 720 5508 w
(their) 1019 5508 w
(capabilities,) 1235 5508 w
(and) 1748 5508 w
(they) 1924 5508 w
(remained) 2128 5508 w
(in) 2531 5508 w
(service) 2641 5508 w
(for) 2955 5508 w
(13) 3103 5508 w
(to) 3235 5508 w
(15) 3345 5508 w
(years) 3477 5508 w
(after) 3719 5508 w
(the) 3933 5508 w
(war\255\255several) 4087 5508 w
(years) 4616 5508 w
(after) 4858 5508 w
(much faster commercial electronic computers were readily available.) 720 5628 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(5.3 Model V Relay Computers) 720 5868 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(In) 970 6024 w
(1946,) 1089 6024 w
(Bell) 1350 6024 w
(Labs) 1553 6024 w
(made) 1783 6024 w
(a) 2035 6024 w
(significant) 2115 6024 w
(contribution) 2573 6024 w
(to) 3099 6024 w
(the) 3214 6024 w
(evolution) 3373 6024 w
(of) 3788 6024 w
(modern) 3908 6024 w
(computers) 4250 6024 w
(with) 4703 6024 w
(the) 4918 6024 w
(delivery) 720 6144 w
(of) 1097 6144 w
(a) 1230 6144 w
(Model) 1324 6144 w
(V) 1635 6144 w
(relay) 1756 6144 w
(computer) 2004 6144 w
(\(Fig.) 2430 6144 w
(7\)) 2671 6144 w
(to) 2803 6144 w
(the) 2930 6144 w
(National) 3101 6144 w
(Advisory) 3494 6144 w
(Committee) 3915 6144 w
(on) 4409 6144 w
(Aeronautics) 4558 6144 w
(\(NACA\)) 720 6264 w
(at) 1100 6264 w
(Langley) 1203 6264 w
(Field,) 1561 6264 w
(Virginia) 1823 6264 w
([16].) 2187 6264 w
(In) 2434 6264 w
(the) 2548 6264 w
(following) 2701 6264 w
(year,) 3121 6264 w
(a) 3348 6264 w
(duplicate) 3423 6264 w
(Model) 3821 6264 w
(V) 4114 6264 w
(was) 4218 6264 w
(delivered) 4405 6264 w
(to) 4808 6264 w
(the) 4918 6264 w
(Army's) 720 6384 w
(Ballistic) 1059 6384 w
(Research) 1427 6384 w
(Laboratory) 1826 6384 w
(at) 2303 6384 w
(Aberdeen,) 2409 6384 w
(Maryland.) 2855 6384 w
(These) 3302 6384 w
(computers) 3574 6384 w
(easily) 4024 6384 w
(represented,) 4291 6384 w
(so) 4808 6384 w
(far) 4930 6384 w
(as) 720 6504 w
(size) 832 6504 w
(and) 1016 6504 w
(flexibility) 1189 6504 w
(were) 1613 6504 w
(concerned,) 1835 6504 w
(Bell) 2298 6504 w
(Labs) 2495 6504 w
(most) 2719 6504 w
(ambitious) 2944 6504 w
(computer) 3369 6504 w
(development) 3776 6504 w
(project) 4322 6504 w
(until) 4629 6504 w
(then.) 4843 6504 w
(They) 720 6624 w
(were) 963 6624 w
(specifically) 1194 6624 w
(designed) 1692 6624 w
(to) 2085 6624 w
(be) 2200 6624 w
(general\255purpose) 2331 6624 w
(computers.) 3010 6624 w
(Each) 3488 6624 w
(used) 3724 6624 w
(about) 3944 6624 w
(9000) 4203 6624 w
(relays) 4440 6624 w
(and) 4715 6624 w
(had) 4896 6624 w
(two) 720 6744 w
(separate) 896 6744 w
(processors;) 1248 6744 w
(the) 1723 6744 w
(system) 1871 6744 w
(design) 2175 6744 w
(permitted) 2462 6744 w
(a) 2871 6744 w
(maximum) 2941 6744 w
(of) 3373 6744 w
(six) 3482 6744 w
(processors) 3625 6744 w
(per) 4072 6744 w
(machine.) 4225 6744 w
(One) 4615 6744 w
(of) 4808 6744 w
(the) 4918 6744 w
(machines) 720 6864 w
(had) 1136 6864 w
(three) 1319 6864 w
(problem) 1557 6864 w
(positions) 1929 6864 w
(installed;) 2330 6864 w
(the) 2736 6864 w
(other) 2897 6864 w
(had) 3141 6864 w
(four.) 3323 6864 w
(While) 3552 6864 w
(a) 3834 6864 w
(machine) 3916 6864 w
(was) 4292 6864 w
(in) 4485 6864 w
(continuous) 4601 6864 w
(operation,) 720 6984 w
(a) 1156 6984 w
(new) 1234 6984 w
(problem) 1434 6984 w
(could) 1801 6984 w
(be) 2057 6984 w
(loaded) 2185 6984 w
(on) 2485 6984 w
(an) 2619 6984 w
(unused) 2747 6984 w
(position) 3064 6984 w
(and) 3422 6984 w
(be) 3601 6984 w
(automatically) 3730 6984 w
(picked) 4309 6984 w
(up) 4610 6984 w
(when) 4745 6984 w
(a) 4996 6984 w
(processor) 720 7104 w
(was) 1133 7104 w
(free) 1319 7104 w
(to) 1503 7104 w
(handle) 1611 7104 w
(it.) 1907 7104 w
(Each) 2018 7104 w
(of) 2247 7104 w
(the) 2360 7104 w
(problem) 2512 7104 w
(positions) 2875 7104 w
(had) 3267 7104 w
(a) 3441 7104 w
(tape) 3515 7104 w
(reader) 3711 7104 w
(for) 3989 7104 w
(input) 4135 7104 w
(data,) 4371 7104 w
(as) 4592 7104 w
(many) 4705 7104 w
(as) 4957 7104 w
(five) 720 7224 w
(readers) 907 7224 w
(for) 1226 7224 w
(programs,) 1374 7224 w
(and) 1808 7224 w
(up) 1984 7224 w
(to) 2116 7224 w
(six) 2226 7224 w
(readers) 2375 7224 w
(for) 2694 7224 w
(tabular) 2842 7224 w
(data.) 3151 7224 w
(As) 3374 7224 w
(in) 3518 7224 w
(the) 3629 7224 w
(wartime) 3784 7224 w
(machines,) 4144 7224 w
(subroutines) 4579 7224 w
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(\255 6 \255) 2797 480 w
(were) 720 840 w
(punched) 940 840 w
(on) 1305 840 w
(looped) 1432 840 w
(tape) 1731 840 w
(so) 1924 840 w
(that) 2040 840 w
(they) 2217 840 w
(could) 2416 840 w
(be) 2665 840 w
(repeatedly) 2786 840 w
(called) 3228 840 w
(from) 3493 840 w
(the) 3714 840 w
(main) 3863 840 w
(program) 4090 840 w
(as) 4454 840 w
(needed,) 4563 840 w
(and) 4896 840 w
(the tape devices for intermediate or tabular data were arranged to permit both forward and backward) 720 960 w
(search\255) 4753 960 w
(ing) 720 1080 w
(to) 874 1080 w
(find) 978 1080 w
(required) 1165 1080 w
(locations) 1523 1080 w
(in) 1910 1080 w
(storage) 2014 1080 w
(as) 2328 1080 w
(rapidly) 2437 1080 w
(as) 2746 1080 w
(possible.) 2855 1080 w
(Such) 3234 1080 w
(searching) 3460 1080 w
(could) 3868 1080 w
(go on independently of) 4116 1080 w
(calculation.) 720 1200 w
(Since) 970 1356 w
(processing) 1228 1356 w
(was) 1691 1356 w
(handled) 1882 1356 w
(on) 2234 1356 w
(telephone) 2370 1356 w
(relays,) 2794 1356 w
(with) 3093 1356 w
(operating) 3307 1356 w
(times) 3721 1356 w
(measured) 3975 1356 w
(in) 4394 1356 w
(milliseconds,) 4509 1356 w
(there) 720 1476 w
(was) 945 1476 w
(excellent) 1126 1476 w
(speed\255matching) 1512 1476 w
(between internal operations, storage, and input than the Model I. Essen\255) 2170 1476 w
(tially, the Model VI was a somewhat simplified version) 720 1596 w
(of) 2969 1596 w
(the) 3078 1596 w
(Model) 3226 1596 w
(V,) 3513 1596 w
(since) 3636 1596 w
(it) 3867 1596 w
(had) 3949 1596 w
(only) 4119 1596 w
(a) 4323 1596 w
(single) 4393 1596 w
(processor) 4658 1596 w
(and) 720 1716 w
(a) 909 1716 w
(smaller) 998 1716 w
(number) 1337 1716 w
(of) 1687 1716 w
(problem) 1815 1716 w
(positions.) 2193 1716 w
(However,) 2625 1716 w
(it) 3060 1716 w
(had) 3161 1716 w
(new) 3350 1716 w
(and) 3561 1716 w
(interesting) 3750 1716 w
(features) 4217 1716 w
(of) 4577 1716 w
(its) 4704 1716 w
(own,) 4843 1716 w
(notably) 720 1836 w
(fast) 1068 1836 w
(internal) 1260 1836 w
(storage) 1613 1836 w
(for) 1949 1836 w
(several) 2113 1836 w
(hundred) 2443 1836 w
(semipermanent) 2818 1836 w
(subroutines.) 3477 1836 w
(This) 4012 1836 w
(was) 4239 1836 w
(provided) 4443 1836 w
(by) 4847 1836 w
(a) 4996 1836 w
("Dimond\255ring) 720 1956 w
(translator,") 1318 1956 w
(invented) 1796 1956 w
(by) 2175 1956 w
(Thomas) 2309 1956 w
(L.) 2665 1956 w
(Dimond,) 2785 1956 w
(and) 3172 1956 w
(used) 3350 1956 w
(in) 3567 1956 w
(the) 3679 1956 w
(No.) 3835 1956 w
(5) 4016 1956 w
(crossbar) 4100 1956 w
(dial) 4466 1956 w
(system) 4650 1956 w
(to) 4962 1956 w
(provide) 720 2076 w
(rapid) 1056 2076 w
(conversion) 1292 2076 w
(from) 1761 2076 w
(the) 1986 2076 w
(code) 2139 2076 w
(describing) 2358 2076 w
(the) 2805 2076 w
(main\255frame) 2958 2076 w
(location) 3454 2076 w
(of) 3807 2076 w
(a) 3921 2076 w
(calling) 3997 2076 w
(line) 4301 2076 w
(to) 4483 2076 w
(the) 4593 2076 w
(caller's) 4747 2076 w
(number) 720 2196 w
(as) 1052 2196 w
(listed) 1162 2196 w
(in) 1406 2196 w
(the) 1511 2196 w
(telephone) 1660 2196 w
(directory) 2075 2196 w
([18].) 2462 2196 w
(This) 2680 2196 w
(translator) 2885 2196 w
(consisted) 3289 2196 w
(of) 3688 2196 w
(about) 3798 2196 w
(80) 4047 2196 w
(air\255core) 4174 2196 w
(coils,) 4509 2196 w
(each) 4749 2196 w
(of) 4957 2196 w
(which) 720 2316 w
(would) 995 2316 w
(trigger) 1276 2316 w
(an) 1573 2316 w
(associated) 1699 2316 w
(gas) 2141 2316 w
(tube) 2306 2316 w
(when) 2510 2316 w
(a) 2758 2316 w
(suitable) 2834 2316 w
(pulsed) 3177 2316 w
(current) 3470 2316 w
(flowed) 3784 2316 w
(in) 4093 2316 w
(any) 4203 2316 w
(one) 4379 2316 w
(of) 4555 2316 w
(the) 4670 2316 w
(wires) 4824 2316 w
(threading) 720 2436 w
(that) 1127 2436 w
(particular) 1307 2436 w
(coil.) 1719 2436 w
(In) 1924 2436 w
(the) 2037 2436 w
(computer) 2189 2436 w
(application,) 2596 2436 w
(a) 3095 2436 w
(subroutine) 3169 2436 w
(was) 3621 2436 w
("programmed) 3806 2436 w
(in") 4386 2436 w
(by) 4534 2436 w
(threading) 4663 2436 w
(a) 720 2556 w
(wire) 792 2556 w
(loosely) 997 2556 w
(from) 1314 2556 w
(a) 1536 2556 w
(numbered) 1608 2556 w
(pulse) 2036 2556 w
(terminal) 2276 2556 w
(through) 2638 2556 w
(a) 2978 2556 w
(correctly) 3051 2556 w
(chosen) 3434 2556 w
(subset) 3740 2556 w
(of) 4019 2556 w
(the) 4131 2556 w
(available) 4282 2556 w
(coils) 4671 2556 w
(to) 4889 2556 w
(a) 4996 2556 w
(common) 720 2676 w
(return) 1099 2676 w
(terminal.) 1366 2676 w
(This) 1753 2676 w
(library) 1960 2676 w
(of) 2255 2676 w
(subroutines) 2367 2676 w
(operated) 2857 2676 w
(at) 3229 2676 w
(six) 3329 2676 w
(levels) 3474 2676 w
(of) 3735 2676 w
(precedence.) 3846 2676 w
(The) 4346 2676 w
(highest) 4529 2676 w
(level) 4846 2676 w
(was) 720 2796 w
(called) 908 2796 w
(by) 1179 2796 w
(an) 1312 2796 w
(order) 1439 2796 w
(punched) 1682 2796 w
(on) 2053 2796 w
(a) 2186 2796 w
(program) 2263 2796 w
(tape,) 2634 2796 w
(and) 2858 2796 w
(each) 3035 2796 w
(level) 3250 2796 w
(could) 3477 2796 w
(call) 3732 2796 w
(in) 3909 2796 w
(sequence) 4020 2796 w
(several) 4419 2796 w
(subrou\255) 4735 2796 w
(tines) 720 2916 w
(at) 937 2916 w
(lower) 1037 2916 w
(levels.) 1292 2916 w
(The) 1578 2916 w
(bottom) 1761 2916 w
(level,) 2073 2916 w
(of) 2320 2916 w
(course,) 2431 2916 w
(consisted) 2743 2916 w
(of) 3142 2916 w
(the) 3252 2916 w
(basic) 3401 2916 w
(instructions) 3633 2916 w
(built) 4127 2916 w
(into) 4338 2916 w
(the) 4521 2916 w
(hardware) 4670 2916 w
(of) 720 3036 w
(the) 829 3036 w
(machine.) 977 3036 w
(These) 1366 3036 w
(extremely) 1630 3036 w
(flexible) 2055 3036 w
(subprogramming) 2386 3036 w
(facilities) 3095 3036 w
(avoided) 3465 3036 w
(the) 3807 3036 w
(cumbersome) 3955 3036 w
(tape\255handling) 4491 3036 w
(required) 720 3156 w
(in) 1086 3156 w
(the) 1198 3156 w
(earlier) 1354 3156 w
(Bell) 1642 3156 w
(Labs) 1843 3156 w
(relay) 2070 3156 w
(computers,) 2302 3156 w
(and) 2776 3156 w
(thus) 2953 3156 w
(made) 3153 3156 w
(program) 3402 3156 w
(preparation) 3773 3156 w
(for) 4260 3156 w
(the) 4409 3156 w
(Model) 4564 3156 w
(VI) 4858 3156 w
(a) 4996 3156 w
(great deal easier.) 720 3276 w
(The) 970 3432 w
(Model) 1157 3432 w
(VI) 1450 3432 w
(also) 1587 3432 w
(had) 1780 3432 w
(a) 1956 3432 w
("second\255trial") 2032 3432 w
(feature,) 2618 3432 w
(which) 2952 3432 w
(operated) 3229 3432 w
(automatically) 3605 3432 w
(when) 4182 3432 w
(the) 4431 3432 w
(control) 4586 3432 w
(cir\255) 4902 3432 w
(cuit) 720 3552 w
(failed) 899 3552 w
(to) 1155 3552 w
(receive) 1262 3552 w
(the) 1578 3552 w
(usual) 1729 3552 w
(signal) 1969 3552 w
(indicating) 2237 3552 w
(satisfactory) 2665 3552 w
(execution) 3153 3552 w
(of) 3569 3552 w
(the) 3680 3552 w
(instruction) 3830 3552 w
(or) 4286 3552 w
(operation) 4397 3552 w
(called) 4802 3552 w
(for.) 720 3672 w
(Experience) 897 3672 w
(on) 1381 3672 w
(previous) 1517 3672 w
(relay) 1898 3672 w
(computers) 2134 3672 w
(had) 2587 3672 w
(shown) 2768 3672 w
(that) 3066 3672 w
(a) 3253 3672 w
(sizeable) 3334 3672 w
(proportion) 3692 3672 w
(of) 4151 3672 w
(machine) 4271 3672 w
(stoppages) 4646 3672 w
(resulting) 720 3792 w
(from) 1106 3792 w
(relay\255contact) 1336 3792 w
(troubles) 1892 3792 w
(would) 2249 3792 w
(clear) 2534 3792 w
(themselves) 2762 3792 w
(when) 3241 3792 w
(the) 3492 3792 w
(relay) 3649 3792 w
(at) 3883 3792 w
(fault) 3990 3792 w
(operated) 4208 3792 w
(again.) 4586 3792 w
(This) 4862 3792 w
(automatic) 720 3912 w
(second) 1140 3912 w
(trial) 1443 3912 w
(proved) 1630 3912 w
(effective) 1933 3912 w
(in) 2307 3912 w
(permitting) 2411 3912 w
(much) 2855 3912 w
(longer) 3104 3912 w
(periods) 3386 3912 w
(of) 3707 3912 w
(uninterrupted) 3817 3912 w
(computer) 4382 3912 w
(opera\255) 4786 3912 w
(tion.) 720 4032 w
(In) 930 4032 w
(addition,) 1042 4032 w
(if) 1424 4032 w
(the) 1514 4032 w
(machine) 1665 4032 w
(was) 2032 4032 w
(operating) 2216 4032 w
(unattended) 2622 4032 w
(and) 3089 4032 w
(the) 3262 4032 w
(second) 3413 4032 w
(trial) 3719 4032 w
(failed) 3909 4032 w
(to) 4165 4032 w
(check,) 4272 4032 w
(the) 4557 4032 w
(problem) 4707 4032 w
(was) 720 4152 w
(abandoned) 901 4152 w
(and) 1359 4152 w
(the) 1529 4152 w
(master) 1677 4152 w
(tape) 1969 4152 w
(searched) 2161 4152 w
(for) 2535 4152 w
(the) 2678 4152 w
(beginning) 2827 4152 w
(of) 3254 4152 w
(the) 3364 4152 w
(next) 3513 4152 w
(problem,) 3712 4152 w
(which) 4097 4152 w
(was) 4368 4152 w
(then) 4550 4152 w
(loaded.) 4749 4152 w
(When) 720 4272 w
(work) 984 4272 w
(was) 1215 4272 w
(available,) 1396 4272 w
(it) 1807 4272 w
(was) 1889 4272 w
(customary) 2070 4272 w
(to) 2512 4272 w
(load) 2616 4272 w
(the machine late every afternoon with enough problems) 2814 4272 w
(to) 720 4392 w
(keep) 836 4392 w
(it) 1062 4392 w
(busy) 1157 4392 w
(until) 1385 4392 w
(morning;) 1608 4392 w
(on) 2014 4392 w
(Friday) 2153 4392 w
(afternoons) 2453 4392 w
(enough) 2913 4392 w
(could) 3246 4392 w
(be) 3507 4392 w
(loaded) 3640 4392 w
(to) 3945 4392 w
(occupy) 4062 4392 w
(it) 4389 4392 w
(until) 4484 4392 w
(Monday) 4707 4392 w
(morning.) 720 4512 w
(In) 1112 4512 w
(these) 1223 4512 w
(circumstances,) 1456 4512 w
(the) 2074 4512 w
(machine) 2224 4512 w
(was) 2590 4512 w
(started,) 2773 4512 w
(the) 3092 4512 w
(room) 3242 4512 w
(lights) 3481 4512 w
(turned) 3732 4512 w
(off,) 4015 4512 w
(and) 4184 4512 w
(the) 4356 4512 w
(door) 4506 4512 w
(Locked.) 4716 4512 w
(Sometimes) 720 4632 w
(one) 1196 4632 w
(or) 1371 4632 w
(two) 1485 4632 w
(of) 1666 4632 w
(the) 1780 4632 w
(problems) 1933 4632 w
(would) 2336 4632 w
(be) 2617 4632 w
(found) 2742 4632 w
(abandoned) 3006 4632 w
(in) 3469 4632 w
(the) 3578 4632 w
(morning,) 3731 4632 w
(but) 4126 4632 w
(they) 4285 4632 w
(could) 4488 4632 w
(then) 4742 4632 w
(be) 4946 4632 w
(rerun) 720 4752 w
(\(perhaps) 956 4752 w
(after) 1325 4752 w
(some) 1533 4752 w
(maintenance\).) 1770 4752 w
(Models) 2383 4752 w
(V) 2709 4752 w
(and) 2807 4752 w
(VI) 2977 4752 w
(represented) 3108 4752 w
(the) 3593 4752 w
(high) 3741 4752 w
(point of the relay\255computer) 3945 4752 w
(art:) 720 4872 w
(their) 879 4872 w
(successors) 1088 4872 w
(almost) 1535 4872 w
(all) 1828 4872 w
(used) 1954 4872 w
(electronic) 2163 4872 w
(rather) 2582 4872 w
(than) 2841 4872 w
(electromagnetic) 3040 4872 w
(apparatus) 3704 4872 w
(to) 4113 4872 w
(permit) 4218 4872 w
(higher) 4506 4872 w
(speed.) 4788 4872 w
(The) 720 4992 w
(Bell) 911 4992 w
(Labs) 1114 4992 w
(machines) 1344 4992 w
(were) 1757 4992 w
(equipped) 1986 4992 w
(with) 2388 4992 w
(very) 2602 4992 w
(dependable) 2815 4992 w
(heavy\255duty) 3305 4992 w
(relays) 3790 4992 w
(perfected) 4063 4992 w
(for) 4468 4992 w
(telephone\255) 4619 4992 w
(switching) 720 5112 w
(applications;) 1143 5112 w
(the) 1688 5112 w
(use) 1844 5112 w
(of) 2011 5112 w
(such) 2128 5112 w
(relays,) 2345 5112 w
(together) 2642 5112 w
(with) 3003 5112 w
(the) 3215 5112 w
(provision) 3371 5112 w
(of) 3784 5112 w
(extensive) 3902 5112 w
(self\255checking) 4314 5112 w
(fea\255) 4886 5112 w
(tures,) 720 5232 w
(resulted) 975 5232 w
(in) 1327 5232 w
(high) 1441 5232 w
(availability) 1655 5232 w
(and) 2141 5232 w
(high) 2321 5232 w
(accuracy.) 2535 5232 w
(In) 2949 5232 w
(fact,) 3068 5232 w
(during) 3278 5232 w
(their) 3575 5232 w
(entire) 3794 5232 w
(working) 4057 5232 w
(lives,) 4426 5232 w
(only) 4676 5232 w
(two) 4890 5232 w
(errors) 720 5352 w
(due) 991 5352 w
(to) 1174 5352 w
(machine) 1291 5352 w
(failures) 1668 5352 w
(were) 2006 5352 w
(reported) 2238 5352 w
(from) 2610 5352 w
(all) 2844 5352 w
(three) 2984 5352 w
(Model) 3223 5352 w
(V) 3524 5352 w
(and) 3636 5352 w
(VI) 3820 5352 w
(machines.) 3965 5352 w
(Their) 4407 5352 w
(operating) 4663 5352 w
(times) 720 5472 w
(were,) 971 5472 w
(however,) 1223 5472 w
(quite) 1625 5472 w
(slow\255it) 1859 5472 w
(took) 2171 5472 w
(about) 2383 5472 w
(a) 2639 5472 w
(second) 2717 5472 w
(to) 3028 5472 w
(perform) 3140 5472 w
(a) 3495 5472 w
(multiplication,) 3573 5472 w
(2.7) 4194 5472 w
(seconds) 4353 5472 w
(for) 4702 5472 w
(divi\255) 4851 5472 w
(sion,) 720 5592 w
(4.5) 941 5592 w
(seconds) 1095 5592 w
(for) 1440 5592 w
(a) 1585 5592 w
(square) 1658 5592 w
(root,) 1948 5592 w
(and) 2164 5592 w
(as) 2338 5592 w
(much) 2451 5592 w
(as) 2703 5592 w
(15) 2816 5592 w
(seconds) 2946 5592 w
(to) 3292 5592 w
(calculate) 3400 5592 w
(a) 3784 5592 w
(logarithm.) 3858 5592 w
(But) 4302 5592 w
(reliability) 4477 5592 w
(and) 4896 5592 w
(accuracy) 720 5712 w
(were) 1105 5712 w
(the) 1329 5712 w
(main) 1482 5712 w
(objectives,) 1713 5712 w
(not) 2174 5712 w
(speed.) 2333 5712 w
(And) 2616 5712 w
(the) 2819 5712 w
(reliability) 2972 5712 w
(of) 3392 5712 w
(these) 3506 5712 w
(plodding,) 3742 5712 w
(meticulous) 4154 5712 w
(computers) 4624 5712 w
(was truly remarkable.) 720 5832 w
(The Model VI remained in service at Bell) 970 5988 w
(Labs) 2662 5988 w
(Murray) 2882 5988 w
(Hill) 3207 5988 w
(location) 3389 5988 w
(until) 3737 5988 w
(1956,) 3947 5988 w
(when) 4198 5988 w
(it) 4440 5988 w
(was) 4522 5988 w
(replaced) 4703 5988 w
(by) 720 6108 w
(a) 851 6108 w
(much) 926 6108 w
(faster) 1179 6108 w
(commercial) 1431 6108 w
(electronic) 1933 6108 w
(computer.) 2357 6108 w
(It) 2790 6108 w
(was) 2882 6108 w
(then) 3068 6108 w
(given) 3271 6108 w
(to) 3524 6108 w
(the) 3632 6108 w
(Polytechnic) 3784 6108 w
(Institute) 4286 6108 w
(of) 4644 6108 w
(Brook\255) 4757 6108 w
(lyn,) 720 6228 w
(where) 901 6228 w
(it) 1172 6228 w
(was) 1256 6228 w
(used) 1439 6228 w
(for) 1650 6228 w
(both) 1794 6228 w
(instructional) 2000 6228 w
(and) 2528 6228 w
(research) 2701 6228 w
(purposes,) 3061 6228 w
(and) 3470 6228 w
(operated) 3643 6228 w
(reliably) 4015 6228 w
(and) 4349 6228 w
(with) 4522 6228 w
(negligi\255) 4729 6228 w
(ble) 720 6348 w
(difficulty) 873 6348 w
(until) 1276 6348 w
(March) 1491 6348 w
(1960,) 1781 6348 w
(when) 2036 6348 w
(it) 2282 6348 w
(was) 2368 6348 w
(again) 2553 6348 w
(replaced) 2799 6348 w
(by) 3166 6348 w
(an) 3296 6348 w
(electronic) 3420 6348 w
(computer.) 3843 6348 w
(It) 4275 6348 w
(was) 4366 6348 w
(then) 4551 6348 w
(offered) 4753 6348 w
(to several smaller colleges, and finally given to the University of Bihar in India.) 720 6468 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(5.5 Relay Computers for Message Accounting) 720 6708 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 6864 w
(successful) 1155 6864 w
(and) 1595 6864 w
(reliable) 1769 6864 w
(operation) 2098 6864 w
(of) 2505 6864 w
(the) 2618 6864 w
(Model) 2770 6864 w
(I) 3061 6864 w
(through) 3124 6864 w
(Model) 3466 6864 w
(V) 3758 6864 w
(relay) 3861 6864 w
(computers) 4091 6864 w
(was) 4538 6864 w
(influen\255) 4724 6864 w
(tial) 720 6984 w
(in) 883 6984 w
(determining) 996 6984 w
(the) 1514 6984 w
(course) 1671 6984 w
(of) 1966 6984 w
(development) 2084 6984 w
(of) 2634 6984 w
(the) 2751 6984 w
(accounting) 2907 6984 w
(center) 3379 6984 w
(equipment) 3656 6984 w
(for) 4112 6984 w
(the) 4262 6984 w
(automatic) 4418 6984 w
(mes\255) 4846 6984 w
(sage) 720 7104 w
(accounting) 925 7104 w
(system.) 1391 7104 w
(This) 1723 7104 w
(system) 1930 7104 w
(mechanized) 2237 7104 w
(most) 2742 7104 w
(of) 2966 7104 w
(the) 3078 7104 w
(operations) 3229 7104 w
(involved) 3674 7104 w
(in) 4053 7104 w
(billing) 4160 7104 w
(telephone) 4451 7104 w
(sub\255) 4868 7104 w
(scribers) 720 7224 w
(for) 1080 7224 w
(their) 1246 7224 w
(detail\255billed) 1479 7224 w
(or) 2012 7224 w
(bulk\255billed) 2144 7224 w
(calls.) 2632 7224 w
(The) 2889 7224 w
(information) 3093 7224 w
(needed) 3614 7224 w
(for) 3945 7224 w
(billing) 4110 7224 w
(such) 4421 7224 w
(calls) 4653 7224 w
(was) 4885 7224 w
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10 /Times-Roman f
(\255 7 \255) 2797 480 w
(collected) 720 840 w
(automatically) 1109 840 w
(\(initially) 1682 840 w
(only) 2056 840 w
(in) 2263 840 w
(the) 2370 840 w
(local) 2521 840 w
(dial) 2744 840 w
(central) 2923 840 w
(offices;) 3223 840 w
(after) 3551 840 w
(about) 3762 840 w
(1953,) 4013 840 w
(also) 4267 840 w
(in) 4458 840 w
(dial) 4566 840 w
(tandem) 4746 840 w
(or) 720 960 w
(dial) 833 960 w
(toll) 1013 960 w
(offices\).) 1177 960 w
(Then,) 1536 960 w
(from) 1796 960 w
(this) 2020 960 w
(data,) 2195 960 w
(the) 2416 960 w
(billing) 2568 960 w
(was) 2860 960 w
(assigned) 3045 960 w
(to) 3419 960 w
(the) 3526 960 w
(correct) 3677 960 w
(customer,) 3982 960 w
(printed) 4402 960 w
(out,) 4714 960 w
(and) 4896 960 w
(delivered.) 720 1080 w
(The) 1171 1080 w
(first) 1356 1080 w
(such) 1547 1080 w
(accounting) 1760 1080 w
(center) 2228 1080 w
(was) 2501 1080 w
(opened) 2686 1080 w
(in) 3004 1080 w
(1948,) 3112 1080 w
(coincident) 3367 1080 w
(with) 3814 1080 w
(cutover) 4023 1080 w
(of) 4353 1080 w
(the) 4467 1080 w
(first) 4620 1080 w
(No.) 4812 1080 w
(5) 4990 1080 w
(crossbar) 720 1200 w
(office,) 1091 1200 w
(which) 1387 1200 w
(was) 1670 1200 w
(equipped) 1864 1200 w
(for) 2269 1200 w
(this) 2424 1200 w
(type) 2608 1200 w
(of) 2818 1200 w
(operation) 2939 1200 w
([19].) 3354 1200 w
(Early) 3608 1200 w
(accounting) 3862 1200 w
(centers) 4338 1200 w
(depended) 4658 1200 w
(heavily) 720 1320 w
(on) 1043 1320 w
(repunching) 1172 1320 w
(paper) 1650 1320 w
(tape) 1900 1320 w
(for) 2095 1320 w
(much) 2240 1320 w
(of) 2491 1320 w
(their) 2603 1320 w
(operation,) 2815 1320 w
(but) 3246 1320 w
(relay) 3403 1320 w
(computers) 3632 1320 w
(were) 4078 1320 w
(used) 4301 1320 w
(for) 4514 1320 w
(doing) 4660 1320 w
(the) 4918 1320 w
(necessary) 720 1440 w
(arithmetic;) 1134 1440 w
(later,) 1594 1440 w
(improved) 1823 1440 w
(assembler\255computers) 2233 1440 w
(were) 3108 1440 w
(installed) 3328 1440 w
(that) 3693 1440 w
(used) 3869 1440 w
(relay\255computer) 4078 1440 w
(technol\255) 4713 1440 w
(ogy) 720 1560 w
(for) 903 1560 w
(sorting) 1052 1560 w
(calls) 1364 1560 w
(to) 1581 1560 w
(customer's) 1693 1560 w
(numbers) 2165 1560 w
(as) 2543 1560 w
(well) 2660 1560 w
(as) 2866 1560 w
(for) 2983 1560 w
(the) 3133 1560 w
(arithmetic) 3289 1560 w
(needed) 3728 1560 w
(for) 4044 1560 w
(determining) 4194 1560 w
(charges.) 4711 1560 w
(About) 720 1680 w
(a) 1008 1680 w
(hundred) 1090 1680 w
(of) 1455 1680 w
(the) 1575 1680 w
(combined) 1734 1680 w
(assembler\255computers) 2165 1680 w
(were) 3050 1680 w
(built,) 3280 1680 w
(and) 3526 1680 w
(they,) 3707 1680 w
(together) 3941 1680 w
(with) 4305 1680 w
(their) 4520 1680 w
(simpler) 4740 1680 w
(predecessors,) 720 1800 w
(provided) 1295 1800 w
(reliable) 1691 1800 w
(and) 2031 1800 w
(accurate) 2216 1800 w
(billing) 2588 1800 w
(facilities) 2891 1800 w
(until) 3276 1800 w
(the) 3502 1800 w
(relay\255computer) 3666 1800 w
(accounting) 4317 1800 w
(center) 4797 1800 w
(facilities) 720 1920 w
(were) 1102 1920 w
(gradually) 1333 1920 w
(replaced) 1748 1920 w
(\(mostly) 2123 1920 w
(in) 2467 1920 w
(the) 2583 1920 w
(1960s\)) 2743 1920 w
(by) 3053 1920 w
(electronic) 3191 1920 w
(computers) 3621 1920 w
(of) 4074 1920 w
(standard) 4194 1920 w
(commercial) 4569 1920 w
(types.) 720 2040 w
(These) 1014 2040 w
(accounting) 1285 2040 w
(centers) 1756 2040 w
(represented) 2071 2040 w
(by) 2563 2040 w
(far) 2696 2040 w
(the) 2840 2040 w
(major) 2996 2040 w
(application) 3263 2040 w
(of) 3741 2040 w
(relay\255computer) 3858 2040 w
(techniques) 4501 2040 w
(in) 4962 2040 w
(this country.) 720 2160 w
(To) 970 2316 w
(wrap) 1112 2316 w
(up) 1342 2316 w
(the) 1473 2316 w
(story) 1626 2316 w
(of) 1857 2316 w
(relay) 1971 2316 w
(digital) 2201 2316 w
(computing) 2488 2316 w
(techniques,) 2947 2316 w
(we) 3430 2316 w
(note) 3577 2316 w
(that) 3780 2316 w
(the) 3961 2316 w
(type) 4114 2316 w
(of) 4317 2316 w
(traffic) 4432 2316 w
(problem) 4707 2316 w
(investigated) 720 2436 w
(for) 1238 2436 w
(the) 1389 2436 w
(No.) 1546 2436 w
(1) 1728 2436 w
(crossbar) 1813 2436 w
(system) 2180 2436 w
(by) 2493 2436 w
(Lovell) 2628 2436 w
(and) 2924 2436 w
(Kittredge) 3103 2436 w
(in) 3515 2436 w
(the) 3628 2436 w
(mid\2551930s) 3784 2436 w
(was,) 4246 2436 w
(15) 4460 2436 w
(years) 4594 2436 w
(later,) 4838 2436 w
(handled) 720 2556 w
(for) 1066 2556 w
(No.) 1212 2556 w
(5) 1389 2556 w
(crossbar) 1469 2556 w
(by) 1831 2556 w
(George) 1961 2556 w
(R.) 2284 2556 w
(Frost,) 2406 2556 w
(William) 2667 2556 w
(Keister,) 3025 2556 w
(and) 3368 2556 w
(Alistair) 3542 2556 w
(E.) 3872 2556 w
(Ritchie,) 3988 2556 w
(who) 4332 2556 w
(built) 4534 2556 w
(for) 4748 2556 w
(this) 4895 2556 w
(purpose) 720 2676 w
(a) 1065 2676 w
(very) 1138 2676 w
(specialized) 1344 2676 w
(relay) 1815 2676 w
(computer) 2042 2676 w
([20].) 2447 2676 w
(This) 2691 2676 w
(essentially) 2897 2676 w
(used) 3347 2676 w
(relay) 3558 2676 w
(circuitry) 3785 2676 w
(to) 4151 2676 w
(do) 4257 2676 w
(what) 4385 2676 w
(Lovell) 4607 2676 w
(and) 4896 2676 w
(Kittredge) 720 2796 w
(had) 1125 2796 w
(done,) 1297 2796 w
(much) 1544 2796 w
(more) 1795 2796 w
(clumsily,) 2029 2796 w
(by) 2428 2796 w
(punched\255card) 2557 2796 w
(methods;) 3128 2796 w
(but) 3524 2796 w
(it) 3681 2796 w
(is) 3766 2796 w
(interesting) 3862 2796 w
(to) 4313 2796 w
(note) 4420 2796 w
(that) 4621 2796 w
(it) 4800 2796 w
(was) 4885 2796 w
(still necessary to use human operators to handle the link\255matching job.) 720 2916 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(5.6 Other Early Electrical Digital Computer Developments) 720 3156 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Pioneering) 970 3312 w
(work) 1432 3312 w
(in) 1666 3312 w
(the) 1773 3312 w
(computer) 1924 3312 w
(field) 2330 3312 w
(in) 2543 3312 w
(the) 2651 3312 w
(late) 2803 3312 w
(1930s) 2977 3312 w
(and) 3246 3312 w
(early) 3420 3312 w
(1940s) 3649 3312 w
(was) 3918 3312 w
(by) 4103 3312 w
(no) 4233 3312 w
(means) 4363 3312 w
(limited) 4648 3312 w
(to) 4962 3312 w
(Bell) 720 3432 w
(Labs.) 920 3432 w
(The) 1172 3432 w
(first) 1360 3432 w
(proposal) 1554 3432 w
(that) 1931 3432 w
(actually) 2114 3432 w
(led) 2463 3432 w
(to) 2617 3432 w
(construction) 2727 3432 w
(of) 3253 3432 w
(an) 3368 3432 w
(electrical) 3494 3432 w
(digital) 3891 3432 w
(computer) 4179 3432 w
(was) 4588 3432 w
(that) 4775 3432 w
(of) 4957 3432 w
(Konrad) 720 3552 w
(Zuse) 1046 3552 w
(in) 1267 3552 w
(Germany,) 1372 3552 w
(who) 1795 3552 w
(in) 1994 3552 w
(1936) 2099 3552 w
(applied) 2326 3552 w
(for) 2647 3552 w
(a) 2790 3552 w
(German) 2861 3552 w
(patent) 3209 3552 w
(on) 3481 3552 w
(a) 3609 3552 w
(binary) 3681 3552 w
(computer) 3964 3552 w
([21].) 4369 3552 w
(The) 4613 3552 w
(patent) 4796 3552 w
(states) 720 3672 w
(that) 976 3672 w
(the) 1160 3672 w
(machine) 1316 3672 w
(could) 1688 3672 w
(be) 1944 3672 w
(constructed) 2072 3672 w
(either) 2566 3672 w
(from) 2827 3672 w
(relays) 3055 3672 w
(or) 3327 3672 w
(from) 3444 3672 w
("mechanical) 3672 3672 w
(coupling) 4201 3672 w
(and) 4585 3672 w
(uncou\255) 4763 3672 w
(pling) 720 3792 w
(devices") 961 3792 w
(with) 1336 3792 w
(equivalent) 1549 3792 w
(logical) 2000 3792 w
(results.) 2307 3792 w
(Apparently) 2653 3792 w
(because) 3137 3792 w
(of) 3487 3792 w
(the) 3605 3792 w
(cost) 3762 3792 w
(of) 3958 3792 w
(relays,) 4077 3792 w
(he) 4376 3792 w
(built) 4506 3792 w
(his) 4726 3792 w
(first) 4879 3792 w
(machine) 720 3912 w
(almost) 1086 3912 w
(entirely) 1381 3912 w
(of) 1714 3912 w
(such) 1825 3912 w
(mechanical) 2036 3912 w
(switching) 2518 3912 w
(elements.) 2935 3912 w
(These) 3343 3912 w
(consisted) 3609 3912 w
(of) 4009 3912 w
(plates) 4120 3912 w
(movable) 4381 3912 w
(at) 4752 3912 w
(right) 4851 3912 w
(angles) 720 4032 w
(to) 1006 4032 w
(each) 1115 4032 w
(other) 1328 4032 w
(and) 1564 4032 w
(constrained) 1739 4032 w
(by) 2230 4032 w
(attached) 2361 4032 w
(pins) 2724 4032 w
(working) 2922 4032 w
(in) 3286 4032 w
(slots) 3395 4032 w
(to) 3610 4032 w
(cause) 3720 4032 w
(or) 3973 4032 w
(prevent) 4088 4032 w
(transmission) 4419 4032 w
(of) 4957 4032 w
("yes\255no") 720 4152 w
(values) 1098 4152 w
(from) 1383 4152 w
(plate) 1607 4152 w
(to) 1830 4152 w
(plate.) 1937 4152 w
(This) 2185 4152 w
(mechanical) 2392 4152 w
(binary) 2875 4152 w
(computer) 3159 4152 w
(\(Z1\)) 3565 4152 w
(was) 3771 4152 w
(completed) 3955 4152 w
(in) 4400 4152 w
(1938,) 4507 4152 w
(but) 4761 4152 w
(the) 4918 4152 w
(mechanical) 720 4272 w
(switching) 1205 4272 w
(elements) 1625 4272 w
(proved) 2011 4272 w
(unsuitable) 2319 4272 w
(for) 2761 4272 w
(carrying) 2908 4272 w
(out) 3271 4272 w
(arithmetic,) 3430 4272 w
(and) 3891 4272 w
(the) 4067 4272 w
(machine's) 4221 4272 w
(operation) 4663 4272 w
(was) 720 4392 w
(unreliable.) 918 4392 w
(Zuse) 1384 4392 w
(then) 1620 4392 w
(built) 1834 4392 w
(a) 2060 4392 w
(small) 2146 4392 w
(experimental) 2405 4392 w
(arithmetic) 2968 4392 w
(unit) 3415 4392 w
(\(Z2\),) 3613 4392 w
(which) 3857 4392 w
(was) 4143 4392 w
(coupled) 4340 4392 w
(with) 4698 4392 w
(the) 4918 4392 w
(mechanical) 720 4512 w
(memory) 1204 4512 w
(of) 1567 4512 w
(Z1.) 1680 4512 w
(With) 1846 4512 w
(this) 2076 4512 w
(unit,) 2251 4512 w
(some) 2462 4512 w
(simple) 2703 4512 w
(formulas) 3000 4512 w
(could) 3386 4512 w
(be) 3639 4512 w
(calculated,) 3764 4512 w
(but) 4224 4512 w
(practical) 4383 4512 w
(utiliza\255) 4757 4512 w
(tion) 720 4632 w
(of) 904 4632 w
(the) 1015 4632 w
(machine) 1165 4632 w
(was) 1531 4632 w
(still) 1713 4632 w
(not) 1891 4632 w
(possible.) 2046 4632 w
(This) 2426 4632 w
(was) 2631 4632 w
(followed) 2813 4632 w
(by) 3195 4632 w
(the) 3322 4632 w
(Z3) 3471 4632 w
(machine,) 3609 4632 w
(built) 3999 4632 w
(entirely) 4210 4632 w
(of) 4542 4632 w
(telephone) 4652 4632 w
(relays,) 720 4752 w
(about) 1012 4752 w
(2600) 1263 4752 w
(of) 1492 4752 w
(them.) 1605 4752 w
(This) 1860 4752 w
(machine) 2068 4752 w
(was) 2436 4752 w
(begun) 2621 4752 w
(in) 2895 4752 w
(1939) 3003 4752 w
(and) 3233 4752 w
(placed) 3407 4752 w
(in) 3697 4752 w
(service) 3805 4752 w
(in) 4117 4752 w
(1941,) 4225 4752 w
(at) 4480 4752 w
(least) 4582 4752 w
(a) 4795 4752 w
(year) 4869 4752 w
(after) 720 4872 w
(Bell) 932 4872 w
(Labs) 1129 4872 w
(Model) 1353 4872 w
(I) 1644 4872 w
(computer) 1707 4872 w
(began) 2114 4872 w
(routine) 2382 4872 w
(operations.) 2694 4872 w
(The) 3164 4872 w
(Z3) 3348 4872 w
(and) 3488 4872 w
(its) 3661 4872 w
(predecessors) 3785 4872 w
(were) 4323 4872 w
(destroyed) 4545 4872 w
(in) 4962 4872 w
(air) 720 4992 w
(raids) 861 4992 w
(during) 1091 4992 w
(the) 1389 4992 w
(war.) 1548 4992 w
(Zuse's) 1759 4992 w
(work) 2062 4992 w
(was) 2304 4992 w
(unknown) 2496 4992 w
(outside) 2905 4992 w
(Germany) 3231 4992 w
(\(and) 3639 4992 w
(probably) 3853 4992 w
(little) 4245 4992 w
(known) 4466 4992 w
(in) 4775 4992 w
(that) 4890 4992 w
(country\) until after the end of the war.) 720 5112 w
(In) 970 5268 w
(the) 1087 5268 w
(meantime,) 1243 5268 w
(the) 1696 5268 w
(Harvard) 1852 5268 w
(University) 2212 5268 w
(Mark) 2668 5268 w
(I) 2918 5268 w
(computer) 2985 5268 w
(was) 3396 5268 w
(being) 3586 5268 w
(developed) 3843 5268 w
(and) 4288 5268 w
(constructed) 4467 5268 w
(in) 4962 5268 w
(Cambridge) 720 5388 w
(from) 1196 5388 w
(1938) 1422 5388 w
(to) 1654 5388 w
(1945) 1764 5388 w
(under) 1996 5388 w
(the) 2255 5388 w
(direction) 2409 5388 w
(of) 2796 5388 w
(Howard) 2911 5388 w
(H.) 3264 5388 w
(Aiken) 3393 5388 w
([22].) 3669 5388 w
(This) 3891 5388 w
(was) 4100 5388 w
(an) 4286 5388 w
(extremely) 4411 5388 w
(large) 4841 5388 w
(electromechanical) 720 5508 w
(computer,) 1472 5508 w
(more) 1901 5508 w
(than) 2133 5508 w
(50) 2332 5508 w
(feet) 2459 5508 w
(long) 2636 5508 w
(and) 2842 5508 w
(containing) 3014 5508 w
(over) 3464 5508 w
(750,000) 3669 5508 w
(parts.) 4022 5508 w
(Its) 4269 5508 w
(arithmetic) 4397 5508 w
(oper\255) 4830 5508 w
(ations) 720 5628 w
(were,) 986 5628 w
(however,) 1231 5628 w
(done) 1626 5628 w
(on) 1847 5628 w
(ten\255position) 1974 5628 w
(rotary) 2479 5628 w
(counters) 2744 5628 w
(adapted) 3109 5628 w
(from) 3445 5628 w
(IBM) 3665 5628 w
(punched\255card) 3880 5628 w
(equipment) 4448 5628 w
(and) 4896 5628 w
(rather) 720 5748 w
(like) 983 5748 w
(the) 1164 5748 w
(step\255by\255step) 1317 5748 w
(switches) 1836 5748 w
(used) 2211 5748 w
(in) 2425 5748 w
(many) 2535 5748 w
(dial) 2789 5748 w
(telephone) 2971 5748 w
(systems.) 3391 5748 w
(Enough) 3765 5748 w
(of) 4108 5748 w
(these) 4223 5748 w
(were) 4460 5748 w
(provided) 4685 5748 w
(to) 720 5868 w
(handle) 835 5868 w
(fixed\255point) 1138 5868 w
(numbers) 1619 5868 w
(of) 2000 5868 w
(23) 2120 5868 w
(decimal) 2257 5868 w
(digits.) 2610 5868 w
(The) 2895 5868 w
(sequencing) 3087 5868 w
(of) 3573 5868 w
(operations,) 3693 5868 w
(under) 4171 5868 w
(control) 4435 5868 w
(of) 4755 5868 w
(pro\255) 4874 5868 w
(grams) 720 5988 w
(punched) 992 5988 w
(on) 1358 5988 w
(paper) 1487 5988 w
(tape,) 1737 5988 w
(was) 1957 5988 w
(handled) 2141 5988 w
(by) 2486 5988 w
(relay) 2615 5988 w
(circuitry.) 2843 5988 w
(Like) 3235 5988 w
(all) 3447 5988 w
(electromechanical) 3576 5988 w
(computers,) 4330 5988 w
(it) 4800 5988 w
(was) 4885 5988 w
(slow) 720 6108 w
(\255) 936 6108 w
(it) 996 6108 w
(took) 1079 6108 w
(about) 1284 6108 w
(4) 1532 6108 w
(seconds) 1608 6108 w
(for) 1950 6108 w
(multiplication,) 2092 6108 w
(16) 2705 6108 w
(seconds) 2831 6108 w
(for) 3173 6108 w
(division.) 3315 6108 w
(There) 3689 6108 w
(were) 3947 6108 w
(no) 4166 6108 w
(features) 4292 6108 w
(for) 4633 6108 w
(check\255) 4775 6108 w
(ing) 720 6228 w
(reliability\255these) 880 6228 w
(had) 1539 6228 w
(to) 1715 6228 w
(be) 1825 6228 w
(programmed.) 1951 6228 w
(Slow) 2518 6228 w
(and) 2756 6228 w
(cumbersome) 2932 6228 w
(as) 3475 6228 w
(it) 3591 6228 w
(was,) 3680 6228 w
(this) 3893 6228 w
(giant) 4071 6228 w
(calculator) 4304 6228 w
(was) 4730 6228 w
(the) 4918 6228 w
(first) 720 6348 w
(general\255purpose) 938 6348 w
(machine) 1637 6348 w
(designed) 2032 6348 w
(to) 2443 6348 w
(carry) 2577 6348 w
(out) 2837 6348 w
(enormous) 3021 6348 w
(arithmetical) 3471 6348 w
(jobs.) 4004 6348 w
(It) 4252 6348 w
(was) 4369 6348 w
(specifically) 4580 6348 w
(designed) 720 6468 w
(for) 1108 6468 w
(the) 1257 6468 w
(construction) 1412 6468 w
(of) 1939 6468 w
(extensive) 2055 6468 w
(tables) 2465 6468 w
(of) 2731 6468 w
(mathematical) 2848 6468 w
(functions,) 3420 6468 w
(and) 3851 6468 w
(in) 4029 6468 w
(this) 4141 6468 w
(characteristic) 4320 6468 w
(was) 4885 6468 w
(unlike) 720 6588 w
(the) 1000 6588 w
(Bell) 1152 6588 w
(Labs) 1349 6588 w
(machines.) 1573 6588 w
(The) 2005 6588 w
(Mark) 2190 6588 w
(I) 2436 6588 w
(computer) 2499 6588 w
(was) 2906 6588 w
(placed) 3091 6588 w
(in) 3381 6588 w
(operation) 3489 6588 w
(at) 3895 6588 w
(Harvard) 3996 6588 w
(in) 4351 6588 w
(1945,) 4458 6588 w
(and) 4712 6588 w
(was) 4885 6588 w
(followed) 720 6708 w
(by) 1108 6708 w
(the) 1241 6708 w
(Mark) 1396 6708 w
(II,) 1645 6708 w
(also) 1769 6708 w
(designed) 1963 6708 w
(by) 2351 6708 w
(Aiken) 2484 6708 w
([23].) 2761 6708 w
(The) 2985 6708 w
(Mark) 3173 6708 w
(II) 3423 6708 w
(used) 3523 6708 w
(relays) 3740 6708 w
(for) 4012 6708 w
(calculation) 4162 6708 w
(as) 4634 6708 w
(well) 4751 6708 w
(as) 4957 6708 w
(control,) 720 6828 w
(and) 1056 6828 w
(was) 1228 6828 w
(comparable) 1411 6828 w
(to) 1904 6828 w
(the) 2010 6828 w
(Bell) 2160 6828 w
(Labs) 2355 6828 w
(Model) 2576 6828 w
(V) 2864 6828 w
(machines) 2963 6828 w
(in) 3367 6828 w
(size) 3472 6828 w
(and) 3654 6828 w
(capabilities.) 3825 6828 w
(It) 4332 6828 w
(was) 4420 6828 w
(installed) 4602 6828 w
(at) 4968 6828 w
(the Naval Proving Ground at Dahlgren, Virginia.) 720 6948 w
(The) 970 7104 w
(most) 1154 7104 w
(significant) 1378 7104 w
(achievement) 1829 7104 w
(of) 2362 7104 w
(this) 2474 7104 w
(period) 2648 7104 w
(was) 2932 7104 w
(the) 3116 7104 w
(development) 3267 7104 w
(of) 3812 7104 w
(the) 3924 7104 w
(ENIAC) 4075 7104 w
(computer) 4409 7104 w
(at) 4816 7104 w
(the) 4918 7104 w
(University) 720 7224 w
(of) 1172 7224 w
(Pennsylvania's) 1285 7224 w
(Moore) 1919 7224 w
(School) 2214 7224 w
(of) 2521 7224 w
(Engineering) 2633 7224 w
(under) 3150 7224 w
(the) 3406 7224 w
(direction) 3557 7224 w
(of) 3941 7224 w
(John) 4053 7224 w
(W.) 4271 7224 w
(Mauchly) 4419 7224 w
(and) 4803 7224 w
(J.) 4976 7224 w
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(\255 8 \255) 2797 480 w
(Presper) 720 840 w
(Eckert) 1049 840 w
([24].) 1339 840 w
(For) 1560 840 w
(the) 1730 840 w
(first) 1883 840 w
(time,) 2075 840 w
(the) 2309 840 w
(high\255speed) 2462 840 w
(capabilities) 2931 840 w
(of) 3417 840 w
(vacuum\255tube) 3531 840 w
(operation) 4083 840 w
(were) 4491 840 w
(utilized,) 4715 840 w
(permitting) 720 960 w
(speeds) 1168 960 w
(that) 1465 960 w
(almost) 1646 960 w
(immediately) 1944 960 w
(made) 2475 960 w
(relay) 2722 960 w
(computers) 2951 960 w
(obsolete.) 3397 960 w
(When) 3785 960 w
(ENIAC) 4053 960 w
(\(an) 4388 960 w
(acronym) 4545 960 w
(for) 4924 960 w
(Electronic) 720 1080 w
(Numerical) 1165 1080 w
(Integrator) 1621 1080 w
(And) 2049 1080 w
(Computer\)) 2257 1080 w
(was) 2726 1080 w
(completed) 2917 1080 w
(in) 3369 1080 w
(April) 3483 1080 w
(1946,) 3730 1080 w
(it) 3991 1080 w
(contained) 4083 1080 w
(about) 4507 1080 w
(18,000) 4765 1080 w
(vacuum) 720 1200 w
(tubes) 1069 1200 w
(and) 1313 1200 w
(a) 1490 1200 w
(battery) 1566 1200 w
(of) 1875 1200 w
(fans) 1990 1200 w
(and) 2188 1200 w
(blowers) 2364 1200 w
(to) 2712 1200 w
(keep) 2822 1200 w
(the) 3042 1200 w
(internal) 3196 1200 w
(temperature) 3533 1200 w
(below) 4041 1200 w
(the) 4317 1200 w
(point) 4471 1200 w
(where) 4709 1200 w
(it) 4984 1200 w
(would) 720 1320 w
(cause) 1002 1320 w
(damage.) 1255 1320 w
(There) 1622 1320 w
(were,) 1887 1320 w
(however,) 2138 1320 w
(no) 2539 1320 w
(air\255conditioning) 2672 1320 w
(facilities,) 3349 1320 w
(and) 3751 1320 w
(repair) 3928 1320 w
(was) 4193 1320 w
(a) 4381 1320 w
(constant) 4458 1320 w
(prob\255) 4824 1320 w
(lem.) 720 1440 w
(But) 960 1440 w
(ENIAC's) 1144 1440 w
(electronic) 1560 1440 w
(operation) 1992 1440 w
(permitted) 2408 1440 w
(a) 2830 1440 w
(very) 2913 1440 w
(impressive) 3129 1440 w
(step\255up) 3601 1440 w
(in) 3934 1440 w
(speed:) 4051 1440 w
(it) 4345 1440 w
(could) 4440 1440 w
(do) 4701 1440 w
(5000) 4840 1440 w
(additions) 720 1560 w
(a) 1114 1560 w
(second,) 1185 1560 w
(though) 1514 1560 w
(its) 1819 1560 w
(speeds) 1942 1560 w
(for) 2236 1560 w
(multiplication,) 2380 1560 w
(division,) 2995 1560 w
(and) 3371 1560 w
(reading) 3543 1560 w
(numbers) 3870 1560 w
(from) 4242 1560 w
(punched) 4464 1560 w
(cards) 4830 1560 w
(were) 720 1680 w
(a) 943 1680 w
(good) 1016 1680 w
(deal) 1245 1680 w
(slower.) 1440 1680 w
(ENIAC,) 1760 1680 w
(like) 2119 1680 w
(the) 2298 1680 w
(Mark) 2449 1680 w
(1,) 2694 1680 w
(was) 2798 1680 w
(a) 2982 1680 w
(decimal) 3055 1680 w
(rather) 3400 1680 w
(than) 3661 1680 w
(a) 3862 1680 w
(binary) 3935 1680 w
(machine;) 4219 1680 w
(it) 4614 1680 w
(is) 4699 1680 w
(fair) 4795 1680 w
(to) 4962 1680 w
(say) 720 1800 w
(that) 887 1800 w
(it) 1071 1800 w
(used) 1161 1800 w
(vacuum) 1379 1800 w
(tubes) 1730 1800 w
(to) 1976 1800 w
(simulate,) 2089 1800 w
(at) 2488 1800 w
(electronic) 2595 1800 w
(speed,) 3023 1800 w
(the) 3310 1800 w
(operation) 3467 1800 w
(of) 3879 1800 w
(the) 3997 1800 w
(rotary) 4154 1800 w
(counters) 4427 1800 w
(of) 4800 1800 w
(the) 4918 1800 w
(Mark) 720 1920 w
(I.) 968 1920 w
(The) 1057 1920 w
(machine) 1243 1920 w
(had) 1612 1920 w
(no) 1787 1920 w
(built\255in) 1918 1920 w
(checking) 2244 1920 w
(systems,) 2635 1920 w
(and) 3008 1920 w
(its) 3183 1920 w
(storage) 3309 1920 w
(capacity) 3628 1920 w
(was) 3991 1920 w
(quite) 4177 1920 w
(limited,) 4408 1920 w
(since) 4748 1920 w
(it) 4984 1920 w
(used expensive vacuum\255tube counters for this purpose. Its) 720 2040 w
(high) 3064 2040 w
(internal) 3268 2040 w
(speed) 3599 2040 w
(prevented) 3852 2040 w
(the) 4271 2040 w
(use) 4419 2040 w
(of) 4578 2040 w
(the) 4687 2040 w
(inex\255) 4835 2040 w
(pensive) 720 2160 w
(paper) 1059 2160 w
(tape) 1314 2160 w
(and) 1514 2160 w
(cards) 1691 2160 w
(that) 1934 2160 w
(so) 2117 2160 w
(well) 2239 2160 w
(matched) 2444 2160 w
(the) 2815 2160 w
(internal) 2970 2160 w
(speeds) 3308 2160 w
(of) 3607 2160 w
(the) 3723 2160 w
(Bell) 3878 2160 w
(Labs) 4078 2160 w
(and) 4305 2160 w
(Harvard) 4482 2160 w
(relay) 4841 2160 w
(machines.) 720 2280 w
(Like) 1162 2280 w
(the) 1386 2280 w
(Mark) 1549 2280 w
(I,) 1806 2280 w
(ENIAC) 1905 2280 w
(was) 2251 2280 w
(intended) 2447 2280 w
(basically) 2832 2280 w
(for) 3228 2280 w
(calculating) 3385 2280 w
(large) 3864 2280 w
(tables) 4104 2280 w
(of) 4378 2280 w
(mathematical) 4502 2280 w
(functions,) 720 2400 w
(and) 1144 2400 w
(its) 1315 2400 w
(programs) 1437 2400 w
(could) 1841 2400 w
(only) 2090 2400 w
(be) 2295 2400 w
(changed) 2416 2400 w
(by) 2775 2400 w
(a) 2902 2400 w
(complicated) 2973 2400 w
(process) 3488 2400 w
(of) 3814 2400 w
(altering) 3924 2400 w
(plugboards) 4256 2400 w
(and) 4726 2400 w
(set\255) 4896 2400 w
(ting many switches. Despite these) 720 2520 w
(difficulties) 2103 2520 w
(ENIAC,) 2562 2520 w
(rather) 2918 2520 w
(than) 3176 2520 w
(the) 3374 2520 w
(electromechanical) 3522 2520 w
(computers,) 4273 2520 w
(pointed) 4740 2520 w
(the) 720 2640 w
(way) 869 2640 w
(to) 1061 2640 w
(the) 1165 2640 w
(future.) 1313 2640 w
(The) 1602 2640 w
(vacuum\255tube) 1783 2640 w
(machines) 2330 2640 w
(that) 2733 2640 w
(followed) 2909 2640 w
(were) 3290 2640 w
(great) 3509 2640 w
(improvements,) 3734 2640 w
(but) 4357 2640 w
(the) 4511 2640 w
(most) 4659 2640 w
(dra\255) 4880 2640 w
(matic new achievements had to await the advent of the transistor.) 720 2760 w
(Another) 970 2916 w
(important) 1331 2916 w
(step) 1754 2916 w
(in) 1949 2916 w
(the) 2061 2916 w
(history) 2217 2916 w
(of) 2530 2916 w
(the) 2648 2916 w
(digital) 2805 2916 w
(computer) 3096 2916 w
(was) 3508 2916 w
(John) 3698 2916 w
(von) 3922 2916 w
(Neumann's) 4107 2916 w
(conception) 4602 2916 w
(\(first) 720 3036 w
(described) 951 3036 w
(in) 1370 3036 w
(1946\)) 1485 3036 w
(of) 1755 3036 w
(the) 1875 3036 w
(general\255purpose) 2034 3036 w
(computer) 2713 3036 w
(with) 3127 3036 w
(storage) 3342 3036 w
(facilities) 3667 3036 w
(shared) 4048 3036 w
(by) 4345 3036 w
(programs) 4482 3036 w
(and) 4896 3036 w
(data. The first use) 720 3156 w
(of) 1461 3156 w
(this) 1570 3156 w
(idea) 1741 3156 w
(was) 1933 3156 w
(in) 2114 3156 w
(ENIAC) 2218 3156 w
(itself,) 2549 3156 w
(which) 2800 3156 w
(was) 3070 3156 w
(extensively) 3251 3156 w
(modified) 3732 3156 w
(to) 4119 3156 w
(incorporate) 4223 3156 w
(this) 4703 3156 w
(new) 4874 3156 w
(concept.) 720 3276 w
(The) 1094 3276 w
(EDVAC,) 1288 3276 w
(built) 1696 3276 w
(at) 1919 3276 w
(the) 2030 3276 w
(Moore) 2191 3276 w
(School) 2496 3276 w
(and) 2813 3276 w
(placed) 2996 3276 w
(in) 3295 3276 w
(service) 3412 3276 w
(in) 3732 3276 w
(1950,) 3848 3276 w
(was) 4111 3276 w
(the) 4304 3276 w
(first) 4464 3276 w
(computer) 4663 3276 w
(designed) 720 3396 w
(from) 1104 3396 w
(scratch) 1327 3396 w
(as) 1638 3396 w
(a) 1750 3396 w
(stored\255program) 1823 3396 w
(machine.) 2467 3396 w
(The) 2859 3396 w
(flexibility) 3043 3396 w
(of) 3468 3396 w
(operation) 3581 3396 w
(thus) 3988 3396 w
(obtained) 4185 3396 w
(was) 4559 3396 w
(the) 4744 3396 w
(key) 4896 3396 w
(that) 720 3516 w
(made) 906 3516 w
(future) 1158 3516 w
(electronic) 1432 3516 w
(computers) 1861 3516 w
(so) 2313 3516 w
(easily) 2438 3516 w
(applicable) 2706 3516 w
(in) 3151 3516 w
(a) 3264 3516 w
(wide) 3343 3516 w
(range) 3572 3516 w
(of) 3828 3516 w
(problem) 3946 3516 w
(areas.) 4314 3516 w
(The) 4578 3516 w
(impor\255) 4768 3516 w
(tance) 720 3636 w
(of) 957 3636 w
(the) 1067 3636 w
(concept) 1216 3636 w
(depended) 1553 3636 w
(on) 1963 3636 w
(providing) 2091 3636 w
(a) 2508 3636 w
(storage) 2580 3636 w
(organization,) 2896 3636 w
(properly) 3448 3636 w
(matched) 3814 3636 w
(in) 4180 3636 w
(speed) 4286 3636 w
(to) 4541 3636 w
(the) 4647 3636 w
(calcu\255) 4797 3636 w
(lating) 720 3756 w
(capabilities) 980 3756 w
(of) 1467 3756 w
(the) 1581 3756 w
(machine.) 1734 3756 w
(The) 2128 3756 w
(methods) 2314 3756 w
(used) 2684 3756 w
(in) 2898 3756 w
(the) 3007 3756 w
(larger) 3160 3756 w
(Bell) 3423 3756 w
(Labs) 3621 3756 w
(computers,) 3846 3756 w
(particularly) 4318 3756 w
(in) 4809 3756 w
(the) 4918 3756 w
(Model) 720 3876 w
(VI,) 1016 3876 w
(were) 1181 3876 w
(entirely) 1409 3876 w
(adequate) 1749 3876 w
(for) 2139 3876 w
(relay) 2291 3876 w
(arithmetic,) 2526 3876 w
(but) 2992 3876 w
(it) 3156 3876 w
(took) 3248 3876 w
(some) 3462 3876 w
(time) 3709 3876 w
(to) 3923 3876 w
(develop) 4037 3876 w
(a) 4389 3876 w
(corresponding) 4469 3876 w
(match for electronic calculating speeds.) 720 3996 w
(At) 970 4152 w
(the) 1118 4152 w
(end) 1288 4152 w
(of) 1480 4152 w
(World) 1611 4152 w
(War) 1915 4152 w
(II,) 2135 4152 w
(Bell) 2275 4152 w
(Labs) 2491 4152 w
(management) 2734 4152 w
(planned) 3293 4152 w
(a) 3658 4152 w
(program) 3751 4152 w
(of) 4138 4152 w
(development) 4270 4152 w
(work) 4835 4152 w
(required) 720 4272 w
(to) 1081 4272 w
(provide) 1188 4272 w
(urgently) 1522 4272 w
(needed,) 1883 4272 w
(new) 2218 4272 w
(Bell) 2412 4272 w
(System) 2607 4272 w
(telephone) 2930 4272 w
(facilities,) 3346 4272 w
(which) 3743 4272 w
(had) 4015 4272 w
(been) 4187 4272 w
(delayed) 4403 4272 w
(for) 4741 4272 w
(five) 4885 4272 w
(years) 720 4392 w
(while) 959 4392 w
(80) 1210 4392 w
(percent) 1339 4392 w
(of) 1661 4392 w
(Bell) 1773 4392 w
(Labs) 1969 4392 w
(staff) 2192 4392 w
(was) 2398 4392 w
(devoted) 2582 4392 w
(to) 2927 4392 w
(the) 3034 4392 w
(country's) 3185 4392 w
(military) 3591 4392 w
(wartime.\255needs.) 3938 4392 w
(One) 4605 4392 w
(possi\255) 4801 4392 w
(bility) 720 4512 w
(considered) 968 4512 w
(was) 1436 4512 w
(work) 1627 4512 w
(on) 1868 4512 w
(vacuum\255tube) 2004 4512 w
(computers,) 2561 4512 w
(since) 3038 4512 w
(this) 3279 4512 w
(was) 3460 4512 w
(by) 3651 4512 w
(then) 3786 4512 w
(seen) 3993 4512 w
(to) 4205 4512 w
(be) 4318 4512 w
(the) 4447 4512 w
(way) 4604 4512 w
(to) 4805 4512 w
(the) 4918 4512 w
(future. The importance of the computer art was clear, but it was also clear) 720 4632 w
(that) 3691 4632 w
(the) 3867 4632 w
(kind) 4015 4632 w
(of) 4219 4632 w
(people) 4328 4632 w
(who) 4620 4632 w
(could) 4818 4632 w
(contribute) 720 4752 w
(significantly) 1156 4752 w
(in) 1687 4752 w
(a) 1796 4752 w
(new) 1871 4752 w
(field,) 2068 4752 w
(just) 2307 4752 w
(beginning) 2483 4752 w
(to) 2914 4752 w
(be) 3022 4752 w
(explored,) 3146 4752 w
(were) 3550 4752 w
(more) 3773 4752 w
(urgently) 4008 4752 w
(needed) 4371 4752 w
(for) 4683 4752 w
(long\255) 4829 4752 w
(postponed) 720 4872 w
(telephone) 1170 4872 w
(development) 1597 4872 w
(work.) 2152 4872 w
(As) 2446 4872 w
(a) 2596 4872 w
(result,) 2680 4872 w
(there) 2967 4872 w
(was) 3206 4872 w
(a) 3401 4872 w
(hiatus) 3485 4872 w
(in) 3764 4872 w
(Bell) 3882 4872 w
(Labs) 4089 4872 w
(computer) 4323 4872 w
(activity) 4740 4872 w
(between the relay era and that of the transistor.) 720 4992 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(6. SOLID\255STATE TECHNOLOGY AND THE TRANSISTOR) 720 5232 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 5388 w
(great) 1152 5388 w
(size) 1378 5388 w
(and) 1560 5388 w
(heavy) 1731 5388 w
(power) 1997 5388 w
(drain) 2274 5388 w
(of) 2507 5388 w
(vacuum\255tube) 2618 5388 w
(digital) 3167 5388 w
(computers) 3451 5388 w
(like) 3895 5388 w
(ENIAC) 4073 5388 w
(and) 4406 5388 w
(its) 4578 5388 w
(immedi\255) 4701 5388 w
(ate) 720 5508 w
(successors) 868 5508 w
(could) 1321 5508 w
(have) 1575 5508 w
(severely) 1795 5508 w
(limited) 2159 5508 w
(their) 2475 5508 w
(growth) 2690 5508 w
(in) 3005 5508 w
(complexity) 3115 5508 w
(and) 3597 5508 w
(efficiency.) 3772 5508 w
(As) 4251 5508 w
(it) 4393 5508 w
(happened,) 4480 5508 w
(the) 4918 5508 w
(expanding) 720 5628 w
(computer) 1175 5628 w
(art) 1591 5628 w
(paralleled) 1735 5628 w
(an) 2167 5628 w
(equally) 2300 5628 w
(dramatic) 2633 5628 w
(growth) 3021 5628 w
(in) 3343 5628 w
(solid\255state) 3460 5628 w
(technology.) 3910 5628 w
(This) 4418 5628 w
(trend) 4635 5628 w
(first) 4879 5628 w
(became) 720 5748 w
(evident) 1056 5748 w
(in) 1382 5748 w
(the) 1492 5748 w
(growing) 1646 5748 w
(use) 2011 5748 w
(of) 2175 5748 w
(passive) 2289 5748 w
(devices) 2614 5748 w
(for) 2944 5748 w
(doing) 3091 5748 w
(many) 3350 5748 w
(of) 3603 5748 w
(the) 3717 5748 w
(necessary) 3870 5748 w
(internal) 4288 5748 w
(operations) 4624 5748 w
(in) 720 5868 w
(a) 838 5868 w
(computer:) 922 5868 w
(bistable) 1367 5868 w
(magnetic) 1719 5868 w
(cores) 2126 5868 w
(for) 2377 5868 w
(fast,) 2534 5868 w
(compact,) 2744 5868 w
(relatively) 3148 5868 w
(cheap,) 3566 5868 w
(random\255access) 3864 5868 w
(memory,) 4497 5868 w
(and) 4896 5868 w
(crystal) 720 5988 w
(diodes) 1012 5988 w
(for) 1299 5988 w
(handling) 1441 5988 w
(most) 1817 5988 w
(of) 2038 5988 w
(the) 2147 5988 w
(detailed logical operations needed in calculation and control. Two of) 2295 5988 w
(the) 720 6108 w
(most\255used) 879 6108 w
(diode) 1327 6108 w
(logic) 1586 6108 w
(circuits,) 1823 6108 w
(the) 2179 6108 w
(AND) 2338 6108 w
(gate) 2591 6108 w
([25]) 2794 6108 w
(and) 2997 6108 w
(the) 3178 6108 w
(OR) 3337 6108 w
(gate) 3513 6108 w
([26],) 3717 6108 w
(had) 3946 6108 w
(been) 4128 6108 w
(invented) 4354 6108 w
(about) 4736 6108 w
(a) 4996 6108 w
(decade) 720 6228 w
(earlier) 1036 6228 w
(at) 1330 6228 w
(Bell) 1442 6228 w
(Labs) 1649 6228 w
(in) 1883 6228 w
(connection) 2001 6228 w
(with) 2479 6228 w
(exploratory) 2696 6228 w
(work) 3195 6228 w
(on) 3439 6228 w
(new) 3578 6228 w
(dial\255switching) 3783 6228 w
(techniques.) 4394 6228 w
(The) 4885 6228 w
(magnetic) 720 6348 w
(core) 1116 6348 w
(and) 1317 6348 w
(the) 1491 6348 w
(diode) 1643 6348 w
(still) 1895 6348 w
(required) 2076 6348 w
(use) 2438 6348 w
(of) 2601 6348 w
(vacuum\255tube) 2714 6348 w
(pulse) 3265 6348 w
(amplifiers) 3506 6348 w
(to) 3942 6348 w
(restore) 4051 6348 w
(signal) 4353 6348 w
(levels,) 4623 6348 w
(but) 4912 6348 w
(the) 720 6468 w
(total) 869 6468 w
(number) 1074 6468 w
(of) 1406 6468 w
(vacuum) 1516 6468 w
(tubes) 1858 6468 w
(was) 2095 6468 w
(greatly) 2276 6468 w
(reduced,) 2579 6468 w
(together) 2945 6468 w
(with) 3298 6468 w
(the) 3502 6468 w
(power) 3650 6468 w
(requirements) 3925 6468 w
(and) 4472 6468 w
(the) 4642 6468 w
(physi\255) 4790 6468 w
(cal) 720 6588 w
(size) 867 6588 w
(of) 1053 6588 w
(the) 1167 6588 w
(tubes.) 1320 6588 w
(As) 1587 6588 w
(a) 1729 6588 w
(result,) 1805 6588 w
(computers) 2084 6588 w
(became) 2532 6588 w
(smaller) 2868 6588 w
(while) 3194 6588 w
(their) 3448 6588 w
(performance) 3663 6588 w
(became) 4198 6588 w
(substantially) 4534 6588 w
(better.) 720 6708 w
(The) 1006 6708 w
(commercial) 1195 6708 w
(computers) 1700 6708 w
(of) 2150 6708 w
(the) 2267 6708 w
(latter) 2423 6708 w
(1950s) 2662 6708 w
(were) 2934 6708 w
(typically) 3160 6708 w
(based) 3543 6708 w
(on) 3803 6708 w
(this) 3936 6708 w
(use) 4114 6708 w
(of) 4280 6708 w
(solid\255state) 4396 6708 w
(logic) 4840 6708 w
(with vacuum\255tube amplification.) 720 6828 w
(In) 970 6984 w
(late) 1084 6984 w
(1947,) 1259 6984 w
(several) 1515 6984 w
(years) 1828 6984 w
(before) 2069 6984 w
(magnetic) 2354 6984 w
(cores) 2751 6984 w
(and) 2992 6984 w
(crystal) 3167 6984 w
(diodes) 3464 6984 w
(began) 3756 6984 w
(to) 4025 6984 w
(be) 4134 6984 w
(used) 4260 6984 w
(extensively) 4475 6984 w
(in) 4962 6984 w
(computers,) 720 7104 w
(John) 1191 7104 w
(Bardeen,) 1410 7104 w
(Walter) 1797 7104 w
(H.) 2098 7104 w
(Brattain,) 2225 7104 w
(and) 2602 7104 w
(William) 2776 7104 w
(Shockley) 3134 7104 w
(at) 3536 7104 w
(Bell) 3637 7104 w
(Labs) 3833 7104 w
(discovered) 4056 7104 w
(the) 4517 7104 w
(transistor) 4668 7104 w
(effect.) 720 7224 w
(Just) 1007 7224 w
(as) 1199 7224 w
(the) 1319 7224 w
(new) 1478 7224 w
(vacuum\255tube) 1681 7224 w
(technology) 2239 7224 w
(had) 2720 7224 w
(ended) 2901 7224 w
(the) 3176 7224 w
(day) 3335 7224 w
(of) 3516 7224 w
(the) 3636 7224 w
(relay) 3795 7224 w
(computer,) 4031 7224 w
(this) 4470 7224 w
(discovery) 4652 7224 w
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(\255 9 \255) 2797 480 w
(foreshadowed) 720 840 w
(the) 1309 840 w
(end) 1461 840 w
(of) 1635 840 w
(the) 1748 840 w
(vacuum) 1900 840 w
(tube) 2246 840 w
(in) 2448 840 w
(digital) 2556 840 w
(computers.) 2842 840 w
(The) 3313 840 w
(new) 3498 840 w
(technology) 3694 840 w
(took) 4168 840 w
(over) 4376 840 w
(a) 4583 840 w
(decade) 4657 840 w
(to) 4962 840 w
(come) 720 960 w
(to) 962 960 w
(fruition) 1066 960 w
(\255it) 1392 960 w
(was) 1507 960 w
(first) 1689 960 w
(necessary) 1877 960 w
(to) 2291 960 w
(learn) 2396 960 w
(how) 2622 960 w
(to) 2821 960 w
(manufacture) 2926 960 w
(transistors) 3451 960 w
(in) 3889 960 w
(adequate) 3994 960 w
(quantities) 4375 960 w
(and) 4791 960 w
(to) 4962 960 w
(suitable) 720 1080 w
(specifications.) 1081 1080 w
(Nevertheless,) 1730 1080 w
(the) 2320 1080 w
(transistor) 2492 1080 w
(made) 2914 1080 w
(possible) 3180 1080 w
(the) 3557 1080 w
(all\255solid\255state) 3728 1080 w
(computers) 4321 1080 w
(of) 4786 1080 w
(the) 4918 1080 w
(1960s.) 720 1200 w
(Probably) 970 1356 w
(the) 1360 1356 w
(first) 1511 1356 w
(computer\255like) 1701 1356 w
(transistor) 2290 1356 w
(circuits) 2691 1356 w
(in) 3014 1356 w
(regular) 3121 1356 w
(operation) 3432 1356 w
(were) 3838 1356 w
(those) 4060 1356 w
(in) 4301 1356 w
(a) 4409 1356 w
(transistor) 4483 1356 w
(gat\255) 4885 1356 w
(ing) 720 1476 w
(matrix) 879 1476 w
(built) 1171 1476 w
(by) 1386 1476 w
(Walter) 1517 1476 w
(H.) 1819 1476 w
(MacWilliams,) 1947 1476 w
(Jr.) 2547 1476 w
(in) 2675 1476 w
(1949) 2784 1476 w
(as) 3015 1476 w
(a) 3129 1476 w
(small) 3204 1476 w
(part) 3452 1476 w
(of) 3638 1476 w
(a) 3752 1476 w
("simulated) 3827 1476 w
(warfare") 4288 1476 w
(computer) 4663 1476 w
([27].) 720 1596 w
(Two) 941 1596 w
(general\255purpose,) 1154 1596 w
(all\255solid\255state) 1851 1596 w
(digital) 2425 1596 w
(computers,) 2712 1596 w
(TRADIC) 3184 1596 w
(\(TRAnsistor) 3587 1596 w
(DIgital) 4118 1596 w
(Computer\)) 4432 1596 w
(and) 4896 1596 w
(Leprechaun,) 720 1716 w
(and) 1253 1716 w
(a) 1435 1716 w
(large) 1517 1716 w
(special\255purpose) 1754 1716 w
(machine) 2418 1716 w
(for) 2794 1716 w
(a) 2948 1716 w
(Naval) 3030 1716 w
(gunfire\255control) 3306 1716 w
(system) 3948 1716 w
(were) 4263 1716 w
(developed) 4493 1716 w
(by) 4940 1716 w
(Bell) 720 1836 w
(Labs) 929 1836 w
(between) 1165 1836 w
(1952) 1539 1836 w
(and) 1781 1836 w
(1959.) 1967 1836 w
(These) 2234 1836 w
(and) 2514 1836 w
(other) 2700 1836 w
(defense\255related) 2947 1836 w
(computer) 3597 1836 w
(projects) 4016 1836 w
(are) 4374 1836 w
(described) 4537 1836 w
(in) 4962 1836 w
(Chapters) 720 1956 w
(10,) 1113 1956 w
(11,) 1276 1956 w
(and) 1439 1956 w
(13) 1620 1956 w
(of) 1757 1956 w
(the) 1877 1956 w
(second) 2036 1956 w
(volume) 2350 1956 w
(in) 2687 1956 w
(this) 2802 1956 w
(series,) 2984 1956 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(National) 3273 1956 w
(Service) 3661 1956 w
(in) 3991 1956 w
(War) 4106 1956 w
(and) 4315 1956 w
(Peace,) 4502 1956 w
(1925\255) 4807 1956 w
(1975.) 720 2076 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(In) 970 2232 w
(recent) 1082 2232 w
(years,) 1354 2232 w
(the) 1618 2232 w
(Bell) 1769 2232 w
(System) 1965 2232 w
(and) 2289 2232 w
(the) 2462 2232 w
(world) 2613 2232 w
(of) 2875 2232 w
(computers) 2987 2232 w
(have) 3433 2232 w
(had) 3651 2232 w
(an) 3825 2232 w
(increasingly) 3949 2232 w
(close) 4467 2232 w
(relation\255) 4702 2232 w
(ship.) 720 2352 w
(Telephone) 946 2352 w
(facilities) 1401 2352 w
(are) 1779 2352 w
(being) 1934 2352 w
(used) 2189 2352 w
(more) 2405 2352 w
(and) 2643 2352 w
(more) 2820 2352 w
(to) 3058 2352 w
(transmit) 3169 2352 w
(data) 3530 2352 w
(to,) 3729 2352 w
(from,) 3865 2352 w
(and) 4117 2352 w
(among) 4294 2352 w
(computers,) 4599 2352 w
(and) 720 2472 w
(the) 890 2472 w
(Bell) 1038 2472 w
(System) 1231 2472 w
(makes) 1552 2472 w
(more) 1833 2472 w
(and) 2064 2472 w
(more) 2234 2472 w
(use) 2466 2472 w
(of) 2626 2472 w
(computers) 2736 2472 w
(in) 3179 2472 w
(its) 3284 2472 w
(day\255to\255day) 3406 2472 w
(operations.) 3865 2472 w
(Similarly,) 4333 2472 w
(the) 4758 2472 w
(use) 4907 2472 w
(of) 720 2592 w
(computers) 833 2592 w
(in) 1279 2592 w
(Bell) 1387 2592 w
(Labs) 1584 2592 w
(research) 1807 2592 w
(and) 2167 2592 w
(development) 2340 2592 w
(work) 2885 2592 w
(and) 3119 2592 w
(of) 3292 2592 w
(computer\255born) 3404 2592 w
(technology) 4026 2592 w
(in) 4499 2592 w
(both) 4606 2592 w
(trans\255) 4813 2592 w
(mission and switching applications in the Bell System have grown increasingly in importance.) 720 2712 w
(In) 970 2868 w
(the) 1098 2868 w
(early) 1265 2868 w
(1950s,) 1509 2868 w
(Bell) 1818 2868 w
(Labs) 2030 2868 w
(problems) 2269 2868 w
(occasionally) 2686 2868 w
(became) 3230 2868 w
(large) 3579 2868 w
(enough) 3823 2868 w
(to) 4162 2868 w
(require) 4285 2868 w
(the) 4612 2868 w
(use) 4779 2868 w
(of) 4957 2868 w
(machines) 720 2988 w
(of) 1126 2988 w
(greater) 1238 2988 w
(size) 1543 2988 w
(and) 1727 2988 w
(power) 1900 2988 w
(than) 2178 2988 w
(the) 2379 2988 w
(relay) 2530 2988 w
(computers.) 2758 2988 w
(Time) 3228 2988 w
(was) 3468 2988 w
(therefore) 3652 2988 w
(rented,) 4040 2988 w
(as) 4343 2988 w
(needed,) 4455 2988 w
(on) 4790 2988 w
(the) 4918 2988 w
(IBM) 720 3108 w
(701) 939 3108 w
(and) 1119 3108 w
(the) 1293 3108 w
(Univac.) 1445 3108 w
(The) 1788 3108 w
(load) 1973 3108 w
(of) 2175 3108 w
(smaller) 2288 3108 w
(problems) 2612 3108 w
(also) 3014 3108 w
(increased,) 3205 3108 w
(and) 3636 3108 w
(in) 3810 3108 w
(1952) 3918 3108 w
(Bell) 4149 3108 w
(Labs) 4347 3108 w
(acquired) 4572 3108 w
(an) 4946 3108 w
(IBM) 720 3228 w
(Card) 942 3228 w
(Programmed) 1169 3228 w
(Calculator;) 1718 3228 w
(this) 2195 3228 w
(was) 2373 3228 w
(replaced) 2561 3228 w
(in) 2931 3228 w
(1955) 3041 3228 w
(by) 3273 3228 w
(an) 3405 3228 w
(IBM) 3531 3228 w
(650) 3752 3228 w
(machine,) 3934 3228 w
(and) 4329 3228 w
(a) 4505 3228 w
(second) 4581 3228 w
(650) 4890 3228 w
(was installed a year or so later as the computing load continued to grow.) 720 3348 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(7. EARLY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES) 720 3588 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(One) 970 3744 w
(of) 1166 3744 w
(the) 1279 3744 w
(effects) 1431 3744 w
(of) 1726 3744 w
(this) 1839 3744 w
(load) 2014 3744 w
(growth) 2216 3744 w
(was) 2529 3744 w
(to) 2714 3744 w
(present) 2822 3744 w
(Bell) 3140 3744 w
(Labs) 3337 3744 w
(with) 3562 3744 w
(its) 3771 3744 w
(first) 3897 3744 w
(real) 4089 3744 w
(software) 4269 3744 w
(problems.) 4643 3744 w
(The) 720 3864 w
(Model) 904 3864 w
(VI) 1194 3864 w
(relay) 1328 3864 w
(computer) 1556 3864 w
(was,) 1962 3864 w
(for) 2170 3864 w
(its) 2314 3864 w
(time,) 2437 3864 w
(fairly) 2668 3864 w
(easy) 2912 3864 w
(to) 3117 3864 w
(program.) 3223 3864 w
(Use) 3614 3864 w
(of) 3797 3864 w
(the) 3908 3864 w
(library) 4058 3864 w
(of) 4352 3864 w
(stored) 4463 3864 w
(subrou\255) 4735 3864 w
(tines) 720 3984 w
(avoided) 945 3984 w
(much) 1298 3984 w
(detailed) 1557 3984 w
(and) 1910 3984 w
(repetitive) 2091 3984 w
(programming.) 2505 3984 w
(Most) 3111 3984 w
(of) 3354 3984 w
(the) 3474 3984 w
(programming) 3633 3984 w
(was) 4214 3984 w
(done) 4406 3984 w
(by) 4637 3984 w
(people) 4774 3984 w
(skilled) 720 4104 w
(in) 1024 4104 w
(using) 1139 4104 w
(the) 1393 4104 w
(machine,) 1551 4104 w
(and) 1950 4104 w
(there) 2130 4104 w
(were) 2365 4104 w
(enough) 2594 4104 w
(of) 2924 4104 w
(these) 3043 4104 w
(people) 3284 4104 w
(to) 3586 4104 w
(handle) 3700 4104 w
(the) 4002 4104 w
(load.) 4160 4104 w
(By) 4393 4104 w
(the) 4546 4104 w
(time) 4704 4104 w
(the) 4918 4104 w
(IBM) 720 4224 w
(650) 944 4224 w
(arrived,) 1129 4224 w
(the) 1471 4224 w
(situation) 1628 4224 w
(had) 2008 4224 w
(begun) 2187 4224 w
(to) 2466 4224 w
(change.) 2579 4224 w
(More) 2946 4224 w
(and) 3197 4224 w
(more) 3376 4224 w
(scientists) 3616 4224 w
(and) 4018 4224 w
(engineers) 4198 4224 w
(had) 4616 4224 w
(useful) 4796 4224 w
(jobs) 720 4344 w
(for) 928 4344 w
(the) 1085 4344 w
(computer,) 1248 4344 w
(and) 1691 4344 w
(increasingly) 1876 4344 w
(they) 2405 4344 w
(wanted) 2618 4344 w
(to) 2947 4344 w
(handle) 3065 4344 w
(their) 3371 4344 w
(jobs) 3594 4344 w
(experimentally) 3801 4344 w
(\255\255) 4440 4344 w
(that) 4546 4344 w
(is,) 4736 4344 w
(they) 4868 4344 w
(wished first to calculate what would happen if they did things in the standard way, and then, after looking) 720 4464 w
(at) 4968 4464 w
(the) 720 4584 w
(initial) 868 4584 w
(results,) 1128 4584 w
(see what would happen if they changed design of the circuit or mechanism they were con\255) 1440 4584 w
(cerned with in two or three ways suggested by the first attempt.) 720 4704 w
(To) 970 4860 w
(make) 1117 4860 w
(this) 1369 4860 w
(kind) 1550 4860 w
(of) 1764 4860 w
(operation) 1883 4860 w
(really) 2296 4860 w
(practicable,) 2560 4860 w
(Bell) 3059 4860 w
(Labs) 3263 4860 w
(developed) 3494 4860 w
(new) 3941 4860 w
(problem\255oriented) 4144 4860 w
(pro\255) 4874 4860 w
(gramming) 720 4980 w
(languages) 1163 4980 w
(that) 1594 4980 w
(permitted) 1776 4980 w
(such) 2191 4980 w
(users) 2406 4980 w
(to) 2643 4980 w
(make) 2753 4980 w
(effective) 3001 4980 w
(use) 3381 4980 w
(of) 3546 4980 w
(the) 3661 4980 w
(machine) 3815 4980 w
(without) 4184 4980 w
(the) 4521 4980 w
(necessity) 4674 4980 w
(of) 720 5100 w
(becoming) 836 5100 w
(completely) 1263 5100 w
(familiar) 1740 5100 w
(with) 2089 5100 w
(programming) 2300 5100 w
(in) 2878 5100 w
(the) 2990 5100 w
(machine's) 3146 5100 w
("native") 3590 5100 w
(language.) 3950 5100 w
(These) 4369 5100 w
(languages) 4641 5100 w
(made) 720 5220 w
(floating\255point) 972 5220 w
(operation) 1558 5220 w
(available) 1971 5220 w
(to) 2367 5220 w
(the) 2481 5220 w
(user) 2639 5220 w
(\(although) 2841 5220 w
(the) 3260 5220 w
(machines) 3418 5220 w
(themselves) 3831 5220 w
(operated) 4311 5220 w
(in) 4689 5220 w
(fixed\255) 4802 5220 w
(point) 720 5340 w
(arithmetic\),) 958 5340 w
(greatly) 1453 5340 w
(simplified) 1762 5340 w
(the) 2200 5340 w
(addressing) 2355 5340 w
(of) 2815 5340 w
(data) 2931 5340 w
(in) 3130 5340 w
(the) 3241 5340 w
(memory,) 3396 5340 w
(and) 3787 5340 w
(provided) 3964 5340 w
(useful) 4352 5340 w
(diagnostic) 4629 5340 w
(information) 720 5460 w
(as) 1220 5460 w
(to) 1331 5460 w
(program) 1437 5460 w
(malfunctions.) 1803 5460 w
(There) 2378 5460 w
(were) 2638 5460 w
(two) 2859 5460 w
(such) 3037 5460 w
(languages,) 3248 5460 w
(each) 3700 5460 w
(with) 3910 5460 w
(specific) 4116 5460 w
(advantages) 4454 5460 w
(for) 4924 5460 w
(certain types of work: the L1 language [28], developed by V. Michael Wolontis and Dolores) 720 5580 w
(C.) 4439 5580 w
(Leagus,) 4557 5580 w
(and) 4896 5580 w
(the) 720 5700 w
(L2) 871 5700 w
(language,) 1011 5700 w
(developed) 1425 5700 w
(by) 1864 5700 w
(Richard) 1992 5700 w
(W.) 2336 5700 w
(Hamming) 2483 5700 w
(and) 2911 5700 w
(Ruth) 3083 5700 w
(A.) 3306 5700 w
(Weiss.) 3431 5700 w
(They) 3753 5700 w
(proved) 3986 5700 w
(very) 4291 5700 w
(convenient) 4496 5700 w
(in) 4962 5700 w
(operation,) 720 5820 w
(and) 1156 5820 w
(both) 1334 5820 w
(of) 1546 5820 w
(them) 1663 5820 w
(were) 1897 5820 w
(released) 2124 5820 w
(to) 2484 5820 w
(users) 2596 5820 w
(outside) 2835 5820 w
(of) 3158 5820 w
(Bell) 3275 5820 w
(Labs,) 3476 5820 w
(who) 3729 5820 w
(usually) 3936 5820 w
(referred) 4260 5820 w
(to) 4609 5820 w
(them) 4722 5820 w
(as) 4957 5820 w
(Bell) 720 5940 w
(1) 917 5940 w
(and) 997 5940 w
(Bell) 1171 5940 w
(2.) 1368 5940 w
(In) 1473 5940 w
(the) 1586 5940 w
(late) 1738 5940 w
(1950s,) 1912 5940 w
(at) 2206 5940 w
(least) 2308 5940 w
(half) 2521 5940 w
(the) 2706 5940 w
(IBM) 2858 5940 w
(650s) 3077 5940 w
(doing) 3296 5940 w
(scientific) 3554 5940 w
(and) 3950 5940 w
(engineering) 4123 5940 w
(work) 4623 5940 w
(used) 4857 5940 w
(either) 720 6060 w
(Bell) 978 6060 w
(1) 1176 6060 w
(or) 1257 6060 w
(Bell) 1371 6060 w
(2.) 1569 6060 w
(One) 1675 6060 w
(organization) 1872 6060 w
(became) 2402 6060 w
(so) 2737 6060 w
(fond) 2857 6060 w
(of) 3071 6060 w
(Bell) 3185 6060 w
(1) 3384 6060 w
(that,) 3466 6060 w
(when) 3673 6060 w
(its) 3921 6060 w
(650) 4048 6060 w
(was) 4230 6060 w
(replaced) 4417 6060 w
(by) 4786 6060 w
(the) 4918 6060 w
(more) 720 6180 w
(powerful IBM 1401 \(which came complete with excellent IBM problem\255oriented software\), they went) 951 6180 w
(to the trouble of writing their own Bell 1 interpreter for the new machine.) 720 6300 w
(With) 970 6456 w
(this) 1209 6456 w
(software,) 1393 6456 w
(the) 1800 6456 w
(IBM) 1961 6456 w
(650s) 2190 6456 w
(served) 2419 6456 w
(Bell) 2719 6456 w
(Labs) 2926 6456 w
(scientists) 3160 6456 w
(and) 3567 6456 w
(engineers) 3751 6456 w
(very) 4173 6456 w
(well) 4390 6456 w
(for) 4602 6456 w
(several) 4758 6456 w
(years.) 720 6576 w
(The) 990 6576 w
(operating) 1180 6576 w
(procedures) 1592 6576 w
(were) 2064 6576 w
(straightforward:) 2292 6576 w
(the) 2970 6576 w
(user's) 3127 6576 w
(program) 3400 6576 w
(and) 3773 6576 w
(data) 3952 6576 w
(were) 4153 6576 w
(keypunched) 4380 6576 w
(and) 4896 6576 w
(proofread,) 720 6696 w
(then) 1159 6696 w
(the) 1358 6696 w
(card) 1507 6696 w
(deck,) 1705 6696 w
(preceded) 1945 6696 w
(by) 2331 6696 w
(the) 2458 6696 w
(L1) 2608 6696 w
(or) 2747 6696 w
(L2) 2858 6696 w
(interpreter,) 2997 6696 w
(was) 3465 6696 w
(fed) 3648 6696 w
(into) 3803 6696 w
(the) 3987 6696 w
(IBM) 4137 6696 w
(650,) 4354 6696 w
(and) 4557 6696 w
(the) 4729 6696 w
(out\255) 4879 6696 w
(put) 720 6816 w
(appeared) 875 6816 w
(at) 1261 6816 w
(the) 1360 6816 w
(other) 1509 6816 w
(end) 1741 6816 w
(of) 1912 6816 w
(the) 2022 6816 w
(machine,) 2171 6816 w
(also) 2561 6816 w
(punched) 2749 6816 w
(into) 3114 6816 w
(cards.) 3297 6816 w
(The) 3559 6816 w
(output) 3740 6816 w
(deck) 4022 6816 w
(was) 4236 6816 w
(then) 4417 6816 w
(printed) 4615 6816 w
(for) 4924 6816 w
(the) 720 6936 w
(user) 869 6936 w
(on) 1062 6936 w
(an) 1189 6936 w
(IBM) 1310 6936 w
(tabulator.) 1526 6936 w
(If) 1933 6936 w
(the) 2026 6936 w
(user) 2175 6936 w
(feared) 2368 6936 w
(there) 2643 6936 w
(might) 2869 6936 w
(be) 3130 6936 w
(undetected) 3251 6936 w
(errors) 3710 6936 w
(in) 3969 6936 w
(the) 4074 6936 w
(program,) 4223 6936 w
(it) 4613 6936 w
(could) 4696 6936 w
(be) 4946 6936 w
(run) 720 7056 w
(in) 879 7056 w
(tracing) 983 7056 w
(mode) 1286 7056 w
(to) 1534 7056 w
(obtain) 1638 7056 w
(a) 1914 7056 w
(complete) 1984 7056 w
(listing of executed instructions. Clean decks were run by an opera\255) 2376 7056 w
(tor) 720 7176 w
(without) 867 7176 w
(the) 1209 7176 w
(user) 1367 7176 w
(being) 1569 7176 w
(present.) 1828 7176 w
(During) 2178 7176 w
(the) 2498 7176 w
(last) 2657 7176 w
(year) 2833 7176 w
(of) 3041 7176 w
(use) 3161 7176 w
(of) 3331 7176 w
(the) 3451 7176 w
(650s,) 3610 7176 w
(the) 3861 7176 w
(machines) 4020 7176 w
(ran) 4434 7176 w
(pretty) 4598 7176 w
(well) 4868 7176 w
(around the clock; on each of the second and third shifts, one operator ran both machines with no trouble.) 720 7296 w
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(\255 10 \255) 2772 480 w
(After) 970 840 w
(a) 1208 840 w
(short) 1280 840 w
(period) 1508 840 w
(of) 1791 840 w
(instruction) 1902 840 w
(and) 2358 840 w
(practice,) 2530 840 w
(most) 2898 840 w
(scientists) 3121 840 w
(and) 3516 840 w
(engineers) 3688 840 w
(did) 4099 840 w
(their) 4256 840 w
(own) 4468 840 w
(program\255) 4669 840 w
(ming,) 720 960 w
(with) 980 960 w
(occasional) 1187 960 w
(help) 1637 960 w
(from) 1838 960 w
(a) 2061 960 w
(few) 2134 960 w
(skilled) 2312 960 w
(mathematician\255programmers) 2608 960 w
(who) 3790 960 w
(were) 3991 960 w
(available) 4213 960 w
(for) 4602 960 w
(consul\255) 4746 960 w
(tation.) 720 1080 w
(Some) 1011 1080 w
(special) 1277 1080 w
(jobs) 1592 1080 w
(had) 1797 1080 w
(to) 1979 1080 w
(be) 2095 1080 w
(programmed) 2227 1080 w
(in) 2775 1080 w
(machine) 2891 1080 w
(language,) 3268 1080 w
(but) 3692 1080 w
(in) 3859 1080 w
(general) 3976 1080 w
(the) 4308 1080 w
(operation) 4469 1080 w
(was) 4885 1080 w
(largely) 720 1200 w
("open) 1030 1200 w
(shop") 1297 1200 w
(\(programmed) 1559 1200 w
(by) 2134 1200 w
(users\)) 2266 1200 w
(rather) 2536 1200 w
(than) 2800 1200 w
("closed) 3004 1200 w
(shop") 3332 1200 w
(\(programmed) 3594 1200 w
(by) 4169 1200 w
(professionals\).) 4301 1200 w
(On) 4918 1200 w
(the) 720 1320 w
(whole,) 871 1320 w
(the) 1169 1320 w
(users) 1320 1320 w
(preferred) 1555 1320 w
(it) 1949 1320 w
(that) 2035 1320 w
(way.) 2215 1320 w
(They) 2461 1320 w
(usually) 2696 1320 w
(got) 3015 1320 w
(answers) 3173 1320 w
(faster,) 3524 1320 w
(they) 3800 1320 w
(knew) 4002 1320 w
(what) 4248 1320 w
(was) 4472 1320 w
(going) 4657 1320 w
(on,) 4915 1320 w
(and) 720 1440 w
(they) 895 1440 w
(had) 1098 1440 w
(no) 1273 1440 w
(worries) 1404 1440 w
(as) 1734 1440 w
(to) 1848 1440 w
(whether) 1957 1440 w
(a) 2309 1440 w
(programmer) 2383 1440 w
(quite) 2906 1440 w
(unfamiliar) 3136 1440 w
(with) 3582 1440 w
(their) 3790 1440 w
(special) 4003 1440 w
(field) 4310 1440 w
(really) 4523 1440 w
(under\255) 4780 1440 w
(stood the problem for which an answer was sought.) 720 1560 w
(By) 970 1716 w
(1957,) 1124 1716 w
(the) 1387 1716 w
(computing) 1547 1716 w
(load) 2013 1716 w
(at) 2223 1716 w
(Bell) 2333 1716 w
(Labs) 2538 1716 w
(was) 2770 1716 w
(straining) 2963 1716 w
(the) 3351 1716 w
(capacities) 3511 1716 w
(of) 3942 1716 w
(the) 4063 1716 w
(IBM) 4223 1716 w
(650) 4450 1716 w
(machines,) 4638 1716 w
(even) 720 1836 w
(when) 935 1836 w
(operated) 1178 1836 w
(on) 1548 1836 w
(a) 1674 1836 w
(full) 1744 1836 w
(three\255shift) 1909 1836 w
(basis.) 2345 1836 w
(This) 2596 1836 w
(applied) 2800 1836 w
(not) 3120 1836 w
(only) 3274 1836 w
(to) 3478 1836 w
(the) 3582 1836 w
(total) 3730 1836 w
(load) 3934 1836 w
(but) 4132 1836 w
(also) 4286 1836 w
(to) 4473 1836 w
(the) 4577 1836 w
(increas\255) 4725 1836 w
(ing) 720 1956 w
(size) 881 1956 w
(of) 1069 1956 w
(individual) 1185 1956 w
(jobs.) 1624 1956 w
(Accordingly,) 1849 1956 w
(arrangements) 2406 1956 w
(were) 2976 1956 w
(made) 3202 1956 w
(to) 3451 1956 w
(replace) 3562 1956 w
(the) 3883 1956 w
(650s) 4039 1956 w
(by) 4262 1956 w
(the) 4396 1956 w
(much) 4552 1956 w
(larger) 4808 1956 w
(and) 720 2076 w
(faster) 904 2076 w
(IBM) 1164 2076 w
(704.) 1392 2076 w
(For) 1606 2076 w
(this,) 1784 2076 w
(IBM) 1993 2076 w
(provided) 2221 2076 w
(a) 2615 2076 w
(problem\255oriented) 2698 2076 w
(language) 3430 2076 w
(called) 3829 2076 w
(FORTRAN) 4106 2076 w
(\(FORmula) 4612 2076 w
(TRANslation\),) 720 2196 w
(which) 1348 2196 w
(replaced) 1623 2196 w
(L1) 1991 2196 w
(and) 2133 2196 w
(L2) 2308 2196 w
(to) 2450 2196 w
(considerable) 2559 2196 w
(advantage.) 3094 2196 w
(There) 3554 2196 w
(was) 3817 2196 w
(also) 4003 2196 w
(a) 4195 2196 w
(symbolic) 4270 2196 w
(assembly) 4668 2196 w
(language) 720 2316 w
(\(SAP\),) 1132 2316 w
(which) 1459 2316 w
(greatly) 1755 2316 w
(reduced) 2084 2316 w
(the) 2450 2316 w
(burdens) 2623 2316 w
(of) 2990 2316 w
(machine\255language) 3124 2316 w
(programming) 3906 2316 w
(for) 4501 2316 w
(problems) 4668 2316 w
(beyond the capabilities of FORTRAN. SAP was very useful, since the number of) 720 2436 w
(such) 3992 2436 w
(problems) 4201 2436 w
(grew) 4599 2436 w
(when) 4824 2436 w
(users became more aware of the logical powers of electronic computers.) 720 2556 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(8. OPERATING SYSTEMS) 720 2796 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Full use of the much) 970 2952 w
(greater) 1818 2952 w
(speed) 2120 2952 w
(of) 2373 2952 w
(the) 2482 2952 w
(704) 2630 2952 w
(required) 2806 2952 w
(the) 3164 2952 w
(central) 3312 2952 w
(calculator) 3609 2952 w
(\(the) 4028 2952 w
(main) 4209 2952 w
(frame\)) 4435 2952 w
(to) 4726 2952 w
(oper\255) 4830 2952 w
(ate) 720 3072 w
(from) 865 3072 w
(magnetic\255tape) 1088 3072 w
(input) 1682 3072 w
(to) 1917 3072 w
(magnetic\255tape) 2024 3072 w
(output.) 2618 3072 w
(Punched\255card) 2928 3072 w
(input) 3505 3072 w
(was) 3740 3072 w
(handled) 3924 3072 w
(by) 4269 3072 w
(off\255line) 4398 3072 w
(card\255to\255) 4725 3072 w
(tape) 720 3192 w
(converters.) 919 3192 w
(The) 1392 3192 w
(output) 1580 3192 w
(tape) 1869 3192 w
(could) 2068 3192 w
(be) 2323 3192 w
(printed) 2450 3192 w
(by) 2766 3192 w
(tape\255driven) 2899 3192 w
(printers) 3386 3192 w
(or,) 3725 3192 w
(if) 3867 3192 w
(necessary,) 3962 3192 w
(reduced) 4408 3192 w
(to) 4757 3192 w
(card) 4869 3192 w
(format) 720 3312 w
(by) 1013 3312 w
(tape\255to\255card) 1140 3312 w
(punches.) 1648 3312 w
(In) 2027 3312 w
(addition,) 2137 3312 w
(extra) 2517 3312 w
(on\255line) 2742 3312 w
(tape) 3051 3312 w
(units) 3243 3312 w
(could) 3464 3312 w
(be) 3712 3312 w
(used) 3832 3312 w
(to) 4041 3312 w
(read) 4145 3312 w
(data) 4342 3312 w
(tapes) 4534 3312 w
(or) 4765 3312 w
(pro\255) 4874 3312 w
(gram) 720 3432 w
(tapes,) 957 3432 w
(to) 1219 3432 w
(tape) 1329 3432 w
(output) 1527 3432 w
(material) 1815 3432 w
(needed) 2174 3432 w
(for) 2488 3432 w
(later) 2636 3432 w
(jobs,) 2845 3432 w
(or) 3069 3432 w
(to) 3184 3432 w
(serve) 3294 3432 w
(as) 3536 3432 w
(auxiliary) 3651 3432 w
(external) 4039 3432 w
(storage) 4393 3432 w
(for) 4714 3432 w
(very) 4863 3432 w
(large jobs.) 720 3552 w
(The) 970 3708 w
(great) 1153 3708 w
(increase) 1380 3708 w
(in) 1734 3708 w
(operating) 1840 3708 w
(speed) 2245 3708 w
(demanded) 2500 3708 w
(software) 2938 3708 w
(that) 3309 3708 w
(was) 3487 3708 w
(designed) 3670 3708 w
(to) 4053 3708 w
(use) 4160 3708 w
(the) 4322 3708 w
(machine) 4473 3708 w
(itself) 4840 3708 w
(to) 720 3828 w
(do) 825 3828 w
(many) 952 3828 w
(of) 1201 3828 w
(the) 1311 3828 w
(things) 1460 3828 w
(that) 1732 3828 w
(operators) 1909 3828 w
(did) 2307 3828 w
(in) 2462 3828 w
(the) 2567 3828 w
(days) 2716 3828 w
(of) 2926 3828 w
(relay) 3036 3828 w
(machines) 3261 3828 w
(and) 3664 3828 w
(the) 3834 3828 w
(IBM) 3982 3828 w
(650s.) 4197 3828 w
(Such) 4437 3828 w
(programs) 4663 3828 w
(are) 720 3948 w
(called) 877 3948 w
(monitors) 1151 3948 w
(or) 1543 3948 w
(operating) 1662 3948 w
(systems,) 2075 3948 w
(and) 2453 3948 w
(Bell) 2633 3948 w
(Labs) 2836 3948 w
(pioneered) 3066 3948 w
(in) 3495 3948 w
(their) 3610 3948 w
(early) 3830 3948 w
(development.) 4066 3948 w
(These) 4644 3948 w
(are) 4919 3948 w
(large) 720 4068 w
(and) 965 4068 w
(complex) 1155 4068 w
(packages) 1545 4068 w
(of) 1956 4068 w
(software.) 2084 4068 w
(Their) 2522 4068 w
(first) 2783 4068 w
(function) 2989 4068 w
(is) 3367 4068 w
(to) 3479 4068 w
(act) 3602 4068 w
(as) 3763 4068 w
(automatic) 3891 4068 w
(operators,) 4330 4068 w
(as,) 4771 4068 w
(for) 4924 4068 w
(instance,) 720 4188 w
(in) 1107 4188 w
(transferring) 1221 4188 w
(from) 1722 4188 w
(one) 1952 4188 w
(job) 2132 4188 w
(to) 2296 4188 w
(the) 2410 4188 w
(next) 2568 4188 w
(far) 2776 4188 w
(faster) 2922 4188 w
(than) 3179 4188 w
(can) 3387 4188 w
(be) 3561 4188 w
(done) 3691 4188 w
(by) 3921 4188 w
(a) 4057 4188 w
(human) 4137 4188 w
(operator;) 4445 4188 w
(there) 4841 4188 w
(must) 720 4308 w
(still) 945 4308 w
(be) 1126 4308 w
(an) 1249 4308 w
(operator,) 1372 4308 w
(but) 1758 4308 w
(only) 1915 4308 w
(for) 2122 4308 w
(doing) 2267 4308 w
(things) 2524 4308 w
(beyond) 2798 4308 w
(the) 3121 4308 w
(machine's) 3272 4308 w
(capability,) 3711 4308 w
(such) 4159 4308 w
(as) 4371 4308 w
(mounting) 4483 4308 w
(and) 4896 4308 w
(dismounting) 720 4428 w
(magnetic) 1252 4428 w
(tapes,) 1649 4428 w
(or) 1910 4428 w
(for) 2024 4428 w
(taking) 2171 4428 w
(care) 2452 4428 w
(of) 2648 4428 w
(situations) 2762 4428 w
(requiring) 3177 4428 w
(human) 3575 4428 w
(judgment) 3879 4428 w
(rather) 4289 4428 w
(than) 4553 4428 w
(routine) 4757 4428 w
(response.) 720 4548 w
(They) 1149 4548 w
(also) 1383 4548 w
(provide) 1573 4548 w
(computer) 1907 4548 w
(users) 2313 4548 w
(with) 2547 4548 w
(ready) 2754 4548 w
(access) 3004 4548 w
(to) 3287 4548 w
(standard) 3394 4548 w
(compilers) 3761 4548 w
(and) 4184 4548 w
(assemblers) 4357 4548 w
(\(such) 4824 4548 w
(as) 720 4668 w
(those) 837 4668 w
(for) 1082 4668 w
(FORTRAN) 1232 4668 w
(and) 1733 4668 w
(SAP\),) 1911 4668 w
(to) 2187 4668 w
(standard) 2299 4668 w
(input\255output) 2671 4668 w
(routines,) 3200 4668 w
(to) 3581 4668 w
(libraries) 3693 4668 w
(of) 4055 4668 w
(previously) 4173 4668 w
(developed) 4630 4668 w
(routines) 720 4788 w
(for) 1071 4788 w
(purposes) 1216 4788 w
(such) 1600 4788 w
(as) 1812 4788 w
(calculating) 1924 4788 w
(standard) 2391 4788 w
(mathematical) 2758 4788 w
(functions,) 3325 4788 w
(and) 3751 4788 w
(to) 3924 4788 w
(flexible) 4030 4788 w
(diagnostic) 4363 4788 w
(facili\255) 4802 4788 w
(ties) 720 4908 w
(that) 888 4908 w
(permit) 1067 4908 w
(program) 1357 4908 w
(debugging) 1725 4908 w
(and) 2177 4908 w
(testing) 2351 4908 w
(to) 2648 4908 w
(be) 2756 4908 w
(done) 2880 4908 w
(off\255line.) 3104 4908 w
(They) 3483 4908 w
(thus) 3718 4908 w
(permit) 3915 4908 w
(maximum) 4206 4908 w
(use) 4642 4908 w
(of) 4805 4908 w
(the) 4918 4908 w
(expensive) 720 5028 w
(central) 1157 5028 w
(computer) 1466 5028 w
(and) 1881 5028 w
(at) 2063 5028 w
(the) 2173 5028 w
(same) 2333 5028 w
(time) 2576 5028 w
(substantially) 2792 5028 w
(simplify) 3336 5028 w
(the) 3708 5028 w
(programming) 3868 5028 w
(of) 4449 5028 w
(engineering) 4569 5028 w
(and scientific work.) 720 5148 w
(The) 970 5304 w
(first) 1156 5304 w
(Bell) 1348 5304 w
(Labs) 1546 5304 w
(operating) 1771 5304 w
(system,) 2180 5304 w
(BESYS\2552,) 2515 5304 w
(was) 2967 5304 w
(written) 3154 5304 w
(for) 3469 5304 w
(the) 3617 5304 w
(IBM) 3771 5304 w
(704) 3992 5304 w
(by) 4174 5304 w
(George) 4306 5304 w
(H.) 4631 5304 w
(Mealy) 4785 5304 w
(and) 720 5424 w
(Gwen) 904 5424 w
(J.) 1182 5424 w
(Hansen,) 1286 5424 w
(beginning) 1650 5424 w
(in) 2090 5424 w
(mid\2551957.) 2208 5424 w
(It) 2662 5424 w
(was) 2763 5424 w
(developed) 2958 5424 w
(because,) 3408 5424 w
(although) 3788 5424 w
(some) 4178 5424 w
(more) 4429 5424 w
(primitive) 4673 5424 w
(monitors) 720 5544 w
(were) 1105 5544 w
(then) 1327 5544 w
(available,) 1528 5544 w
(there) 1942 5544 w
(were) 2170 5544 w
(none) 2392 5544 w
(at) 2615 5544 w
(Bell) 2716 5544 w
(Labs.) 2912 5544 w
(When) 3160 5544 w
(the) 3427 5544 w
(IBM) 3579 5544 w
(704) 3798 5544 w
(was) 3978 5544 w
(placed) 4163 5544 w
(in) 4453 5544 w
(operation) 4561 5544 w
(at) 4968 5544 w
(the) 720 5664 w
(Murray) 868 5664 w
(Hill) 1193 5664 w
(laboratory) 1375 5664 w
(in) 1811 5664 w
(April) 1915 5664 w
(1958,) 2152 5664 w
(it) 2403 5664 w
(was under control of the BESYS\2552 operating system, as was the) 2485 5664 w
(additional) 720 5784 w
(704) 1154 5784 w
(installed) 1338 5784 w
(at) 1712 5784 w
(the) 1819 5784 w
(Whippany) 1976 5784 w
(laboratory) 2427 5784 w
(at) 2872 5784 w
(the) 2979 5784 w
(end) 3136 5784 w
(of) 3315 5784 w
(1959.) 3433 5784 w
(This) 3693 5784 w
(same) 3906 5784 w
(basic) 4146 5784 w
(system,) 4386 5784 w
(updated) 4724 5784 w
(from) 720 5904 w
(time) 944 5904 w
(to) 1152 5904 w
(time) 1260 5904 w
(as) 1468 5904 w
(needed,) 1581 5904 w
(was) 1918 5904 w
(used) 2103 5904 w
(on) 2316 5904 w
(subsequent) 2446 5904 w
(IBM) 2920 5904 w
(700/7000) 3139 5904 w
(class) 3547 5904 w
(equipment) 3771 5904 w
(used) 4222 5904 w
(at) 4434 5904 w
(Bell) 4535 5904 w
(Labs.) 4731 5904 w
(It) 4979 5904 w
(was also used on many other installations of similar IBM equipment, where it was obtained either) 720 6024 w
(from) 4653 6024 w
(Bell) 4873 6024 w
(Labs) 720 6144 w
(or) 949 6144 w
(through) 1067 6144 w
(the) 1413 6144 w
(IBM) 1570 6144 w
(SHARE) 1794 6144 w
(organization) 2156 6144 w
(of) 2689 6144 w
(users) 2806 6144 w
(of) 3045 6144 w
(such) 3162 6144 w
(equipment.) 3379 6144 w
(It) 3860 6144 w
(also) 3955 6144 w
(had) 4150 6144 w
(a) 4328 6144 w
(wide) 4406 6144 w
(impact) 4634 6144 w
(on) 4940 6144 w
(manufacturer\255provided software; several later operating systems were based at least in part upon it.) 720 6264 w
(Over) 970 6420 w
(the) 1195 6420 w
(next) 1343 6420 w
(decade,) 1541 6420 w
(this) 1868 6420 w
(basic) 2039 6420 w
(operating) 2270 6420 w
(system) 2673 6420 w
(was) 2977 6420 w
(repeatedly) 3158 6420 w
(modified) 3599 6420 w
(to) 3986 6420 w
(handle) 4090 6420 w
(changes) 4382 6420 w
(in) 4730 6420 w
(com\255) 4835 6420 w
(puter) 720 6540 w
(hardware) 960 6540 w
(or) 1365 6540 w
(to) 1483 6540 w
(provide) 1596 6540 w
(additional) 1935 6540 w
(desirable) 2369 6540 w
(programming) 2763 6540 w
(or) 3341 6540 w
(operating) 3458 6540 w
(facilities.) 3869 6540 w
(Some) 4272 6540 w
(of) 4534 6540 w
(the) 4651 6540 w
(major) 4807 6540 w
(changes are listed in Table 1.) 720 6660 w
(In) 970 6852 w
(preparation) 1091 6852 w
(for) 1583 6852 w
(the) 1737 6852 w
(advent) 1897 6852 w
(of) 2201 6852 w
(the) 2322 6852 w
(next) 2482 6852 w
(generation) 2692 6852 w
(of) 3151 6852 w
(computers,) 3272 6852 w
(it) 3751 6852 w
(was) 3845 6852 w
(necessary) 4038 6852 w
(to) 4463 6852 w
(provide) 4580 6852 w
(for) 4924 6852 w
(operation\255\255on) 720 6972 w
(the) 1293 6972 w
(successor) 1445 6972 w
(machines\255\255of) 1856 6972 w
(programs) 2411 6972 w
(written) 2817 6972 w
(for,) 3129 6972 w
(and) 3299 6972 w
(often) 3472 6972 w
(heavily) 3706 6972 w
(used) 4029 6972 w
(on,) 4241 6972 w
(IBM) 4395 6972 w
(7000\255class) 4613 6972 w
(machines.) 720 7092 w
(This) 1156 7092 w
(permitted) 1368 7092 w
(an) 1785 7092 w
(extended) 1913 7092 w
(period) 2307 7092 w
(for) 2596 7092 w
(program) 2746 7092 w
(conversion,) 3118 7092 w
(at) 3615 7092 w
(a) 3721 7092 w
(relatively) 3799 7092 w
(modest) 4210 7092 w
(cost) 4533 7092 w
(in) 4728 7092 w
(extra) 4841 7092 w
(machine) 720 7212 w
(time.) 1100 7212 w
(For) 1345 7212 w
(this) 1525 7212 w
(purpose,) 1711 7212 w
(Ronald) 2093 7212 w
(E.) 2423 7212 w
(Drummond,) 2550 7212 w
(Hansen,) 3077 7212 w
(and) 3442 7212 w
(Frederick) 3627 7212 w
(T.) 4050 7212 w
(Grampp) 4177 7212 w
(developed) 4545 7212 w
(a) 4996 7212 w
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11 pagesetup
10 /Times-Roman f
(\255 11 \255) 2772 480 w
(Table l. Chronology of the BESYS Operating Systems) 1788 900 w
10 /S f
(_) 1245 910 w
(_________________________________________________________________) 1264 910 w
(_) 1245 930 w
(_________________________________________________________________) 1264 930 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(System) 1295 1040 w
(Modification) 2560 1040 w
(Service Date) 4002 1040 w
10 /S f
(_) 1245 1050 w
(_________________________________________________________________) 1264 1050 w
(_) 1245 1070 w
(_________________________________________________________________) 1264 1070 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(BESYS\2552) 1245 1180 w
(This was the basic operating system to which) 1790 1180 w
(April 1958) 4002 1180 w
(the BESYS 3, 4, 5, and 7 modifications were made.) 1790 1300 w
(It controlled an IBM 704 machine) 1790 1420 w
10 /S f
(_) 1245 1440 w
(_________________________________________________________________) 1264 1440 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(BESYS\2553) 1245 1560 w
(Controlled the operation of the IBM 7090 machine.) 1790 1560 w
(July 1960) 4002 1560 w
10 /S f
(_) 1245 1580 w
(_________________________________________________________________) 1264 1580 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(BESYS\2554) 1245 1700 w
(Included first input\255output system with full) 1790 1700 w
(April 1962) 4002 1700 w
(automatic blocking and buffering* and) 1790 1820 w
(unique computer\255controlled tape) 1790 1940 w
(switching equipment.) 1790 2060 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
( ) 2651 2060 w
10 /S f
(_) 1245 2080 w
(_________________________________________________________________) 1264 2080 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(BESYS\2555) 1245 2200 w
(Modified to enable it to reside) 1790 2200 w
(May 1963) 4002 2200 w
(on disk file.) 1790 2320 w
10 /S f
(_) 1245 2340 w
(_________________________________________________________________) 1264 2340 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(BESYS\2557) 1245 2460 w
(Included early version of a user\255file system.) 1790 2460 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(!) 3544 2460 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(May 1964) 4002 2460 w
10 /S f
(_) 1245 2470 w
(_________________________________________________________________) 1264 2470 w
(_) 1245 2490 w
(_________________________________________________________________) 1264 2490 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(*Developed by Ronald E. Drummond.) 1245 2600 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
( ) 1245 2720 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Developed by George L. Baldwin and Henry S. McDonald.) 1308 2720 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode20 f
(!) 1245 2840 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Developed by Ronald E. Drummond.) 1308 2840 w
("7094) 720 3020 w
(emulator,") 1005 3020 w
(called) 1470 3020 w
(BE90,) 1752 3020 w
(for) 2050 3020 w
(use) 2211 3020 w
(on) 2389 3020 w
(the) 2534 3020 w
(IBM) 2701 3020 w
(360/65.) 2935 3020 w
(This) 3283 3020 w
(system) 3506 3020 w
(permitted) 3829 3020 w
(running) 4257 3020 w
(a) 4613 3020 w
(program) 4702 3020 w
(designed) 720 3140 w
(for) 1101 3140 w
(and) 1243 3140 w
(operable) 1413 3140 w
(on) 1782 3140 w
(a) 1908 3140 w
(designated source machine and operating system \(in this case, the IBM 7094) 1978 3140 w
(operating under BESYS\2557\) on the target machine \(the IBM 360/65\). It handled the entire job: operating) 720 3260 w
(sys\255) 4879 3260 w
(tem) 720 3380 w
(commands) 906 3380 w
(as) 1375 3380 w
(well) 1494 3380 w
(as) 1702 3380 w
(the) 1821 3380 w
(user's) 1979 3380 w
(program) 2253 3380 w
(for) 2627 3380 w
(the) 2779 3380 w
(specific) 2937 3380 w
(problem) 3283 3380 w
(to) 3652 3380 w
(be) 3766 3380 w
(done.) 3896 3380 w
(It) 4151 3380 w
(was) 4247 3380 w
(installed) 4437 3380 w
(at) 4811 3380 w
(the) 4918 3380 w
(Holmdel) 720 3500 w
(and) 1096 3500 w
(Indian) 1266 3500 w
(Hill) 1547 3500 w
(laboratories) 1729 3500 w
(in) 2226 3500 w
(March) 2330 3500 w
(1968,) 2617 3500 w
(and) 2869 3500 w
(emulated) 3040 3500 w
(both) 3433 3500 w
(BESYS\2557) 3638 3500 w
(and) 4060 3500 w
(IBM's) 4231 3500 w
(IBSYS) 4519 3500 w
(oper\255) 4830 3500 w
(ating) 720 3620 w
(system) 956 3620 w
(until) 1270 3620 w
(early) 1490 3620 w
(1972,) 1725 3620 w
(almost) 1986 3620 w
(three) 2288 3620 w
(years) 2522 3620 w
(after) 2767 3620 w
(the) 2984 3620 w
(departure) 3141 3620 w
(of) 3552 3620 w
(the) 3670 3620 w
(last) 3827 3620 w
(Bell) 4001 3620 w
(Labs) 4203 3620 w
(7094) 4432 3620 w
(in) 4667 3620 w
(March) 4780 3620 w
(1969.) 720 3740 w
(Meanwhile,) 970 3896 w
(an) 1492 3896 w
(early) 1634 3896 w
(time\255sharing) 1881 3896 w
(system) 2434 3896 w
(called) 2760 3896 w
(CTSS) 3046 3896 w
(\(Compatible) 3335 3896 w
(Time) 3884 3896 w
(Sharing) 4144 3896 w
(Service\)) 4504 3896 w
(was) 4885 3896 w
(developed) 720 4016 w
(on) 1170 4016 w
(the) 1310 4016 w
(IBM) 1472 4016 w
(7094) 1701 4016 w
(at) 1941 4016 w
(the) 2053 4016 w
(Massachusetts) 2215 4016 w
(Institute) 2832 4016 w
(of) 3200 4016 w
(Technology) 3322 4016 w
([29]) 3838 4016 w
(.) 4043 4016 w
(Then,) 4132 4016 w
(in) 4401 4016 w
(1964,) 4518 4016 w
(M.I.T.) 4782 4016 w
(joined) 720 4136 w
(forces) 1000 4136 w
(with) 1273 4136 w
(Bell) 1481 4136 w
(Labs) 1678 4136 w
(and) 1902 4136 w
(General) 2077 4136 w
(Electric) 2423 4136 w
(for) 2764 4136 w
(the) 2911 4136 w
(research) 3064 4136 w
(phase) 3426 4136 w
(of) 3684 4136 w
(an) 3798 4136 w
(ambitious) 3923 4136 w
(successor) 4349 4136 w
(system) 4762 4136 w
(called) 720 4256 w
(MULTICS) 994 4256 w
(\(MULTiplexed) 1469 4256 w
(Information) 2115 4256 w
(and) 2628 4256 w
(Computing) 2808 4256 w
(Service\)) 3295 4256 w
(to) 3663 4256 w
(provide) 3777 4256 w
(access) 4118 4256 w
(to) 4408 4256 w
(a) 4522 4256 w
(central) 4601 4256 w
(GE) 4907 4256 w
(645) 720 4376 w
(computer) 898 4376 w
(and) 1303 4376 w
(its) 1475 4376 w
(file) 1598 4376 w
(system) 1759 4376 w
(for) 2065 4376 w
(a) 2209 4376 w
(large) 2281 4376 w
(community) 2508 4376 w
(of) 2992 4376 w
(users) 3103 4376 w
(at) 3336 4376 w
(separate) 3436 4376 w
(remote) 3790 4376 w
(consoles) 4096 4376 w
([30].) 4469 4376 w
(At) 4689 4376 w
(about) 4818 4376 w
(this) 720 4496 w
(same) 899 4496 w
(time,) 1138 4496 w
(the) 1375 4496 w
(Bell) 1531 4496 w
(Labs) 1731 4496 w
(organization) 1958 4496 w
(developing) 2490 4496 w
(electronic) 2967 4496 w
(switching) 3393 4496 w
(systems) 3815 4496 w
(began) 4165 4496 w
(preparations) 4436 4496 w
(to) 4962 4496 w
(use) 720 4616 w
(a) 885 4616 w
(similar) 961 4616 w
(IBM) 1271 4616 w
(system,) 1493 4616 w
(called) 1829 4616 w
(TSS) 2100 4616 w
(\(Time) 2306 4616 w
(Sharing) 2583 4616 w
(System\),) 2927 4616 w
(on) 3313 4616 w
(a) 3446 4616 w
(duplex) 3523 4616 w
(IBM) 3828 4616 w
(360/67) 4050 4616 w
(computer,) 4361 4616 w
(which) 4796 4616 w
(was) 720 4736 w
(to) 905 4736 w
(be) 1013 4736 w
(delivered) 1137 4736 w
(to) 1538 4736 w
(the) 1646 4736 w
(new) 1798 4736 w
(Indian) 1994 4736 w
(Hill,) 2278 4736 w
(Illinois,) 2488 4736 w
(laboratory) 2826 4736 w
(in) 3265 4736 w
(June) 3372 4736 w
(1967.) 3584 4736 w
(Together) 3838 4736 w
(with) 4227 4736 w
(other) 4434 4736 w
(early) 4668 4736 w
(key) 4896 4736 w
(customers,) 720 4856 w
(Bell) 1183 4856 w
(Labs) 1383 4856 w
(significantly) 1610 4856 w
(influenced) 2143 4856 w
(the) 2597 4856 w
(design) 2752 4856 w
(and) 3046 4856 w
(development) 3223 4856 w
(of) 3772 4856 w
(both) 3888 4856 w
(TSS) 4099 4856 w
(and) 4305 4856 w
(the) 4482 4856 w
(67,) 4637 4856 w
(which) 4796 4856 w
(were essentially complete and fully operational in January 1970.) 720 4976 w
(Even) 970 5132 w
(while) 1212 5132 w
(work) 1471 5132 w
(was) 1713 5132 w
(proceeding) 1905 5132 w
(on) 2385 5132 w
(MULTICS) 2522 5132 w
(and) 2998 5132 w
(TSS,) 3179 5132 w
(it) 3414 5132 w
(became) 3507 5132 w
(increasingly) 3848 5132 w
(apparent) 4373 5132 w
(that) 4753 5132 w
(no) 4940 5132 w
(single) 720 5252 w
(central) 990 5252 w
(computer) 1292 5252 w
(complex) 1699 5252 w
(could) 2073 5252 w
(meet) 2325 5252 w
(all) 2549 5252 w
(the) 2679 5252 w
(computing) 2831 5252 w
(requirements) 3289 5252 w
(of) 3840 5252 w
(a) 3953 5252 w
(large) 4027 5252 w
(research) 4256 5252 w
(and) 4617 5252 w
(devel\255) 4791 5252 w
(opment) 720 5372 w
(organization.) 1061 5372 w
(Accordingly,) 1626 5372 w
(Bell) 2191 5372 w
(Labs) 2400 5372 w
(researchers) 2636 5372 w
(pioneered) 3125 5372 w
(in) 3560 5372 w
(the) 3680 5372 w
(use) 3844 5372 w
(of) 4019 5372 w
(relatively) 4144 5372 w
(inexpensive) 4563 5372 w
(minicomputers) 720 5492 w
(in) 1346 5492 w
(the) 1450 5492 w
(laboratory) 1598 5492 w
(to permit scientists to interact with experiments in process in fields ranging) 2034 5492 w
(from particle physics to human speech [31].) 720 5612 w
(With) 970 5768 w
(the) 1196 5768 w
(rise) 1344 5768 w
(of) 1514 5768 w
(minicomputers,) 1623 5768 w
(computer) 2274 5768 w
(scientists) 2677 5768 w
(became) 3070 5768 w
(intensely) 3400 5768 w
(interested) 3787 5768 w
(in) 4201 5768 w
(small,) 4305 5768 w
(simple,) 4573 5768 w
(ele\255) 4891 5768 w
(gant,) 720 5888 w
(time\255sharing) 951 5888 w
(systems.) 1490 5888 w
(An) 1866 5888 w
(outstanding) 2022 5888 w
(example) 2523 5888 w
(is) 2895 5888 w
(the) 2995 5888 w
(UNIX) 3150 5888 w
(operating) 3432 5888 w
(system) 3842 5888 w
(developed) 4153 5888 w
(in) 4596 5888 w
(1969) 4707 5888 w
(by) 4940 5888 w
(Kenneth) 720 6008 w
(Thompson) 1089 6008 w
(of) 1548 6008 w
(Bell) 1662 6008 w
(Labs) 1861 6008 w
(for) 2087 6008 w
(the) 2235 6008 w
(Digital) 2389 6008 w
(Equipment) 2699 6008 w
(Corporation) 3170 6008 w
(PDP\2557,) 3685 6008 w
(and) 4009 6008 w
(later) 4185 6008 w
(upgraded) 4394 6008 w
(to) 4797 6008 w
(run) 4907 6008 w
(on) 720 6128 w
(the) 855 6128 w
(PDP\25511) 1012 6128 w
([32].) 1364 6128 w
(Among) 1589 6128 w
(the) 1923 6128 w
(novel) 2079 6128 w
(features) 2335 6128 w
(of) 2684 6128 w
(the) 2801 6128 w
(UNIX) 2957 6128 w
(system) 3240 6128 w
(are) 3552 6128 w
(\(1\)) 3707 6128 w
(its) 3857 6128 w
(device\255independent) 3986 6128 w
(input\255) 4801 6128 w
(output) 720 6248 w
(system,) 1014 6248 w
(which) 1355 6248 w
(permits) 1637 6248 w
(the) 1975 6248 w
(user) 2135 6248 w
(to) 2339 6248 w
(direct) 2455 6248 w
(output) 2720 6248 w
(from) 3015 6248 w
(any) 3248 6248 w
(program) 3431 6248 w
(to) 3808 6248 w
(any) 3925 6248 w
(suitable) 4108 6248 w
(device) 4458 6248 w
(or) 4757 6248 w
(to) 4879 6248 w
(a) 4996 6248 w
("pipe",) 720 6368 w
(which) 1039 6368 w
(may) 1323 6368 w
(then) 1535 6368 w
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(as) 1997 6368 w
(input) 2120 6368 w
(to) 2366 6368 w
(another) 2484 6368 w
(program,) 2823 6368 w
(and) 3226 6368 w
(\(2\)) 3410 6368 w
(its) 3566 6368 w
(elegant) 3701 6368 w
(file) 4029 6368 w
(system,) 4202 6368 w
(designed) 4545 6368 w
(by) 4940 6368 w
(Thompson, Dennis M.) 720 6488 w
(Ritchie, and Rudd H. Canaday, which treats all files alike regardless of their form) 1670 6488 w
(or) 4957 6488 w
(content.) 720 6608 w
(By June 1976, the UNIX system was in regular use in more than 30 Bell Labs development groups) 1089 6608 w
(supporting) 720 6728 w
(numerous) 1175 6728 w
(other) 1596 6728 w
(Bell) 1828 6728 w
(System) 2022 6728 w
(installations,) 2344 6728 w
(and) 2880 6728 w
(had) 3051 6728 w
(been) 3223 6728 w
(made) 3439 6728 w
(available) 3683 6728 w
(for) 4071 6728 w
(educational) 4215 6728 w
(and) 4703 6728 w
(aca\255) 4875 6728 w
(demic purposes to more than 80 universities.) 720 6848 w
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10 /Times-Roman f
(\255 12 \255) 2772 480 w
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(9. HIGHER\255LEVEL LANGUAGES) 720 840 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(In) 970 996 w
(the) 1083 996 w
(late) 1235 996 w
(1950s.) 1409 996 w
(several) 1703 996 w
(symbolic) 2015 996 w
(assembly) 2412 996 w
(languages,) 2814 996 w
(such) 3268 996 w
(as) 3481 996 w
(SAP,) 3594 996 w
(had) 3833 996 w
(become) 4008 996 w
(available,) 4349 996 w
(and) 4765 996 w
(by) 4940 996 w
(1957) 720 1116 w
(some) 965 1116 w
(of) 1221 1116 w
(these,) 1349 1116 w
(including) 1623 1116 w
(IBM's) 2045 1116 w
(SCAT) 2350 1116 w
(and) 2650 1116 w
(SAP) 2838 1116 w
(for) 3066 1116 w
(the) 3226 1116 w
(704) 3392 1116 w
(machine,) 3586 1116 w
(permitted) 3993 1116 w
(users) 4420 1116 w
(to) 4669 1116 w
(define) 4791 1116 w
(macroinstructions) 720 1236 w
(\(often) 1490 1236 w
(called) 1782 1236 w
(macros\)) 2074 1236 w
(as) 2449 1236 w
(shorthand) 2586 1236 w
(for) 3034 1236 w
(frequently) 3204 1236 w
(occurring) 3668 1236 w
(sequences) 4105 1236 w
(of) 4564 1236 w
(machine) 4702 1236 w
(instructions.) 720 1356 w
(Then) 1242 1356 w
(in) 1477 1356 w
(1959,) 1585 1356 w
(M.) 1839 1356 w
(Douglas) 1982 1356 w
(McIlroy) 2344 1356 w
(and) 2700 1356 w
(Douglas) 2873 1356 w
(E.) 3235 1356 w
(Eastwood) 3375 1356 w
(of) 3798 1356 w
(Bell) 3910 1356 w
(Labs) 4106 1356 w
(introduced) 4329 1356 w
(condi\255) 4785 1356 w
(tional) 720 1476 w
(and) 976 1476 w
(recursive) 1148 1476 w
(macros) 1541 1476 w
(into) 1857 1476 w
(SAP,) 2041 1476 w
(and) 2278 1476 w
(in) 2450 1476 w
(1960) 2556 1476 w
(described) 2784 1476 w
(how) 3195 1476 w
(macros) 3396 1476 w
(could) 3713 1476 w
(be) 3964 1476 w
(used) 4087 1476 w
(to) 4299 1476 w
(extend) 4406 1476 w
(any) 4701 1476 w
(pro\255) 4874 1476 w
(gramming language to meet the user's own special requirements [33].) 720 1596 w
(From) 970 1752 w
(the) 1219 1752 w
(time) 1374 1752 w
(of) 1585 1752 w
(their) 1701 1752 w
(introduction,) 1917 1752 w
(the) 2464 1752 w
(development) 2619 1752 w
(of) 3168 1752 w
(macro) 3284 1752 w
(techniques) 3566 1752 w
(has) 4026 1752 w
(been) 4192 1752 w
(vigorously) 4413 1752 w
(pur\255) 4874 1752 w
(sued) 720 1872 w
(at) 930 1872 w
(Bell) 1029 1872 w
(Labs,) 1223 1872 w
(especially) 1469 1872 w
(by) 1895 1872 w
(Nicholas) 2022 1872 w
(A.) 2404 1872 w
(Martellotto,) 2528 1872 w
(Hans) 3030 1872 w
(Oehring,) 3262 1872 w
(and) 3641 1872 w
(Marvin) 3812 1872 w
(C.) 4133 1872 w
(Paull) 4251 1872 w
(in) 4483 1872 w
(the) 4587 1872 w
(Process) 4735 1872 w
(III) 720 1992 w
(assembler) 849 1992 w
(for) 1278 1992 w
(the) 1424 1992 w
(No.) 1576 1992 w
(1) 1753 1992 w
(ESS) 1834 1992 w
(machine) 2038 1992 w
([34],) 2407 1992 w
(by) 2629 1992 w
(Marshall) 2760 1992 w
(E.) 3146 1992 w
(Barton) 3263 1992 w
(in) 3566 1992 w
(the) 3675 1992 w
(SWAP) 3828 1992 w
(assembler) 4137 1992 w
(for) 4567 1992 w
(the) 4714 1992 w
(ESS) 4867 1992 w
(and) 720 2112 w
(Safeguard) 900 2112 w
(machines) 1340 2112 w
([35];) 1752 2112 w
(and) 1981 2112 w
(by) 2160 2112 w
(Bernard) 2295 2112 w
(N.) 2651 2112 w
(Dickman) 2783 2112 w
(in) 3184 2112 w
(the) 3297 2112 w
(SWAP\255based) 3454 2112 w
(CENTRAN) 4027 2112 w
(compiler) 4534 2112 w
(for) 4924 2112 w
(the) 720 2232 w
(Safeguard) 882 2232 w
(computer) 1326 2232 w
([36].) 1743 2232 w
(Other) 1999 2232 w
(macro\255based) 2266 2232 w
(high\255level) 2815 2232 w
(languages) 3260 2232 w
(created) 3699 2232 w
(at) 4027 2232 w
(Bell) 4140 2232 w
(Labs) 4348 2232 w
(include) 4583 2232 w
(the) 4918 2232 w
(BLODI) 720 2352 w
(language) 1070 2352 w
(by) 1475 2352 w
(John) 1620 2352 w
(L.) 1854 2352 w
(Kelly,) 1985 2352 w
(Jr.,) 2277 2352 w
(Carol) 2444 2352 w
(C.) 2711 2352 w
(Lochbaum,) 2872 2352 w
(and) 3368 2352 w
(Victor) 3556 2352 w
(A.) 3855 2352 w
(Vyssotsky) 3996 2352 w
(for) 4457 2352 w
(simulating) 4617 2352 w
(sampled\255data) 720 2472 w
(systems) 1282 2472 w
(from) 1629 2472 w
(their) 1853 2472 w
(BLOck) 2066 2472 w
(DIagrams) 2390 2472 w
([37],) 2813 2472 w
(the) 3034 2472 w
(L6) 3186 2472 w
(language) 3327 2472 w
(by) 3717 2472 w
(Kenneth) 3847 2472 w
(C.) 4216 2472 w
(Knowlton) 4339 2472 w
(for) 4770 2472 w
(list) 4917 2472 w
(processing) 720 2592 w
([38];) 1176 2592 w
(the) 1399 2592 w
(GRIN) 1550 2592 w
(language) 1823 2592 w
(created) 2212 2592 w
(by) 2528 2592 w
(Carl) 2657 2592 w
(Christensen) 2858 2592 w
(for) 3359 2592 w
(programs) 3503 2592 w
(to) 3908 2592 w
(support) 4014 2592 w
(GRaphical) 4342 2592 w
(INter\255) 4797 2592 w
(action [39]; and the MUSIC V language by Max V. Mathews for musical composition [40].) 720 2712 w
(In) 970 2868 w
(the) 1079 2868 w
(early) 1227 2868 w
(1960s,) 1452 2868 w
(David) 1742 2868 w
(J.) 2012 2868 w
(Farber,) 2102 2868 w
(Ralph) 2413 2868 w
(E.) 2678 2868 w
(Griswold,) 2790 2868 w
(and) 3213 2868 w
(Ivan) 3384 2868 w
(P.) 3588 2868 w
(Polonsky) 3696 2868 w
(recognized) 4096 2868 w
(the) 4560 2868 w
(need) 4709 2868 w
(for) 4924 2868 w
(better) 720 2988 w
(facilities) 977 2988 w
(for) 1350 2988 w
(manipulating) 1495 2988 w
(strings) 2052 2988 w
(of) 2348 2988 w
(characters) 2460 2988 w
(and) 2892 2988 w
(developed) 3065 2988 w
(the) 3504 2988 w
(language) 3655 2988 w
(called) 4044 2988 w
(SNOBOL) 4311 2988 w
(\(StriNg) 4740 2988 w
(Oriented) 720 3108 w
(symBOlic) 1102 3108 w
(Language\)) 1541 3108 w
([41].) 2000 3108 w
(With) 2249 3108 w
(its) 2482 3108 w
(novel) 2610 3108 w
(approach) 2865 3108 w
(to) 3263 3108 w
(pattern) 3375 3108 w
(matching,) 3686 3108 w
(SNOBOL) 4117 3108 w
(proved) 4551 3108 w
(both) 4862 3108 w
(useful) 720 3228 w
(and) 997 3228 w
(popular.) 1174 3228 w
(Further) 1537 3228 w
(work) 1864 3228 w
(led) 2102 3228 w
(eventually) 2257 3228 w
(to) 2706 3228 w
(the) 2817 3228 w
(more) 2972 3228 w
(sophisticated) 3210 3228 w
(SNOBOL) 3765 3228 w
(4) 4198 3228 w
(language,) 4280 3228 w
(which) 4697 3228 w
(is) 4973 3228 w
(widely) 720 3348 w
(used) 1021 3348 w
(both) 1233 3348 w
(at) 1440 3348 w
(Bell) 1541 3348 w
(Labs) 1738 3348 w
(and) 1962 3348 w
(elsewhere) 2136 3348 w
(in) 2564 3348 w
(fields) 2672 3348 w
(ranging) 2924 3348 w
(from) 3259 3348 w
(document) 3483 3348 w
(formatting) 3907 3348 w
(to) 4359 3348 w
(theorem) 4467 3348 w
(prov\255) 4824 3348 w
(ing [42].) 720 3468 w
(The) 970 3624 w
(general) 1163 3624 w
(availability) 1494 3624 w
(of) 1982 3624 w
(SNOBOL) 2103 3624 w
(4) 2541 3624 w
(is) 2629 3624 w
(due) 2734 3624 w
(in) 2917 3624 w
(large) 3034 3624 w
(measure) 3272 3624 w
(to) 3643 3624 w
(the) 3760 3624 w
(portability) 3921 3624 w
(of) 4377 3624 w
(its) 4499 3624 w
(processor,) 4633 3624 w
(which) 720 3744 w
(is) 992 3744 w
(specified) 1087 3744 w
(in) 1475 3744 w
(terms) 1581 3744 w
(of) 1831 3744 w
(a) 1942 3744 w
(carefully) 2014 3744 w
(chosen) 2396 3744 w
(set) 2701 3744 w
(of) 2840 3744 w
(macros.) 2951 3744 w
(In) 3292 3744 w
(view) 3403 3744 w
(of) 3625 3744 w
(the) 3736 3744 w
(wide) 3886 3744 w
(variety) 4108 3744 w
(of) 4413 3744 w
(computers) 4524 3744 w
(at) 4968 3744 w
(Bell Labs and throughout the Bell System, and the ever\255growing investment in software for those machines,) 720 3864 w
(there is an urgent need to achieve greater software portability without increasing programming effort or sac\255) 720 3984 w
(rificing) 720 4104 w
(efficiency.) 1040 4104 w
(In) 1489 4104 w
(the) 1598 4104 w
(early) 1746 4104 w
(1970s,) 1971 4104 w
(the) 2261 4104 w
(development) 2409 4104 w
(of) 2951 4104 w
(the) 3061 4104 w
(ALTRAN) 3210 4104 w
(language) 3642 4104 w
(\(see) 4029 4104 w
(Section) 4216 4104 w
(XII\)) 4543 4104 w
(marked) 4741 4104 w
(a) 720 4224 w
(major) 802 4224 w
(advance) 1073 4224 w
(toward) 1436 4224 w
(this) 1750 4224 w
(goal,) 1932 4224 w
(achieved) 2166 4224 w
(by) 2557 4224 w
(writing) 2694 4224 w
(the) 3020 4224 w
(system) 3179 4224 w
(in) 3494 4224 w
(American) 3609 4224 w
(National) 4039 4224 w
(Standard) 4420 4224 w
(FOR\255) 4812 4224 w
(TRAN) 720 4344 w
(supplemented) 1021 4344 w
(by) 1605 4344 w
(macros.) 1734 4344 w
(The) 2076 4344 w
(permitted) 2260 4344 w
(subset) 2673 4344 w
(of) 2953 4344 w
(FORTRAN) 3066 4344 w
(is) 3563 4344 w
(called) 3660 4344 w
(PFORT) 3928 4344 w
(\(for) 4270 4344 w
(Portable) 4449 4344 w
(FOR\255) 4812 4344 w
(Tran\);) 720 4464 w
(it) 1015 4464 w
(was) 1117 4464 w
(defined) 1318 4464 w
(by) 1663 4464 w
(Andrew) 1809 4464 w
(D.) 2176 4464 w
(Hall,) 2319 4464 w
(and) 2561 4464 w
(its) 2750 4464 w
(rules,) 2890 4464 w
(including) 3154 4464 w
(those) 3577 4464 w
(that) 3833 4464 w
(apply) 4028 4464 w
(to) 4295 4464 w
(communication) 4418 4464 w
(between subprograms, are enforced by a verifier developed by Barbara G. Ryder [44].) 720 4584 w
(Another) 970 4740 w
(important) 1326 4740 w
(Bell) 1744 4740 w
(Labs) 1940 4740 w
(language) 2163 4740 w
(contribution) 2552 4740 w
(is) 3070 4740 w
(the) 3166 4740 w
(general\255purpose) 3317 4740 w
(C) 3988 4740 w
(language,) 4085 4740 w
(developed) 4500 4740 w
(by) 4940 4740 w
(Dennis) 720 4860 w
(M.) 1029 4860 w
(Ritchie) 1169 4860 w
(in) 1484 4860 w
(the) 1588 4860 w
(early) 1736 4860 w
(1970s) 1961 4860 w
([45].) 2226 4860 w
(Almost) 2468 4860 w
(all) 2789 4860 w
(of the UNIX operating system and its associated util\255) 2915 4860 w
(ity) 720 4980 w
(and) 859 4980 w
(command) 1036 4980 w
(programs) 1463 4980 w
(\(see) 1873 4980 w
(Section) 2066 4980 w
(8\)) 2399 4980 w
(are) 2515 4980 w
(written) 2669 4980 w
(in) 2985 4980 w
(C,) 3097 4980 w
(which) 3223 4980 w
(incorporates) 3501 4980 w
(a) 4028 4980 w
(flexible) 4106 4980 w
(system) 4445 4980 w
(of) 4757 4980 w
(data) 4874 4980 w
(types) 720 5100 w
(as) 957 5100 w
(well) 1066 5100 w
(as) 1264 5100 w
(the) 1373 5100 w
(control) 1521 5100 w
(constructs) 1830 5100 w
(recommended) 2261 5100 w
(by) 2852 5100 w
(modern) 2978 5100 w
(insights) 3309 5100 w
(into) 3647 5100 w
(the structure of programs. The) 3829 5100 w
(efficiency) 720 5220 w
(and) 1146 5220 w
(readability) 1318 5220 w
(of) 1773 5220 w
(C) 1884 5220 w
(have) 1980 5220 w
(contributed) 2197 5220 w
(greatly) 2681 5220 w
(to) 2987 5220 w
(the) 3094 5220 w
(success) 3245 5220 w
(of) 3573 5220 w
(the) 3685 5220 w
(UNIX) 3836 5220 w
(system) 4114 5220 w
(and) 4421 5220 w
(have) 4594 5220 w
(led) 4811 5220 w
(to) 4962 5220 w
(the) 720 5340 w
(development) 869 5340 w
(of) 1412 5340 w
(C) 1522 5340 w
(compilers) 1615 5340 w
(on) 2035 5340 w
(the) 2161 5340 w
(IBM) 2309 5340 w
(370) 2524 5340 w
(and) 2700 5340 w
(Honeywell) 2870 5340 w
(6000) 3334 5340 w
(computers,) 3560 5340 w
(thus) 4027 5340 w
(permitting) 4220 5340 w
(programs) 4663 5340 w
(developed) 720 5460 w
(under) 1165 5460 w
(the) 1427 5460 w
(UNIX) 1584 5460 w
(system) 1868 5460 w
(to) 2182 5460 w
(be) 2296 5460 w
(made) 2426 5460 w
(available) 2678 5460 w
(at) 3074 5460 w
(the) 3182 5460 w
(major) 3340 5460 w
(Bell) 3609 5460 w
(Labs) 3812 5460 w
(computation) 4042 5460 w
(centers) 4578 5460 w
(and) 4896 5460 w
(elsewhere.) 720 5580 w
(The) 970 5736 w
(field) 1161 5736 w
(of) 1380 5736 w
(language) 1499 5736 w
(design) 1895 5736 w
(has) 2192 5736 w
(been) 2361 5736 w
(very) 2585 5736 w
(fertile.) 2799 5736 w
(Other) 3099 5736 w
(languages) 3363 5736 w
(are) 3799 5736 w
(discussed) 3957 5736 w
(in) 4377 5736 w
(the) 4492 5736 w
(following) 4651 5736 w
(subsections, and a great many more will undoubtedly appear in the years to come.) 720 5856 w
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(10. DATA TRANSMISSION BETWEEN COMPUTERS) 720 6096 w
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(As) 970 6252 w
(previously) 1109 6252 w
(noted,) 1559 6252 w
(the) 1834 6252 w
(first) 1984 6252 w
(relay) 2173 6252 w
(digital) 2400 6252 w
(computer) 2684 6252 w
(was) 3089 6252 w
(introduced) 3272 6252 w
(to) 3727 6252 w
(the) 3833 6252 w
(scientific) 3983 6252 w
(community) 4378 6252 w
(over) 4863 6252 w
(the) 720 6372 w
(first) 880 6372 w
(computer) 1079 6372 w
(data) 1494 6372 w
(link) 1698 6372 w
(\255) 1892 6372 w
(a) 1963 6372 w
(teletypewriter) 2045 6372 w
(circuit) 2637 6372 w
(with) 2930 6372 w
(slightly) 3146 6372 w
(modified) 3485 6372 w
(terminal) 3884 6372 w
(equipment.) 4255 6372 w
(By) 4764 6372 w
(the) 4918 6372 w
(mid\2551950s,) 720 6492 w
(it) 1200 6492 w
(was) 1283 6492 w
(apparent) 1465 6492 w
(that) 1835 6492 w
(the) 2012 6492 w
(electronic) 2161 6492 w
(computers) 2581 6492 w
(that) 3024 6492 w
(were) 3201 6492 w
(becoming) 3421 6492 w
(available) 3842 6492 w
(would) 4230 6492 w
(require) 4508 6492 w
(much) 4818 6492 w
(higher\255speed) 720 6612 w
(data) 1281 6612 w
(transmission) 1493 6612 w
(than) 2045 6612 w
(could) 2263 6612 w
(be) 2531 6612 w
(provided) 2671 6612 w
(by) 3072 6612 w
(standard) 3218 6612 w
(TELETYPE) 3602 6612 w
(equipment.) 4142 6612 w
(Bell) 4634 6612 w
(Labs) 4846 6612 w
(accordingly) 720 6732 w
(demonstrated) 1218 6732 w
(in) 1783 6732 w
(1956) 1888 6732 w
(the) 2115 6732 w
(use) 2264 6732 w
(of) 2424 6732 w
(dialed\255up) 2534 6732 w
(telephone) 2938 6732 w
(circuits) 3353 6732 w
(to) 3675 6732 w
(provide) 3781 6732 w
(direct) 4114 6732 w
(magnetic\255tape) 4369 6732 w
(to) 4962 6732 w
(magnetic\255tape) 720 6852 w
(transmission) 1313 6852 w
(of) 1847 6852 w
(digital) 1958 6852 w
(data) 2242 6852 w
(at) 2436 6852 w
(a) 2536 6852 w
(speed) 2608 6852 w
(of) 2863 6852 w
(600) 2974 6852 w
(baud,) 3152 6852 w
(or) 3399 6852 w
(about) 3510 6852 w
(10) 3760 6852 w
(times) 3888 6852 w
(that) 4133 6852 w
(of) 4311 6852 w
(teletypewriters.) 4422 6852 w
(The) 720 6972 w
(data) 902 6972 w
(were) 1095 6972 w
(protected) 1316 6972 w
(by) 1715 6972 w
(parity) 1843 6972 w
(checks,) 2104 6972 w
(and) 2428 6972 w
(records) 2600 6972 w
(showing) 2921 6972 w
(parity) 3288 6972 w
(errors) 3549 6972 w
(were) 3809 6972 w
(automatically) 4030 6972 w
(retransmit\255) 4602 6972 w
(ted.) 720 7092 w
(This) 924 7092 w
(demonstration) 1134 7092 w
(was) 1738 7092 w
(not,) 1925 7092 w
(in) 2110 7092 w
(fact,) 2220 7092 w
(hooked) 2426 7092 w
(up) 2751 7092 w
(to) 2882 7092 w
(a) 2991 7092 w
(computer.) 3066 7092 w
(Since) 3499 7092 w
(there) 3752 7092 w
(was) 3982 7092 w
(at) 4168 7092 w
(that) 4271 7092 w
(time) 4452 7092 w
(no) 4661 7092 w
(agree\255) 4792 7092 w
(ment) 720 7212 w
(as) 952 7212 w
(to) 1067 7212 w
(computer) 1177 7212 w
(magnetic\255tape) 1586 7212 w
(formats,) 2183 7212 w
(an) 2545 7212 w
(ad) 2671 7212 w
(hoc) 2797 7212 w
(arrangement) 2973 7212 w
(of) 3503 7212 w
(the) 3618 7212 w
(magnetic) 3772 7212 w
(tape) 4170 7212 w
(was) 4368 7212 w
(used,) 4555 7212 w
(which) 4796 7212 w
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(was) 720 840 w
(prepared) 908 840 w
(and) 1289 840 w
(printed) 1466 840 w
(out,) 1782 840 w
(at) 1968 840 w
(much) 2073 840 w
(lower) 2328 840 w
(speed,) 2587 840 w
(on) 2871 840 w
(standard) 3003 840 w
(Flexowriter) 3373 840 w
([46]) 3871 840 w
(equipment.) 4069 840 w
(The) 4548 840 w
(demon\255) 4735 840 w
(stration) 720 960 w
(did,) 1052 960 w
(however,) 1237 960 w
(show) 1637 960 w
(that) 1880 960 w
(tape\255to\255tape) 2062 960 w
(transmission) 2570 960 w
(of) 3109 960 w
(digital) 3225 960 w
(data) 3514 960 w
(could) 3713 960 w
(be) 3968 960 w
(achieved\255at) 4095 960 w
(speeds) 4587 960 w
(rea\255) 4886 960 w
(sonably) 720 1080 w
(matched) 1067 1080 w
(to) 1441 1080 w
(the) 1555 1080 w
(computers) 1713 1080 w
(of) 2165 1080 w
(the) 2283 1080 w
(time\255over) 2440 1080 w
(normal) 2863 1080 w
(long\255distance) 3181 1080 w
(telephone) 3754 1080 w
(connections) 4177 1080 w
(dialed) 4689 1080 w
(at) 4968 1080 w
(random.) 720 1200 w
(In) 970 1356 w
(the) 1083 1356 w
(early) 1235 1356 w
(1960s,) 1464 1356 w
(transmission) 1758 1356 w
(facilities) 2294 1356 w
(similar) 2668 1356 w
(to) 2976 1356 w
(those) 3084 1356 w
(used) 3325 1356 w
(in) 3538 1356 w
(the) 3646 1356 w
(1956) 3799 1356 w
(demonstration) 4030 1356 w
(were) 4633 1356 w
(used) 4857 1356 w
(to) 720 1476 w
(provide) 825 1476 w
(several) 1157 1476 w
(branch) 1466 1476 w
(laboratories) 1764 1476 w
(with) 2262 1476 w
(entry) 2467 1476 w
(to) 2699 1476 w
(Bell) 2804 1476 w
(Labs) 2998 1476 w
(major) 3219 1476 w
(computing) 3479 1476 w
(centers) 3934 1476 w
(in) 4243 1476 w
(New) 4348 1476 w
(Jersey.) 4562 1476 w
(This) 4862 1476 w
(enabled the branch labs to resolve problems) 720 1596 w
(beyond) 2498 1596 w
(the) 2818 1596 w
(capability) 2966 1596 w
(of) 3386 1596 w
(their) 3495 1596 w
(own) 3704 1596 w
(modest) 3902 1596 w
(computing) 4217 1596 w
(facilities.) 4671 1596 w
(The) 720 1716 w
(transmission) 909 1716 w
(facilities) 1449 1716 w
(normally) 1827 1716 w
(used) 2222 1716 w
(voice\255grade) 2439 1716 w
(telephone) 2943 1716 w
(circuits,) 3365 1716 w
(usually) 3718 1716 w
(those) 4041 1716 w
(provided) 4286 1716 w
(for) 4675 1716 w
(inter\255) 4824 1716 w
(location) 720 1836 w
(telephone) 1076 1836 w
(traffic.) 1498 1836 w
(The) 1800 1836 w
(detailed) 1989 1836 w
(arrangements) 2339 1836 w
(depended) 2910 1836 w
(on) 3326 1836 w
(the) 3460 1836 w
(specific) 3616 1836 w
(equipment) 3960 1836 w
(available) 4416 1836 w
(at) 4811 1836 w
(the) 4918 1836 w
(remote) 720 1956 w
(location.) 1034 1956 w
(In) 1443 1956 w
(January) 1563 1956 w
(1962,) 1910 1956 w
(an) 2172 1956 w
(enlarged) 2303 1956 w
(Holmdel,) 2683 1956 w
(N.J.,) 3095 1956 w
(laboratory) 3318 1956 w
(was) 3765 1956 w
(opened) 3957 1956 w
(\255\255) 4282 1956 w
(Bell) 4385 1956 w
(Labs') 4588 1956 w
(third) 4851 1956 w
(major) 720 2076 w
(location) 988 2076 w
(in) 1345 2076 w
(New) 1458 2076 w
(Jersey) 1681 2076 w
(\255) 1965 2076 w
(and) 2033 2076 w
(engineering) 2212 2076 w
(and) 2718 2076 w
(development) 2897 2076 w
(groups) 3448 2076 w
(began) 3755 2076 w
(to) 4028 2076 w
(move) 4141 2076 w
(in) 4398 2076 w
(from) 4511 2076 w
(Murray) 4741 2076 w
(Hill) 720 2196 w
(and) 913 2196 w
(Whippany.) 1094 2196 w
(Moving) 1572 2196 w
(about) 1925 2196 w
(1000) 2183 2196 w
(engineers) 2419 2196 w
(and) 2837 2196 w
(scientists) 3017 2196 w
(with) 3420 2196 w
(all) 3634 2196 w
(their) 3770 2196 w
(laboratory) 3989 2196 w
(equipment) 4435 2196 w
(is) 4893 2196 w
(a) 4996 2196 w
(sizeable) 720 2316 w
(logistic) 1070 2316 w
(operation.) 1394 2316 w
(The) 1825 2316 w
(move) 2010 2316 w
(took) 2262 2316 w
(about) 2470 2316 w
(eight) 2722 2316 w
(months) 2952 2316 w
(to) 3277 2316 w
(complete.) 3385 2316 w
(In) 3806 2316 w
(the) 3919 2316 w
(meantime,) 4071 2316 w
(it) 4520 2316 w
(was) 4606 2316 w
(essen\255) 4791 2316 w
(tial) 720 2436 w
(to) 879 2436 w
(provide) 987 2436 w
(first\255class) 1322 2436 w
(service) 1740 2436 w
(on) 2052 2436 w
(a) 2182 2436 w
(large\255scale) 2256 2436 w
(computer) 2717 2436 w
(to) 3124 2436 w
(many) 3232 2436 w
(of) 3484 2436 w
(the) 3597 2436 w
(groups) 3749 2436 w
(being) 4051 2436 w
(moved,) 4303 2436 w
(in) 4630 2436 w
(spite) 4738 2436 w
(of) 4957 2436 w
(the) 720 2556 w
(fact) 872 2556 w
(that) 1051 2556 w
(for) 1231 2556 w
(much) 1377 2556 w
(of) 1629 2556 w
(1962) 1742 2556 w
(the) 1972 2556 w
(actual) 2124 2556 w
(computing) 2392 2556 w
(load) 2850 2556 w
(at) 3052 2556 w
(Holmdel) 3154 2556 w
(would) 3534 2556 w
(be) 3815 2556 w
(well) 3940 2556 w
(below) 4143 2556 w
(that) 4418 2556 w
(required) 4599 2556 w
(to) 4962 2556 w
(justify the cost of an adequate large\255scale installation.) 720 2676 w
(To) 970 2832 w
(handle) 1113 2832 w
(this) 1411 2832 w
(problem,) 1588 2832 w
(a) 1978 2832 w
(computing) 2054 2832 w
(center) 2514 2832 w
(was) 2789 2832 w
(established) 2976 2832 w
(at) 3453 2832 w
(Holmdel) 3558 2832 w
(and) 3941 2832 w
(initially) 4118 2832 w
(equipped) 4463 2832 w
(only) 4862 2832 w
(with) 720 2952 w
(off\255line) 929 2952 w
(input\255output) 1259 2952 w
(equipment) 1785 2952 w
(and) 2238 2952 w
(magnetic) 2413 2952 w
(tape) 2810 2952 w
(units.) 3007 2952 w
(This) 3258 2952 w
(center) 3467 2952 w
(was) 3741 2952 w
(connected) 3927 2952 w
(to) 4361 2952 w
(the) 4469 2952 w
(IBM) 4621 2952 w
(7090) 4840 2952 w
(at) 720 3072 w
(Murray) 824 3072 w
(Hill) 1155 3072 w
(by) 1343 3072 w
(a) 1475 3072 w
(40.8\255kilobaud) 1551 3072 w
(Telpak\255A) 2141 3072 w
(data) 2555 3072 w
(link,) 2753 3072 w
(over) 2966 3072 w
(which) 3175 3072 w
(both) 3451 3072 w
(input) 3661 3072 w
(and) 3899 3072 w
(output) 4075 3072 w
(were) 4364 3072 w
(transmitted) 4590 3072 w
(tape) 720 3192 w
(to) 922 3192 w
(tape.) 1036 3192 w
(This) 1263 3192 w
(was) 1477 3192 w
(the) 1668 3192 w
(first) 1826 3192 w
(large\255scale,) 2023 3192 w
(general\255computing) 2515 3192 w
(service) 3305 3192 w
(ever) 3623 3192 w
(offered) 3830 3192 w
(at) 4153 3192 w
(a) 4261 3192 w
(location) 4341 3192 w
(that) 4699 3192 w
(was) 4885 3192 w
(remote) 720 3312 w
(from) 1032 3312 w
(the) 1261 3312 w
(main) 1418 3312 w
(computer,) 1654 3312 w
(and) 2092 3312 w
(it) 2272 3312 w
(provided) 2364 3312 w
(excellent) 2755 3312 w
(service) 3151 3312 w
(to) 3469 3312 w
(Holmdel) 3583 3312 w
(personnel) 3969 3312 w
(until) 4393 3312 w
(September) 4613 3312 w
(1962, when the load had grown to a point justifying installation of an IBM 7090 at Holmdel.) 720 3432 w
(During) 970 3588 w
(this) 1292 3588 w
(period) 1477 3588 w
(the) 1772 3588 w
(TELSTAR) 1934 3588 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode21 f
(") 2373 3588 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(satellite) 2494 3588 w
(was) 2845 3588 w
(placed) 3040 3588 w
(in) 3340 3588 w
(orbit,) 3458 3588 w
(and) 3712 3588 w
(arrangements) 3896 3588 w
(were) 4473 3588 w
(made) 4706 3588 w
(to) 4962 3588 w
(transmit) 720 3708 w
(a) 1075 3708 w
(Holmdel) 1146 3708 w
(output) 1523 3708 w
(tape) 1806 3708 w
(made) 1999 3708 w
(on) 2242 3708 w
(the) 2369 3708 w
(7090) 2517 3708 w
(at) 2743 3708 w
(Murray) 2841 3708 w
(Hill) 3166 3708 w
(to) 3348 3708 w
(Holmdel) 3452 3708 w
(via) 3828 3708 w
(the) 3976 3708 w
(satellite.) 4124 3708 w
(This) 4486 3708 w
(involved) 4690 3708 w
(transmission) 720 3828 w
(via) 1260 3828 w
(microwave) 1416 3828 w
(circuits) 1893 3828 w
(to) 2221 3828 w
(Andover,) 2333 3828 w
(Maine,) 2741 3828 w
(thence) 3055 3828 w
(via) 3349 3828 w
(the) 3505 3828 w
(TELSTAR) 3661 3828 w
(satellite) 4134 3828 w
(to) 4479 3828 w
(a) 4591 3828 w
(receiving) 4669 3828 w
(antenna) 720 3948 w
(at) 1062 3948 w
(Crawford) 1166 3948 w
(Hill,) 1580 3948 w
(New) 1793 3948 w
(Jersey,) 2013 3948 w
(and) 2319 3948 w
(finally) 2495 3948 w
(over) 2787 3948 w
(a) 2995 3948 w
(short) 3070 3948 w
(microwave) 3301 3948 w
(link) 3775 3948 w
(to) 3962 3948 w
(the) 4071 3948 w
(Holmdel) 4224 3948 w
(laboratory.) 4605 3948 w
(Since) 720 4068 w
(the) 975 4068 w
(satellite) 1130 4068 w
(would) 1474 4068 w
(not) 1757 4068 w
(be) 1918 4068 w
(in) 2045 4068 w
(an) 2156 4068 w
(accessible) 2283 4068 w
(orbital) 2720 4068 w
(position) 3014 4068 w
(during) 3371 4068 w
(the) 3666 4068 w
(normal) 3822 4068 w
(first) 4139 4068 w
(shift) 4334 4068 w
(of) 4546 4068 w
(computer) 4663 4068 w
(operation,) 720 4188 w
(the) 1148 4188 w
(Murray) 1296 4188 w
(Hill) 1621 4188 w
(computation center during the afternoon of August 8, 1962 saved a Holmdel out\255) 1803 4188 w
(put) 720 4308 w
(tape) 886 4308 w
(of) 1090 4308 w
(suitable) 1211 4308 w
(length.) 1560 4308 w
(This) 1873 4308 w
(tape) 2089 4308 w
(contained) 2293 4308 w
(the) 2719 4308 w
(output) 2879 4308 w
(of) 3173 4308 w
(10) 3294 4308 w
(or) 3432 4308 w
(12) 3553 4308 w
(jobs,) 3691 4308 w
(and) 3921 4308 w
(consisted) 4103 4308 w
(of) 4513 4308 w
(2891) 4635 4308 w
(tape) 4874 4308 w
(records,) 720 4428 w
(mostly) 1069 4428 w
(of) 1373 4428 w
(996) 1487 4428 w
(alphanumeric) 1668 4428 w
(characters) 2242 4428 w
(each,) 2676 4428 w
(although) 2914 4428 w
(the) 3295 4428 w
(last) 3448 4428 w
(record) 3618 4428 w
(of) 3903 4428 w
(each) 4017 4428 w
(job) 4229 4428 w
(was) 4387 4428 w
(shorter.) 4572 4428 w
(To) 4929 4428 w
(avoid) 720 4548 w
(complaints) 973 4548 w
(about) 1443 4548 w
(delays) 1696 4548 w
(from) 1983 4548 w
(the) 2209 4548 w
(10) 2363 4548 w
(or) 2495 4548 w
(12) 2610 4548 w
(Holmdel) 2742 4548 w
(users,) 3124 4548 w
(this) 3386 4548 w
(tape) 3563 4548 w
(was) 3761 4548 w
(transmitted) 3948 4548 w
(immediately) 4430 4548 w
(to) 4962 4548 w
(Holmdel) 720 4668 w
(over) 1103 4668 w
(the) 1313 4668 w
(40.8\255kilobaud) 1468 4668 w
(data) 2059 4668 w
(link.) 2258 4668 w
(About) 2472 4668 w
(5:45) 2755 4668 w
(PM,) 2966 4668 w
(the) 3168 4668 w
(tape) 3322 4668 w
(was) 3520 4668 w
(retransmitted) 3707 4668 w
(with) 4266 4668 w
(complete) 4476 4668 w
(suc\255) 4874 4668 w
(cess) 720 4788 w
(via) 935 4788 w
(the) 1106 4788 w
(TELSTAR) 1278 4788 w
(satellite) 1767 4788 w
(when) 2128 4788 w
(it) 2394 4788 w
(became) 2500 4788 w
(available:) 2854 4788 w
(the) 3292 4788 w
(transmission) 3464 4788 w
(indicated) 4020 4788 w
(that) 4436 4788 w
(no) 4636 4788 w
(record) 4786 4788 w
(required) 720 4908 w
(retransmission) 1087 4908 w
(because) 1705 4908 w
(of) 2055 4908 w
(parity) 2172 4908 w
(errors.) 2439 4908 w
(This) 2730 4908 w
(caused) 2942 4908 w
(some) 3247 4908 w
(concern) 3492 4908 w
(to) 3841 4908 w
(the) 3953 4908 w
(operators) 4109 4908 w
(at) 4514 4908 w
(both) 4620 4908 w
(ends,) 4832 4908 w
(since) 720 5028 w
(on) 956 5028 w
(the) 1087 5028 w
(Telpak) 1241 5028 w
(facilities,) 1550 5028 w
(records) 1951 5028 w
(occasionally) 2276 5028 w
(had) 2807 5028 w
(to) 2983 5028 w
(be) 3093 5028 w
(retransmitted) 3219 5028 w
(because) 3778 5028 w
(of) 4125 5028 w
(parity) 4240 5028 w
(errors) 4505 5028 w
(caused) 4769 5028 w
(by) 720 5148 w
(noise) 847 5148 w
(or) 1085 5148 w
(crosstalk.) 1195 5148 w
(But) 1602 5148 w
(when) 1774 5148 w
(Holmdel) 2017 5148 w
(printed) 2394 5148 w
(out) 2704 5148 w
(the) 2859 5148 w
(TELSTAR) 3008 5148 w
(tape,) 3474 5148 w
(it) 3691 5148 w
(agreed) 3773 5148 w
(completely) 4064 5148 w
(with) 4534 5148 w
(the) 4738 5148 w
(ear\255) 4886 5148 w
(lier copy made after transmission via the Telpak link.) 720 5268 w
(Late) 970 5424 w
(in) 1174 5424 w
(1963,) 1279 5424 w
(the) 1531 5424 w
(Telpak\255A) 1680 5424 w
(facility) 2089 5424 w
(was) 2399 5424 w
(replaced) 2581 5424 w
(by) 2945 5424 w
(a) 3072 5424 w
(1.5\255megabaud) 3143 5424 w
(TI) 3739 5424 w
(carrier) 3861 5424 w
(link,) 4148 5424 w
(and) 4357 5424 w
(in) 4529 5424 w
(the) 4635 5424 w
(winter) 4785 5424 w
(of) 720 5544 w
(1966\2551967,) 842 5544 w
(the) 1339 5544 w
(only) 1500 5544 w
(computing) 1717 5544 w
(service) 2184 5544 w
(at) 2504 5544 w
(Murray) 2614 5544 w
(Hill) 2951 5544 w
(was) 3145 5544 w
(provided) 3338 5544 w
(over) 3731 5544 w
(this) 3946 5544 w
(line) 4129 5544 w
(by) 4317 5544 w
(a) 4455 5544 w
(pair) 4537 5544 w
(of) 4730 5544 w
(IBM) 4851 5544 w
(7094s) 720 5664 w
(at) 985 5664 w
(Holmdel.) 1083 5664 w
(These) 1484 5664 w
(computers) 1748 5664 w
(also) 2190 5664 w
(served) 2377 5664 w
(the) 2663 5664 w
(Indian) 2811 5664 w
(Hill) 3092 5664 w
(laboratory) 3274 5664 w
(over) 3711 5664 w
(a) 3915 5664 w
(Telpak\255A) 3986 5664 w
(data) 4395 5664 w
(link,) 4588 5664 w
(which) 4796 5664 w
(was later also connected to the laboratory in Columbus, Ohio.) 720 5784 w
(Such) 970 5940 w
(high\255speed) 1207 5940 w
(data) 1682 5940 w
(links) 1885 5940 w
(also) 2118 5940 w
(proved) 2317 5940 w
(invaluable) 2632 5940 w
(in) 3086 5940 w
(providing) 3202 5940 w
(continuity) 3629 5940 w
(of) 4073 5940 w
(service) 4194 5940 w
(during) 4514 5940 w
(unex\255) 4813 5940 w
(pected) 720 6060 w
(outages.) 1008 6060 w
(In) 1366 6060 w
(one) 1477 6060 w
(such) 1649 6060 w
(instance,) 1859 6060 w
(a) 2238 6060 w
(flood) 2309 6060 w
(in) 2547 6060 w
(the) 2652 6060 w
(Whippany) 2801 6060 w
(computing) 3244 6060 w
(center) 3699 6060 w
(\255) 3969 6060 w
(which) 4029 6060 w
(had) 4300 6060 w
(also) 4471 6060 w
(been) 4659 6060 w
(pro\255) 4874 6060 w
(vided) 720 6180 w
(with) 969 6180 w
(a) 1174 6180 w
(high\255speed) 1245 6180 w
(data) 1710 6180 w
(link) 1904 6180 w
(\255) 2088 6180 w
(required) 2149 6180 w
(its) 2509 6180 w
(machine) 2632 6180 w
(to) 2998 6180 w
(be) 3104 6180 w
(taken) 3226 6180 w
(out) 3470 6180 w
(of) 3626 6180 w
(service.) 3737 6180 w
(While) 4097 6180 w
(the) 4369 6180 w
(machine) 4519 6180 w
(was) 4885 6180 w
(carefully) 720 6300 w
(dried) 1108 6300 w
(out) 1347 6300 w
(and) 1509 6300 w
(tested) 1687 6300 w
(for) 1953 6300 w
(accuracy,) 2102 6300 w
(the) 2513 6300 w
(Whippany) 2668 6300 w
(computing) 3117 6300 w
(load) 3578 6300 w
(was) 3783 6300 w
(adequately) 3971 6300 w
(handled) 4436 6300 w
(on) 4785 6300 w
(the) 4918 6300 w
(Murray) 720 6420 w
(Hill) 1048 6420 w
(and) 1233 6420 w
(Holmdel) 1406 6420 w
(equipment.) 1785 6420 w
(Another) 2261 6420 w
(use) 2617 6420 w
(of) 2779 6420 w
(data) 2891 6420 w
(links) 3086 6420 w
(was) 3310 6420 w
(in) 3494 6420 w
(load) 3601 6420 w
(equalization.) 3802 6420 w
(If) 4344 6420 w
(one) 4439 6420 w
(center) 4612 6420 w
(was) 4885 6420 w
(overloaded,) 720 6540 w
(jobs) 1216 6540 w
(that) 1411 6540 w
(would) 1589 6540 w
(have) 1867 6540 w
(been) 2083 6540 w
(delayed) 2299 6540 w
(if) 2637 6540 w
(done) 2726 6540 w
(at) 2948 6540 w
(the) 3048 6540 w
(point) 3198 6540 w
(of) 3432 6540 w
(origin) 3542 6540 w
(could) 3808 6540 w
(be) 4057 6540 w
(transferred) 4178 6540 w
(to) 4636 6540 w
(another) 4741 6540 w
(machine) 720 6660 w
(for) 1085 6660 w
(faster) 1228 6660 w
(execution.) 1476 6660 w
(This) 1916 6660 w
(was) 2122 6660 w
(done) 2305 6660 w
(not) 2527 6660 w
(only) 2683 6660 w
(when) 2889 6660 w
(loads) 3133 6660 w
(were) 3372 6660 w
(approaching) 3593 6660 w
(the) 4114 6660 w
(maximum,) 4264 6660 w
(but) 4723 6660 w
(also) 4879 6660 w
(to) 720 6780 w
(counteract) 829 6780 w
(load) 1275 6780 w
(fluctuations.) 1478 6780 w
(There) 2006 6780 w
(was,) 2268 6780 w
(for) 2478 6780 w
(example,) 2624 6780 w
(a) 3017 6780 w
(considerable) 3091 6780 w
(period) 3625 6780 w
(when) 3910 6780 w
(both) 4156 6780 w
(the) 4364 6780 w
(Holmdel) 4516 6780 w
(and) 4896 6780 w
(Murray) 720 6900 w
(Hill) 1057 6900 w
(installations) 1251 6900 w
(were,) 1773 6900 w
(on) 2029 6900 w
(the) 2167 6900 w
(average,) 2327 6900 w
(comfortably) 2699 6900 w
(loaded.) 3225 6900 w
(However,) 3554 6900 w
(the) 3982 6900 w
(Holmdel) 4142 6900 w
(center) 4531 6900 w
(had) 4813 6900 w
(a) 4996 6900 w
(pronounced) 720 7020 w
(peak) 1218 7020 w
(in) 1433 7020 w
(its) 1538 7020 w
(load) 1660 7020 w
(at) 1859 7020 w
(the) 1958 7020 w
(lunch) 2106 7020 w
(hour,) 2354 7020 w
(while) 2588 7020 w
(Murray) 2836 7020 w
(Hill's) 3161 7020 w
(load) 3415 7020 w
(showed) 3613 7020 w
(a) 3944 7020 w
(valley) 4014 7020 w
(at) 4284 7020 w
(that) 4382 7020 w
(time) 4558 7020 w
(of) 4762 7020 w
(day.) 4871 7020 w
(This) 720 7140 w
(situation) 925 7140 w
(had) 1297 7140 w
(an) 1468 7140 w
(architectural) 1589 7140 w
(origin:) 2114 7140 w
(for) 2408 7140 w
(most) 2551 7140 w
(people) 2773 7140 w
(at) 3066 7140 w
(Holmdel,) 3165 7140 w
(the) 3567 7140 w
(computing) 3716 7140 w
(center) 4171 7140 w
(was) 4441 7140 w
(located) 4624 7140 w
(on) 4940 7140 w
(the) 720 7260 w
(way) 878 7260 w
(to) 1080 7260 w
(the) 1193 7260 w
(cafeteria,) 1350 7260 w
(while) 1752 7260 w
(at) 2009 7260 w
(Murray) 2116 7260 w
(Hill) 2450 7260 w
(the) 2641 7260 w
(computer) 2798 7260 w
(was) 3210 7260 w
(inconveniently) 3400 7260 w
(located) 4029 7260 w
(in) 4352 7260 w
(relation) 4465 7260 w
(to) 4805 7260 w
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(\255 14 \255) 2772 480 w
(cafeteria.) 720 840 w
(Use) 1121 840 w
(of) 1310 840 w
(the) 1427 840 w
(data) 1583 840 w
(links) 1783 840 w
(thus) 2012 840 w
(resulted) 2213 840 w
(in) 2563 840 w
(considerably) 2675 840 w
(faster) 3219 840 w
(execution) 3474 840 w
(of) 3897 840 w
(short) 4015 840 w
(Holmdel) 4250 840 w
(jobs,) 4635 840 w
(with) 4862 840 w
(hardly) 720 960 w
(any) 1006 960 w
(effect) 1181 960 w
(on) 1438 960 w
(the) 1569 960 w
(service) 1722 960 w
(to) 2035 960 w
(Murray) 2144 960 w
(Hill) 2474 960 w
(users.) 2661 960 w
(Such) 2922 960 w
(data) 3153 960 w
(links) 3350 960 w
(also) 3576 960 w
(made) 3767 960 w
(it) 4013 960 w
(possible) 4099 960 w
(for) 4457 960 w
(centralized) 4603 960 w
(graphical) 720 1080 w
(output) 1122 1080 w
(facilities) 1409 1080 w
(to) 1784 1080 w
(provide) 1893 1080 w
(rapid) 2229 1080 w
(service) 2465 1080 w
(to) 2778 1080 w
(users) 2887 1080 w
(at) 3124 1080 w
(other) 3228 1080 w
(major) 3465 1080 w
(Bell) 3730 1080 w
(Labs) 3929 1080 w
(locations) 4155 1080 w
(\(see) 4548 1080 w
(Section) 4740 1080 w
(I1\).) 720 1200 w
(By) 970 1356 w
(the) 1114 1356 w
(late) 1263 1356 w
(1960s,) 1434 1356 w
(work) 1725 1356 w
(was) 1957 1356 w
(progressing) 2139 1356 w
(on) 2632 1356 w
(techniques) 2759 1356 w
(for) 3213 1356 w
(forming) 3356 1356 w
(networks) 3705 1356 w
(of) 4098 1356 w
(cooperating) 4208 1356 w
(comput\255) 4707 1356 w
(ers.) 720 1476 w
(In) 889 1476 w
(1968,) 1000 1476 w
(Wayne) 1252 1476 w
(D.) 1561 1476 w
(Farmer) 1685 1476 w
(and) 2000 1476 w
(Edwin) 2171 1476 w
(E.) 2459 1476 w
(Newhall) 2572 1476 w
(demonstrated) 2937 1476 w
(an) 3502 1476 w
(experimental) 3623 1476 w
(loop) 4171 1476 w
(system) 4376 1476 w
(for) 4681 1476 w
(inter\255) 4824 1476 w
(connecting) 720 1596 w
(digital) 1184 1596 w
(devices) 1467 1596 w
([47].) 1793 1596 w
(In) 2011 1596 w
(1970,) 2121 1596 w
(John) 2373 1596 w
(R.) 2589 1596 w
(Pierce) 2708 1596 w
(proposed) 2984 1596 w
(a) 3377 1596 w
(larger) 3448 1596 w
(loop) 3707 1596 w
(network) 3912 1596 w
(for) 4266 1596 w
(high\255speed) 4409 1596 w
(data) 4874 1596 w
(communications,) 720 1716 w
(with) 1435 1716 w
(users) 1642 1716 w
(responsible) 1876 1716 w
(for) 2360 1716 w
(their) 2505 1716 w
(own) 2717 1716 w
(signaling) 2918 1716 w
(and) 3314 1716 w
(error) 3487 1716 w
(handling) 3709 1716 w
([48].) 4088 1716 w
(At) 4307 1716 w
(about) 4435 1716 w
(the) 4685 1716 w
(same) 4835 1716 w
(time,) 720 1836 w
(Alexander) 950 1836 w
(G.) 1393 1836 w
(Fraser) 1518 1836 w
(proposed) 1795 1836 w
(and) 2189 1836 w
(started) 2361 1836 w
(constructing) 2655 1836 w
(the) 3177 1836 w
(experimental,) 3327 1836 w
(high\255speed,) 3901 1836 w
(packet\255switched) 4392 1836 w
(SPIDER) 720 1956 w
(network,) 1103 1956 w
(in) 1493 1956 w
(which) 1609 1956 w
(a) 1890 1956 w
(central) 1971 1956 w
(minicomputer) 2279 1956 w
(switch) 2877 1956 w
(and) 3175 1956 w
(intelligent) 3356 1956 w
(data) 3799 1956 w
(sets) 4002 1956 w
(provide) 4189 1956 w
(error\255control) 4531 1956 w
(and) 720 2076 w
(flow\255control) 899 2076 w
(services) 1433 2076 w
(for) 1790 2076 w
(attached) 1942 2076 w
(computers) 2310 2076 w
([49].) 2762 2076 w
(By) 3014 2076 w
(June) 3167 2076 w
(1976,) 3386 2076 w
(several) 3647 2076 w
(minicomputers) 3965 2076 w
(in) 4601 2076 w
(the) 4715 2076 w
(Bell) 4873 2076 w
(Labs) 720 2196 w
(acoustics) 943 2196 w
(research) 1338 2196 w
(group) 1698 2196 w
(had) 1960 2196 w
(been) 2133 2196 w
(connected) 2350 2196 w
(by) 2783 2196 w
(a) 2912 2196 w
(loop) 2985 2196 w
(system) 3192 2196 w
(following) 3499 2196 w
(Pierce's) 3916 2196 w
(ideas,) 4265 2196 w
(and) 4523 2196 w
(SPIDER) 4695 2196 w
(had) 720 2316 w
(grown) 896 2316 w
(into) 1183 2316 w
(an) 1371 2316 w
(internal) 1498 2316 w
(network) 1836 2316 w
(supporting) 2196 2316 w
(about) 2657 2316 w
(a) 2912 2316 w
(dozen) 2989 2316 w
(mini\255) 3260 2316 w
(and) 3510 2316 w
(midi\255computers) 3687 2316 w
(with) 4353 2316 w
(various) 4564 2316 w
(ser\255) 4891 2316 w
(vices,) 720 2436 w
(including) 982 2436 w
(a) 1392 2436 w
(network) 1468 2436 w
(file\255storage) 1827 2436 w
(facility,) 2313 2436 w
(a) 2653 2436 w
(network) 2729 2436 w
(printer,) 3088 2436 w
(and) 3411 2436 w
(access) 3587 2436 w
(to) 3873 2436 w
(the) 3982 2436 w
(Honeywell) 4135 2436 w
(6070) 4604 2436 w
(com\255) 4835 2436 w
(puter) 720 2556 w
(in) 956 2556 w
(the) 1065 2556 w
(Murray) 1218 2556 w
(Hill) 1548 2556 w
(computation) 1735 2556 w
(center.) 2266 2556 w
(Research) 2590 2556 w
(in) 2986 2556 w
(progress) 3095 2556 w
(should) 3464 2556 w
(expand) 3762 2556 w
(our) 4081 2556 w
(ability) 4245 2556 w
(to) 4533 2556 w
(share) 4643 2556 w
(net\255) 4885 2556 w
(work) 720 2676 w
(resources) 958 2676 w
(and) 1367 2676 w
(lead) 1544 2676 w
(to) 1742 2676 w
(simpler) 1852 2676 w
(techniques) 2184 2676 w
(to) 2643 2676 w
(permit) 2753 2676 w
(cooperation) 3046 2676 w
(between) 3549 2676 w
(programs) 3913 2676 w
(being) 4322 2676 w
(executed) 4576 2676 w
(in) 4962 2676 w
(different machines.) 720 2796 w
(In early 1972, Allan) 970 2952 w
(R.) 1800 2952 w
(Breithaupt) 1918 2952 w
(and) 2366 2952 w
(Martellotto) 2536 2952 w
(proposed) 3012 2952 w
(the) 3404 2952 w
(connecting) 3552 2952 w
(together) 4016 2952 w
(of) 4369 2952 w
(the) 4478 2952 w
(large) 4626 2952 w
(IBM) 4851 2952 w
(batch\255processing) 720 3072 w
(systems) 1447 3072 w
(at) 1815 3072 w
(Holmdel,) 1938 3072 w
(Whippany,) 2364 3072 w
(and) 2856 3072 w
(Indian) 3051 3072 w
(Hill.) 3357 3072 w
(Connections) 3589 3072 w
(again) 4140 3072 w
(were) 4407 3072 w
(made) 4651 3072 w
(via) 4918 3072 w
(Telpak\255A) 720 3192 w
(data) 1131 3192 w
(links,) 1326 3192 w
(and) 1575 3192 w
(IBM's) 1748 3192 w
(associated) 2038 3192 w
(support) 2477 3192 w
(processor) 2806 3192 w
(\(ASP\)) 3217 3192 w
(was) 3496 3192 w
(expanded) 3680 3192 w
(considerably) 4092 3192 w
(to) 4632 3192 w
(support) 4740 3192 w
(ASP\255to\255ASP) 720 3312 w
(communications) 1269 3312 w
([50].) 1967 3312 w
(By) 2220 3312 w
(June) 2373 3312 w
(1976,) 2592 3312 w
(the) 2853 3312 w
(resulting) 3011 3312 w
(Bell) 3397 3312 w
(Labs) 3600 3312 w
(Interlocation) 3830 3312 w
(Computing) 4376 3312 w
(Net\255) 4863 3312 w
(work,) 720 3432 w
(which) 978 3432 w
(had) 1250 3432 w
(become) 1422 3432 w
(fully) 1760 3432 w
(operational) 1977 3432 w
(and) 2455 3432 w
(generally) 2628 3432 w
(available) 3028 3432 w
(in) 3417 3432 w
(1974,) 3524 3432 w
(included) 3778 3432 w
(three) 4151 3432 w
(centers) 4379 3432 w
(and) 4690 3432 w
(over) 4863 3432 w
(a) 720 3552 w
(dozen) 795 3552 w
(satellite) 1064 3552 w
(locations) 1406 3552 w
(across) 1798 3552 w
(the) 2078 3552 w
(country.) 2231 3552 w
(If) 2617 3552 w
(desired,) 2713 3552 w
(a) 3056 3552 w
(user) 3130 3552 w
(at) 3326 3552 w
(one) 3428 3552 w
(site) 3602 3552 w
(could) 3771 3552 w
(run) 4023 3552 w
(a) 4186 3552 w
(job) 4260 3552 w
(at) 4418 3552 w
(a) 4520 3552 w
(second) 4594 3552 w
(site) 4901 3552 w
(and direct the output to a third site.) 720 3672 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(11. OTHER TYPES OF INFORMATION TRANSFER) 720 3912 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Since) 970 4068 w
(computers) 1225 4068 w
(are) 1674 4068 w
(machines) 1828 4068 w
(for) 2238 4068 w
(storing,) 2387 4068 w
(retrieving,) 2723 4068 w
(and) 3170 4068 w
(processing) 3348 4068 w
(information,) 3809 4068 w
(computing) 4340 4068 w
(scien\255) 4802 4068 w
(tists) 720 4188 w
(have) 917 4188 w
(always) 1140 4188 w
(been) 1452 4188 w
(vitally) 1675 4188 w
(concerned) 1966 4188 w
(with) 2410 4188 w
(the) 2623 4188 w
(transfer) 2780 4188 w
(of) 3119 4188 w
(information\255not) 3237 4188 w
(only) 3905 4188 w
(between) 4118 4188 w
(computer) 4485 4188 w
(and) 4896 4188 w
(computer,) 720 4308 w
(but) 1160 4308 w
(also) 1326 4308 w
(between) 1525 4308 w
(computers) 1895 4308 w
(and) 2349 4308 w
(people,) 2531 4308 w
(and) 2860 4308 w
(between) 3042 4308 w
(people) 3412 4308 w
(and) 3717 4308 w
(people) 3900 4308 w
(aided) 4205 4308 w
(by) 4460 4308 w
(computers.) 4599 4308 w
(Although) 720 4428 w
(information) 1131 4428 w
(transfer,) 1636 4428 w
(viewed) 1998 4428 w
(broadly,) 2319 4428 w
(is) 2682 4428 w
(the) 2782 4428 w
(entire) 2937 4428 w
(mission) 3197 4428 w
(of) 3541 4428 w
(the) 3656 4428 w
(Bell) 3810 4428 w
(System,) 4009 4428 w
(we) 4361 4428 w
(shall) 4509 4428 w
(exclude) 4730 4428 w
(telephony from our discussion and focus on the parts that belong properly to computer science.) 720 4548 w
(For) 970 4704 w
(communication) 1146 4704 w
(between) 1805 4704 w
(computers) 2174 4704 w
(and) 2627 4704 w
(people,) 2808 4704 w
(words) 3136 4704 w
(and) 3418 4704 w
(numbers) 3600 4704 w
(may) 3982 4704 w
(be) 4192 4704 w
(sufficient,) 4324 4704 w
(yet) 4764 4704 w
(for) 4924 4704 w
(many) 720 4824 w
(applications) 975 4824 w
(a) 1490 4824 w
(graphical) 1566 4824 w
(or) 1969 4824 w
(pictorial) 2084 4824 w
(representation) 2449 4824 w
(may) 3046 4824 w
(be) 3250 4824 w
(much) 3376 4824 w
(more) 3630 4824 w
(informative.) 3867 4824 w
(To) 4415 4824 w
(provide) 4558 4824 w
(this) 4895 4824 w
(type of output, Bell Labs installed a Stromberg\255Carlson 4020 microfilm printer at Murray Hill in 1961. This) 720 4944 w
(device,) 720 5064 w
(when) 1031 5064 w
(fed) 1273 5064 w
(digital) 1426 5064 w
(information) 1708 5064 w
(in) 2206 5064 w
(suitable) 2310 5064 w
(format) 2647 5064 w
(from a computer output tape, converted the informa\255) 2939 5064 w
(tion into graph or chart form and recorded it photographically on microfilm. By) 720 5184 w
(using) 3928 5184 w
(standard,) 4171 5184 w
(rapid) 4560 5184 w
(devel\255) 4791 5184 w
(oping) 720 5304 w
(and) 988 5304 w
(printing) 1172 5304 w
(equipment,) 1529 5304 w
(the) 2016 5304 w
(information) 2178 5304 w
(was) 2690 5304 w
(ordinarily) 2885 5304 w
(delivered) 3319 5304 w
(to) 3730 5304 w
(the) 3848 5304 w
(user) 4010 5304 w
(as) 4216 5304 w
(an) 4339 5304 w
(8\255) 4473 5304 w
(by) 4596 5304 w
(11\255inch) 4735 5304 w
(graph,) 720 5424 w
(chart,) 1005 5424 w
(or) 1262 5424 w
(picture.) 1378 5424 w
(After) 1738 5424 w
(the) 1982 5424 w
(Holmdel) 2138 5424 w
(laboratory) 2522 5424 w
(began) 2966 5424 w
(operation,) 3238 5424 w
(it) 3674 5424 w
(was) 3764 5424 w
(provided) 3953 5424 w
(with) 4342 5424 w
(this) 4554 5424 w
(service,) 4733 5424 w
(without) 720 5544 w
(complete) 1056 5544 w
(duplication) 1452 5544 w
(of) 1932 5544 w
(facilities,) 2045 5544 w
(by) 2444 5544 w
(use) 2574 5544 w
(of) 2737 5544 w
(the) 2850 5544 w
(high\255speed) 3002 5544 w
(data) 3470 5544 w
(links) 3666 5544 w
(described) 3891 5544 w
(in) 4303 5544 w
(the) 4411 5544 w
(last) 4563 5544 w
(section.) 4732 5544 w
(These) 720 5664 w
(links) 987 5664 w
(were) 1211 5664 w
(used) 1433 5664 w
(to) 1645 5664 w
(send) 1752 5664 w
(output) 1964 5664 w
(from) 2249 5664 w
(the) 2472 5664 w
(Holmdel) 2623 5664 w
(computer) 3002 5664 w
(to) 3408 5664 w
(Murray) 3515 5664 w
(Hill,) 3843 5664 w
(and) 4053 5664 w
(to) 4226 5664 w
(return) 4333 5664 w
(the) 4600 5664 w
(graphi\255) 4752 5664 w
(cal output very rapidly to Holmdel with the aid of Xerox picture\255transmission equipment.) 720 5784 w
(Various) 970 5940 w
(researchers) 1320 5940 w
(developed) 1801 5940 w
(new) 2245 5940 w
(graphical\255output) 2445 5940 w
(software) 3140 5940 w
(to) 3518 5940 w
(make) 3631 5940 w
(these) 3882 5940 w
(facilities) 4122 5940 w
(readily) 4501 5940 w
(avail\255) 4813 5940 w
(able) 720 6060 w
(to) 913 6060 w
(users.) 1018 6060 w
(This) 1275 6060 w
(software) 1480 6060 w
(included) 1850 6060 w
(Clement) 2221 6060 w
(F.) 2587 6060 w
(Pease's) 2695 6060 w
(microfilm) 3021 6060 w
(package) 3448 6060 w
(of) 3801 6060 w
(basic) 3911 6060 w
(utility) 4143 6060 w
(subroutines) 4409 6060 w
(and) 4896 6060 w
(James F. Kaiser's TPLOT graph\255drawing) 720 6180 w
(subroutine) 2401 6180 w
([51].) 2849 6180 w
(In) 3091 6180 w
(the) 3200 6180 w
(first) 3348 6180 w
(large\255scale) 3535 6180 w
(application) 3992 6180 w
(of) 4462 6180 w
(these) 4571 6180 w
(facili\255) 4802 6180 w
(ties,) 720 6300 w
(Walter) 915 6300 w
(L.) 1217 6300 w
(Brown) 1334 6300 w
(and) 1637 6300 w
(John) 1812 6300 w
(D.) 2032 6300 w
(Gabbe) 2160 6300 w
(generated) 2450 6300 w
(several) 2867 6300 w
(thousand) 3179 6300 w
(plots) 3570 6300 w
(\(see) 3795 6300 w
(Fig.) 3985 6300 w
(10\)) 4174 6300 w
(from) 4337 6300 w
(hundreds) 4561 6300 w
(of) 4957 6300 w
(thousands of measurements of the earth's radiation belts made by the TELSTAR satellites [52].) 720 6420 w
(The) 970 6576 w
(cheapness) 1160 6576 w
(of) 1599 6576 w
(film) 1717 6576 w
(production) 1919 6576 w
(on) 2387 6576 w
(the) 2523 6576 w
(Stromberg\255Carlson) 2681 6576 w
(recorder) 3483 6576 w
(suggested) 3850 6576 w
(the) 4280 6576 w
(use) 4438 6576 w
(of) 4607 6576 w
(movies.) 4726 6576 w
(Accordingly,) 720 6696 w
(Robert) 1286 6696 w
(M.) 1600 6696 w
(McClure) 1756 6696 w
(made) 2153 6696 w
(a) 2411 6696 w
(classified) 2497 6696 w
(movie) 2916 6696 w
(of) 3208 6696 w
(a) 3333 6696 w
(cloud) 3419 6696 w
(of) 3682 6696 w
(incoming) 3806 6696 w
(enemy) 4225 6696 w
(missiles) 4532 6696 w
(and) 4896 6696 w
(decoys,) 720 6816 w
(and) 1048 6816 w
(Joseph) 1218 6816 w
(B.) 1516 6816 w
(Kruskal) 1634 6816 w
(made) 1976 6816 w
(a) 2218 6816 w
(movie) 2288 6816 w
(to) 2564 6816 w
(display) 2668 6816 w
(the) 2983 6816 w
(iterations) 3131 6816 w
(of) 3529 6816 w
(his) 3638 6816 w
(algorithm) 3781 6816 w
(for) 4196 6816 w
(multidimensional) 4339 6816 w
(scaling.) 720 6936 w
(Then) 1067 6936 w
(Edward) 1311 6936 w
(E.) 1660 6936 w
(Zajac) 1785 6936 w
(conveyed) 2045 6936 w
(the) 2466 6936 w
(results) 2627 6936 w
(of) 2927 6936 w
(his) 3049 6936 w
(computer) 3205 6936 w
(simulation) 3621 6936 w
(of) 4083 6936 w
(satellite) 4204 6936 w
(motion) 4553 6936 w
(as) 4875 6936 w
(a) 4996 6936 w
(movie) 720 7056 w
(of) 1008 7056 w
(a) 1129 7056 w
(gyrating) 1211 7056 w
(and) 1582 7056 w
(tumbling) 1764 7056 w
(box) 2164 7056 w
(\(see) 2352 7056 w
(Fig.) 2550 7056 w
(11\)) 2748 7056 w
([53].) 2920 7056 w
(A.) 3175 7056 w
(Michael) 3311 7056 w
(Noll) 3677 7056 w
(made) 3894 7056 w
(a) 4149 7056 w
(stereographic) 4232 7056 w
(three\255) 4808 7056 w
(dimensional) 720 7176 w
(movie,) 1246 7176 w
(and) 1558 7176 w
(Frank) 1738 7176 w
(W.) 2007 7176 w
(Sinden) 2162 7176 w
(illustrated) 2476 7176 w
(the) 2912 7176 w
(educational) 3070 7176 w
(potential) 3566 7176 w
(of) 3952 7176 w
(computer) 4071 7176 w
(movies) 4484 7176 w
(in) 4809 7176 w
(his) 4923 7176 w
(article) 720 7296 w
("Synthetic) 1003 7296 w
(Cinematography.") 1456 7296 w
([54].) 2222 7296 w
(At) 2447 7296 w
(about) 2581 7296 w
(the) 2837 7296 w
(same) 2993 7296 w
(time,) 3232 7296 w
(Knowlton) 3469 7296 w
(introduced) 3904 7296 w
(a) 4366 7296 w
(special) 4445 7296 w
(movie\255) 4757 7296 w
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(\255 15 \255) 2772 480 w
(making) 720 840 w
(language) 1059 840 w
(called) 1458 840 w
(BEFLIX) 1735 840 w
(\(see) 2124 840 w
(Fig.) 2323 840 w
(12\),) 2521 840 w
(with) 2718 840 w
(which) 2935 840 w
(several) 3218 840 w
(award\255winning) 3539 840 w
(scientific) 4182 840 w
(and) 4586 840 w
(artistic) 4768 840 w
(films have since been produced [55].) 720 960 w
(The) 970 1116 w
(first) 1153 1116 w
(on\255line) 1342 1116 w
("intelligent) 1653 1116 w
(terminal,") 2128 1116 w
(a) 2555 1116 w
(Packard) 2627 1116 w
(Bell) 2976 1116 w
(250) 3171 1116 w
(computer,) 3349 1116 w
(was) 3779 1116 w
(connected) 3962 1116 w
(to) 4394 1116 w
(an) 4500 1116 w
(IBM) 4622 1116 w
(7090) 4840 1116 w
(at) 720 1236 w
(Bell) 821 1236 w
(Labs) 1017 1236 w
(in) 1240 1236 w
(1964.) 1347 1236 w
(Cooperating) 1601 1236 w
(software) 2124 1236 w
(on) 2496 1236 w
(the) 2625 1236 w
(two) 2776 1236 w
(machines,) 2954 1236 w
(developed) 3384 1236 w
(by) 3822 1236 w
(Elliot) 3950 1236 w
(N.) 4201 1236 w
(Pinson,) 4326 1236 w
(allowed) 4652 1236 w
(a) 4996 1236 w
(single) 720 1356 w
(high\255priority) 985 1356 w
(user) 1522 1356 w
(at) 1714 1356 w
(the) 1812 1356 w
(250) 1960 1356 w
(to) 2136 1356 w
(interact) 2240 1356 w
(both) 2566 1356 w
(graphically) 2771 1356 w
(and) 3247 1356 w
(acoustically) 3418 1356 w
(with) 3922 1356 w
(calculations) 4127 1356 w
(being) 4631 1356 w
(per\255) 4880 1356 w
(formed) 720 1476 w
(on) 1038 1476 w
(the) 1168 1476 w
(7090.) 1320 1476 w
(Concurrently,) 1600 1476 w
(Henry) 2182 1476 w
(S.) 2461 1476 w
(McDonald,) 2571 1476 w
(William) 3052 1476 w
(H.) 3409 1476 w
(Ninke,) 3535 1476 w
(and) 3833 1476 w
(Christensen) 4006 1476 w
(developed) 4507 1476 w
(an) 4946 1476 w
(intelligent terminal) 720 1596 w
(called) 1510 1596 w
(the) 1774 1596 w
(GRAPHIC) 1922 1596 w
(l) 2387 1596 w
(\(see) 2441 1596 w
(Fig.) 2627 1596 w
(l3\),) 2812 1596 w
(incorporating) 2974 1596 w
(a) 3538 1596 w
(DEC) 3608 1596 w
(PDP\2555) 3834 1596 w
(minicomputer) 4127 1596 w
(to) 4714 1596 w
(avoid) 4818 1596 w
(overburdening) 720 1716 w
(the) 1330 1716 w
(main) 1480 1716 w
(machine) 1708 1716 w
([56].) 2074 1716 w
(Following) 2318 1716 w
(this,) 2758 1716 w
(Ninke,) 2956 1716 w
(Christensen,) 3253 1716 w
(and) 3778 1716 w
(Pinson) 3949 1716 w
(developed) 4249 1716 w
(the) 4686 1716 w
(more) 4835 1716 w
(advanced GRAPHIC 2 \(see Fig. 14\) [57].) 720 1836 w
(The GRAPHIC) 2428 1836 w
(1) 3073 1836 w
(and) 3149 1836 w
(GRAPHIC) 3319 1836 w
(2) 3784 1836 w
(were) 3860 1836 w
(milestones) 4079 1836 w
(in) 4533 1836 w
(the) 4637 1836 w
(evolu\255) 4785 1836 w
(tion) 720 1956 w
(of) 916 1956 w
(remote) 1039 1956 w
(computer) 1356 1956 w
(terminals) 1773 1956 w
(and) 2185 1956 w
(represented) 2369 1956 w
(a) 2868 1956 w
(remarkable) 2951 1956 w
(advance) 3438 1956 w
(over) 3803 1956 w
(the) 4019 1956 w
(simple) 4180 1956 w
(teletypewriter) 4486 1956 w
(used) 720 2076 w
(by) 932 2076 w
(Stibitz) 1061 2076 w
(in) 1352 2076 w
(1940) 1459 2076 w
(to) 1689 2076 w
(demonstrate) 1797 2076 w
(his) 2315 2076 w
(complex) 2462 2076 w
(number) 2836 2076 w
(computer) 3171 2076 w
(\(see) 3578 2076 w
(Section) 3768 2076 w
(5.1\).) 4098 2076 w
(The) 4311 2076 w
(GRAPHIC) 4496 2076 w
(2,) 4965 2076 w
(now) 720 2196 w
(manufactured) 932 2196 w
(for) 1520 2196 w
(Bell) 1676 2196 w
(Labs) 1883 2196 w
(and) 2117 2196 w
(Western) 2300 2196 w
(Electric) 2671 2196 w
(by) 3020 2196 w
(the) 3159 2196 w
(Digital) 3320 2196 w
(Equipment) 3637 2196 w
(Corporation,) 4115 2196 w
(is) 4662 2196 w
(widely) 4768 2196 w
(used) 720 2316 w
(for) 936 2316 w
(the) 1085 2316 w
(computer\255aided) 1241 2316 w
(design) 1901 2316 w
(of) 2196 2316 w
(printed\255wiring) 2313 2316 w
(boards,) 2924 2316 w
(logic) 3249 2316 w
(schematic) 3483 2316 w
(drawings,) 3916 2316 w
(and) 4341 2316 w
(office) 4519 2316 w
(equip\255) 4785 2316 w
(ment layouts.) 720 2436 w
(Computers) 970 2592 w
(are) 1441 2592 w
(also) 1594 2592 w
(playing) 1787 2592 w
(a) 2119 2592 w
(growing) 2195 2592 w
(role) 2560 2592 w
(in) 2747 2592 w
(the) 2857 2592 w
(transfer) 3011 2592 w
(of) 3347 2592 w
(information) 3462 2592 w
(among) 3966 2592 w
(people.) 4270 2592 w
(For) 4619 2592 w
(exam\255) 4791 2592 w
(ple,) 720 2712 w
(many) 895 2712 w
(Bell) 1145 2712 w
(Labs) 1340 2712 w
(papers) 1562 2712 w
(are) 1850 2712 w
(composed) 1999 2712 w
(at) 2432 2712 w
(a) 2532 2712 w
(teletypewriter) 2603 2712 w
(connected) 3184 2712 w
(to) 3615 2712 w
(a) 3720 2712 w
(UNIX) 3791 2712 w
(system) 4067 2712 w
(on) 4372 2712 w
(a) 4499 2712 w
(PDP\255II) 4570 2712 w
(\(see) 4880 2712 w
(Section) 720 2832 w
(8\),) 1048 2832 w
(formatted) 1184 2832 w
(by) 1600 2832 w
(Joseph) 1728 2832 w
(F.) 2028 2832 w
(Ossanna's) 2137 2832 w
(TROFF) 2575 2832 w
(language,) 2915 2832 w
(and) 3328 2832 w
(typeset) 3500 2832 w
(by) 3811 2832 w
(a) 3940 2832 w
(computer\255controlled) 4013 2832 w
(pho\255) 4857 2832 w
(totypesetter.) 720 2952 w
(Furthermore,) 1242 2952 w
(the) 1797 2952 w
(computer) 1950 2952 w
(may) 2358 2952 w
(be) 2561 2952 w
(used) 2686 2952 w
(to) 2900 2952 w
(merge) 3009 2952 w
(programs) 3289 2952 w
(and) 3697 2952 w
(data) 3872 2952 w
(from) 4069 2952 w
(other) 4294 2952 w
(files) 4530 2952 w
(into) 4732 2952 w
(the) 4918 2952 w
(text) 720 3072 w
(of) 900 3072 w
(the) 1013 3072 w
(paper,) 1165 3072 w
(and) 1441 3072 w
(the) 1615 3072 w
(author) 1767 3072 w
(may) 2052 3072 w
(choose) 2254 3072 w
(to) 2561 3072 w
(make) 2669 3072 w
(its) 2915 3072 w
(structure) 3040 3072 w
(and/or,) 3419 3072 w
(content) 3729 3072 w
(dependent) 4054 3072 w
(on) 4495 3072 w
(the) 4626 3072 w
(results) 4779 3072 w
(of computations.) 720 3192 w
(To) 970 3348 w
(help) 1120 3348 w
(get) 1331 3348 w
(Bell) 1492 3348 w
(Labs) 1698 3348 w
(papers) 1931 3348 w
(promptly) 2230 3348 w
(to) 2636 3348 w
(the) 2753 3348 w
(employees) 2914 3348 w
(who) 3380 3348 w
(need) 3592 3348 w
(them,) 3820 3348 w
(W.) 4085 3348 w
(Stanley) 4244 3348 w
(Brown) 4584 3348 w
(and) 4896 3348 w
(Joseph) 720 3468 w
(F.) 1024 3468 w
(Traub) 1137 3468 w
(conceived) 1407 3468 w
(the) 1843 3468 w
(MERCURY) 1997 3468 w
(computer\255aided) 2523 3468 w
(distribution) 3180 3468 w
(system) 3673 3468 w
([58].) 3982 3468 w
(Using) 4229 3468 w
(subject) 4499 3468 w
(codes) 4813 3468 w
(from) 720 3588 w
(a) 961 3588 w
(hierarchical) 1052 3588 w
(vocabulary) 1569 3588 w
(together) 2059 3588 w
(with) 2433 3588 w
(organization) 2658 3588 w
(and) 3205 3588 w
(project) 3397 3588 w
(numbers) 3722 3588 w
(and) 4114 3588 w
(individual) 4306 3588 w
(names,) 4760 3588 w
(authors) 720 3708 w
(describe) 1042 3708 w
(the) 1402 3708 w
(readers) 1552 3708 w
(they) 1867 3708 w
(wish) 2067 3708 w
(to) 2284 3708 w
(reach,) 2390 3708 w
(and) 2658 3708 w
(readers) 2830 3708 w
(describe) 3145 3708 w
(the) 3505 3708 w
(papers) 3655 3708 w
(they) 3943 3708 w
(wish) 4142 3708 w
(to) 4358 3708 w
(receive.) 4463 3708 w
(These) 4802 3708 w
(descriptions) 720 3828 w
(are) 1244 3828 w
(matched) 1407 3828 w
(by) 1787 3828 w
(a) 1929 3828 w
(computer,) 2015 3828 w
(which) 2459 3828 w
(prints) 2745 3828 w
(a) 3015 3828 w
(distribution) 3101 3828 w
(list) 3605 3828 w
(and) 3770 3828 w
(addressing) 3956 3828 w
(labels) 4425 3828 w
(for) 4700 3828 w
(each) 4858 3828 w
(paper.) 720 3948 w
(Developed) 1000 3948 w
(in) 1466 3948 w
(cooperation) 1578 3948 w
(with) 2083 3948 w
(the) 2295 3948 w
(Bell) 2450 3948 w
(Labs) 2650 3948 w
(library,) 2877 3948 w
(MERCURY) 3201 3948 w
(went) 3729 3948 w
(into) 3956 3948 w
(service) 4145 3948 w
(in) 4460 3948 w
(April) 4571 3948 w
(1966.) 4815 3948 w
(Besides) 720 4068 w
(MERCURY,) 1058 4068 w
(the) 1605 4068 w
(library) 1754 4068 w
(has) 2048 4068 w
(developed) 2209 4068 w
(many) 2647 4068 w
(other) 2897 4068 w
(computer\255aided) 3130 4068 w
(systems) 3784 4068 w
(to) 4129 4068 w
(provide) 4235 4068 w
(information) 4568 4068 w
(services) 720 4188 w
(and) 1071 4188 w
(support) 1245 4188 w
(for) 1575 4188 w
(the) 1721 4188 w
(library) 1873 4188 w
(network,) 2169 4188 w
(including) 2551 4188 w
(the) 2958 4188 w
(BELLREL) 3109 4188 w
(system) 3577 4188 w
(for) 3884 4188 w
(real\255time) 4029 4188 w
(management) 4418 4188 w
(of) 4957 4188 w
(the) 720 4308 w
(book) 878 4308 w
(and) 1114 4308 w
(journal) 1294 4308 w
(collections,) 1613 4308 w
(the) 2107 4308 w
(BELLTIP) 2265 4308 w
(system) 2701 4308 w
(for) 3015 4308 w
(book) 3167 4308 w
(ordering) 3403 4308 w
(and) 3777 4308 w
(cataloging,) 3958 4308 w
(the) 4436 4308 w
(BELLPAR) 4595 4308 w
(and) 720 4428 w
(BELLTAB) 896 4428 w
(system) 1378 4428 w
(for) 1688 4428 w
(producing) 1836 4428 w
(current) 2273 4428 w
(awareness) 2587 4428 w
(bulletins,) 3028 4428 w
(and) 3430 4428 w
(the) 3606 4428 w
(BELDEX) 3760 4428 w
(system) 4185 4428 w
(for) 4494 4428 w
(construct\255) 4641 4428 w
(ing specialized indexes, catalogs, and bibliographies [59].) 720 4548 w
(Sometimes) 970 4704 w
(a) 1443 4704 w
(computer) 1515 4704 w
(can) 1920 4704 w
(be) 2086 4704 w
(used) 2208 4704 w
(to) 2419 4704 w
(store) 2525 4704 w
(large) 2747 4704 w
(quantities) 2974 4704 w
(of) 3391 4704 w
(data) 3502 4704 w
(for) 3696 4704 w
(subsequent) 3841 4704 w
(analysis.) 4314 4704 w
(An) 4690 4704 w
(early) 4841 4704 w
(example) 720 4824 w
(was) 1087 4824 w
(the) 1271 4824 w
(reduction,) 1422 4824 w
(storage,) 1853 4824 w
(retrieval,) 2194 4824 w
(analysis,) 2579 4824 w
(and) 2954 4824 w
(display) 3126 4824 w
(\(discussed) 3443 4824 w
(above\)) 3887 4824 w
(of) 4186 4824 w
(data) 4297 4824 w
(on) 4491 4824 w
(the) 4619 4824 w
(earth's) 4769 4824 w
(radiation belts, measured by the TELSTAR satellites.) 720 4944 w
(Frequently,) 970 5100 w
(the) 1455 5100 w
(entire) 1604 5100 w
(data) 1859 5100 w
(collection) 2053 5100 w
(must) 2475 5100 w
(be) 2698 5100 w
(instantly) 2820 5100 w
(accessible) 3193 5100 w
(at) 3625 5100 w
(many) 3725 5100 w
(widely) 3975 5100 w
(separated) 4275 5100 w
(locations) 4679 5100 w
(to) 720 5220 w
(users) 830 5220 w
(who) 1067 5220 w
(may) 1271 5220 w
(wish) 1475 5220 w
(to) 1696 5220 w
(store) 1806 5220 w
(in) 2032 5220 w
(it) 2142 5220 w
(or) 2230 5220 w
(retrieve) 2344 5220 w
(from) 2679 5220 w
(it) 2904 5220 w
(or) 2991 5220 w
(both.) 3105 5220 w
(To) 3364 5220 w
(support) 3506 5220 w
(such) 3837 5220 w
(applications,) 4051 5220 w
(Norman) 4590 5220 w
(R.) 4948 5220 w
(Sinowitz) 720 5340 w
(at) 1106 5340 w
(Bell) 1208 5340 w
(Labs) 1405 5340 w
(developed) 1629 5340 w
(an) 2069 5340 w
(interactive) 2193 5340 w
(information) 2644 5340 w
(retrieval) 3146 5340 w
(system) 3509 5340 w
(called) 3818 5340 w
(DATAPLUS) 4087 5340 w
([60].) 4640 5340 w
(This) 4862 5340 w
(work) 720 5460 w
(was) 962 5460 w
(augmented) 1154 5460 w
(through) 1629 5460 w
(the) 1977 5460 w
(provision) 2136 5460 w
(of) 2551 5460 w
(a) 2671 5460 w
(general\255purpose) 2752 5460 w
(data\255management) 3430 5460 w
(system) 4175 5460 w
(called) 4489 5460 w
(Master) 4763 5460 w
(Links) 720 5580 w
(and) 985 5580 w
(a) 1166 5580 w
(generalized) 1248 5580 w
(interactive\255dialogue) 1745 5580 w
(system) 2581 5580 w
(called) 2897 5580 w
(the) 3173 5580 w
(Natural) 3333 5580 w
(Dialogue) 3670 5580 w
(System) 4074 5580 w
([61].) 4407 5580 w
(These,) 4661 5580 w
(in) 4962 5580 w
(turn,) 720 5700 w
(were) 949 5700 w
(combined) 1185 5700 w
(and) 1621 5700 w
(augmented) 1807 5700 w
(to) 2287 5700 w
(furnish) 2407 5700 w
(a) 2732 5700 w
(packaged) 2818 5700 w
(information\255management) 3236 5700 w
(system,) 4293 5700 w
(called) 4638 5700 w
(the) 4918 5700 w
(Off\255The\255Shelf) 720 5820 w
(system) 1329 5820 w
([62].) 1646 5820 w
(Finally,) 1901 5820 w
(for) 2249 5820 w
(telephone) 2404 5820 w
(directory) 2832 5820 w
(information,) 3232 5820 w
(Michael) 3769 5820 w
(E.) 4136 5820 w
(Lesk) 4262 5820 w
(developed) 4496 5820 w
(an) 4946 5820 w
(experimental) 720 5940 w
(Bell) 1278 5940 w
(Labs) 1482 5940 w
(directory\255assistance) 1713 5940 w
(system) 2542 5940 w
(on) 2857 5940 w
(a) 2994 5940 w
(minicomputer,) 3075 5940 w
(enabling) 3698 5940 w
(a) 4079 5940 w
(caller) 4160 5940 w
(to) 4418 5940 w
(type) 4533 5940 w
(the) 4742 5940 w
(last) 4901 5940 w
(name and initials of a fellow employee on a TOUCH\255TONE telephone, and receive the called party's exten\255) 720 6060 w
(sion) 720 6180 w
(by) 919 6180 w
(voice) 1051 6180 w
(response) 1299 6180 w
([63].) 1680 6180 w
(In) 1903 6180 w
(less) 2018 6180 w
(than) 2200 6180 w
(5) 2404 6180 w
(percent) 2486 6180 w
(of) 2811 6180 w
(all) 2926 6180 w
(cases,) 3058 6180 w
(the) 3325 6180 w
(request) 3479 6180 w
(is) 3799 6180 w
(ambiguous,) 3898 6180 w
(and) 4393 6180 w
(the) 4568 6180 w
(caller) 4721 6180 w
(is) 4973 6180 w
(given a list of alternatives.) 720 6300 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(12. COMPUTERS AND MATHEMATICS) 720 6540 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Although) 970 6696 w
(we) 1388 6696 w
(have) 1544 6696 w
(so) 1772 6696 w
(far) 1901 6696 w
(considered) 2051 6696 w
(many) 2523 6696 w
(aspects) 2785 6696 w
(of) 3113 6696 w
(computer) 3236 6696 w
(science) 3654 6696 w
(with) 3988 6696 w
(hardly) 4207 6696 w
(a) 4503 6696 w
(mention) 4588 6696 w
(of) 4957 6696 w
(mathematics,) 720 6816 w
(the) 1281 6816 w
(relationship) 1434 6816 w
(between) 1937 6816 w
(the) 2299 6816 w
(two) 2451 6816 w
(disciplines) 2631 6816 w
(is) 3089 6816 w
(intimate) 3186 6816 w
(and) 3544 6816 w
(multifaceted.) 3718 6816 w
(Like) 4297 6816 w
(mathematics,) 4510 6816 w
(computer) 720 6936 w
(science) 1125 6936 w
(is) 1446 6936 w
(not) 1541 6936 w
(only) 1697 6936 w
(a) 1903 6936 w
(rich) 1976 6936 w
(and) 2160 6936 w
(fascinating) 2333 6936 w
(subject) 2800 6936 w
(in) 3112 6936 w
(its) 3219 6936 w
(own) 3343 6936 w
(right,) 3544 6936 w
(but) 3787 6936 w
(also) 3944 6936 w
(provides) 4134 6936 w
(language) 4507 6936 w
(and) 4896 6936 w
(tools) 720 7056 w
(for) 941 7056 w
(all) 1083 7056 w
(other) 1209 7056 w
(sciences.) 1440 7056 w
(While) 1962 7056 w
(the) 2232 7056 w
(role) 2380 7056 w
(of) 2561 7056 w
(computing) 2670 7056 w
(within mathematics has always been fundamen\255) 3124 7056 w
(tal, the role of mathematics in computer science is perhaps equally pervasive.) 720 7176 w
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(\255 16 \255) 2772 480 w
(Looking) 970 840 w
(first) 1351 840 w
(at) 1554 840 w
(computers) 1668 840 w
(themselves,) 2126 840 w
(we) 2637 840 w
(find) 2795 840 w
(that) 2998 840 w
(their) 3191 840 w
(logical) 3417 840 w
(design) 3732 840 w
(is) 4036 840 w
(described) 4146 840 w
(in) 4571 840 w
(terms) 4692 840 w
(of) 4957 840 w
(Boolean) 720 960 w
(algebra) 1096 960 w
(in) 1432 960 w
(accordance) 1553 960 w
(with) 2042 960 w
(principles) 2262 960 w
(discovered) 2698 960 w
(by) 3172 960 w
(Shannon) 3314 960 w
(in) 3706 960 w
(1937) 3826 960 w
(\(see) 4068 960 w
(Section) 4270 960 w
(3\),) 4612 960 w
(shortly) 4762 960 w
(before) 720 1080 w
(he) 1000 1080 w
(began) 1120 1080 w
(his) 1384 1080 w
(distinguished) 1527 1080 w
(career) 2087 1080 w
(at) 2355 1080 w
(Bell) 2453 1080 w
(Labs.) 2646 1080 w
(About) 2892 1080 w
(a) 3169 1080 w
(decade) 3240 1080 w
(later,) 3543 1080 w
(Shannon) 3772 1080 w
(formulated) 4149 1080 w
(the) 4614 1080 w
(mathe\255) 4763 1080 w
(matical) 720 1200 w
(theory) 1044 1200 w
(of) 1329 1200 w
(information,) 1442 1200 w
(and) 1969 1200 w
(established) 2143 1200 w
(the) 2617 1200 w
(use) 2769 1200 w
(of) 2932 1200 w
(the) 3045 1200 w
(binary) 3197 1200 w
(digit,) 3481 1200 w
(or) 3719 1200 w
(bit) 3831 1200 w
(as) 3966 1200 w
(the) 4078 1200 w
(standard) 4229 1200 w
(measure) 4596 1200 w
(of) 4957 1200 w
(information.) 720 1320 w
(The) 1245 1320 w
(name) 1428 1320 w
(bit) 1672 1320 w
(was) 1806 1320 w
(suggested) 1989 1320 w
(by) 2411 1320 w
(John) 2539 1320 w
(W.) 2756 1320 w
(Tukey) 2903 1320 w
(of) 3186 1320 w
(Bell) 3297 1320 w
(Labs,) 3493 1320 w
(and) 3741 1320 w
(is) 3914 1320 w
(routinely) 4010 1320 w
(used) 4400 1320 w
(in) 4612 1320 w
(specify\255) 4719 1320 w
(ing) 720 1440 w
(the) 897 1440 w
(size) 1068 1440 w
(of) 1272 1440 w
(computer) 1404 1440 w
(memories,) 1830 1440 w
(data) 2298 1440 w
(transmission) 2513 1440 w
(rates,) 3068 1440 w
(etc.) 3329 1440 w
(The) 3518 1440 w
(reliable) 3721 1440 w
(operation) 4068 1440 w
(of) 4493 1440 w
(computers) 4624 1440 w
(depends) 720 1560 w
(on) 1090 1560 w
(error\255detecting) 1233 1560 w
(codes,) 1868 1560 w
(first) 2163 1560 w
(invented) 2367 1560 w
(around) 2754 1560 w
(1938) 3074 1560 w
(by) 3317 1560 w
(Ralph) 3460 1560 w
(E.) 3742 1560 w
(Hersey) 3871 1560 w
(for) 4196 1560 w
(use) 4355 1560 w
(in) 4531 1560 w
(telephone) 4652 1560 w
(switching) 720 1680 w
(offices,) 1137 1680 w
(and) 1461 1680 w
(introduced) 1633 1680 w
(to) 2088 1680 w
(computing) 2194 1680 w
(in) 2650 1680 w
(1942) 2756 1680 w
(by) 2984 1680 w
(Stibitz) 3112 1680 w
(to) 3402 1680 w
(enhance) 3508 1680 w
(the) 3862 1680 w
(reliability) 4011 1680 w
(of) 4427 1680 w
(the) 4537 1680 w
(Model) 4686 1680 w
(II) 4974 1680 w
(relay) 720 1800 w
(machine.) 952 1800 w
(Later,) 1348 1800 w
(in) 1616 1800 w
(1948,) 1727 1800 w
(Hamming) 1985 1800 w
(extended) 2418 1800 w
(this) 2811 1800 w
(idea) 2989 1800 w
(to) 3189 1800 w
(the) 3301 1800 w
(development) 3457 1800 w
(of) 4007 1800 w
(error\255correcting) 4124 1800 w
(codes,) 4788 1800 w
(and thereby founded the branch of mathematics that is now known as algebraic coding theory.) 720 1920 w
(In studying the ultimate capabilities and limitations of computers,) 970 2076 w
(Mealy) 3626 2076 w
(and) 3907 2076 w
(Edward) 4077 2076 w
(F.) 4413 2076 w
(Moore,) 4545 2076 w
(both) 4862 2076 w
(of) 720 2196 w
(Bell) 839 2196 w
(Labs,) 1042 2196 w
(introduced) 1297 2196 w
(abstract) 1760 2196 w
(models) 2106 2196 w
(that) 2431 2196 w
(provided) 2617 2196 w
(significant) 3008 2196 w
(impetus) 3466 2196 w
(to) 3819 2196 w
(the) 3933 2196 w
(emerging) 4090 2196 w
(mathematical) 4502 2196 w
(theory) 720 2316 w
(of) 1004 2316 w
(automata) 1117 2316 w
(.66) 1513 2316 w
(Concurrently,) 1668 2316 w
(the) 2250 2316 w
(rise) 2402 2316 w
(of) 2576 2316 w
(programming) 2689 2316 w
(languages) 3263 2316 w
(led) 3692 2316 w
(to) 3844 2316 w
(the) 3952 2316 w
(development) 4104 2316 w
(of) 4650 2316 w
(mathe\255) 4763 2316 w
(matical linguistics, and it was later shown that the two fields are essentially one and the same.) 720 2436 w
(Subsequent) 970 2592 w
(investigations) 1462 2592 w
(led) 2049 2592 w
(Alfred) 2202 2592 w
(V.) 2493 2592 w
(Aho) 2621 2592 w
(and) 2824 2592 w
(Jeffrey) 2999 2592 w
(D.) 3306 2592 w
(Ullman) 3434 2592 w
(of) 3765 2592 w
(Bell) 3879 2592 w
(Labs) 4078 2592 w
(to) 4304 2592 w
(important) 4414 2592 w
(theo\255) 4835 2592 w
(retical) 720 2712 w
(advances) 995 2712 w
(in) 1386 2712 w
(the) 1490 2712 w
(then) 1638 2712 w
(rapidly) 1836 2712 w
(developing) 2145 2712 w
(field) 2615 2712 w
(of) 2824 2712 w
(formal) 2933 2712 w
(language) 3225 2712 w
(theory.) 3611 2712 w
(Later, joined by Stephen C.) 3941 2712 w
(Johnson,) 720 2832 w
(also) 1106 2832 w
(of) 1300 2832 w
(Bell) 1416 2832 w
(Labs,) 1616 2832 w
(these) 1868 2832 w
(investigators) 2106 2832 w
(extended) 2651 2832 w
(the) 3045 2832 w
(applicability) 3201 2832 w
(of) 3735 2832 w
(a) 3852 2832 w
(powerful) 3930 2832 w
(parsing) 4324 2832 w
(technique) 4652 2832 w
(from) 720 2952 w
(formal) 945 2952 w
(language) 1242 2952 w
(theory) 1633 2952 w
(to) 1919 2952 w
(ambiguous) 2028 2952 w
(grammars.) 2498 2952 w
(68) 2953 2952 w
(The) 3084 2952 w
(broad) 3270 2952 w
(utility) 3527 2952 w
(of) 3797 2952 w
(this) 3910 2952 w
(approach,) 4085 2952 w
(together) 4505 2952 w
(with) 4862 2952 w
(its) 720 3072 w
(good) 854 3072 w
(error\255detecting) 1093 3072 w
(properties,) 1724 3072 w
(enabled) 2187 3072 w
(Johnson) 2536 3072 w
(to) 2903 3072 w
(successfully) 3020 3072 w
(employ) 3547 3072 w
(this) 3887 3072 w
(technique) 4072 3072 w
(in) 4500 3072 w
(a) 4618 3072 w
(program) 4702 3072 w
(generator) 720 3192 w
(called) 1126 3192 w
(YACC) 1394 3192 w
(\(Yet) 1702 3192 w
(Another) 1909 3192 w
(Compiler) 2266 3192 w
(Compiler\),) 2674 3192 w
(which) 3140 3192 w
(has) 3414 3192 w
(proven) 3577 3192 w
(useful) 3884 3192 w
(in) 4158 3192 w
(a) 4266 3192 w
(surprisingly) 4339 3192 w
(wide) 4846 3192 w
(variety of applications [69].) 720 3312 w
(Paralleling) 970 3468 w
(these) 1443 3468 w
(advances) 1688 3468 w
(in) 2093 3468 w
(formal) 2211 3468 w
(languages) 2517 3468 w
(was) 2956 3468 w
(the) 3151 3468 w
(development) 3313 3468 w
(of) 3869 3468 w
(algorithms) 3992 3468 w
(for) 4461 3468 w
(translating) 4618 3468 w
(parser) 720 3588 w
(output) 998 3588 w
(into) 1289 3588 w
(optimal) 1480 3588 w
(sequences) 1821 3588 w
(of) 2260 3588 w
(machine) 2378 3588 w
(instructions.) 2751 3588 w
(In) 3278 3588 w
(1969,) 3396 3588 w
(Ullman) 3655 3588 w
(and) 3989 3588 w
(Ravi) 4167 3588 w
(Sethi) 4390 3588 w
(developed) 4630 3588 w
(such) 720 3708 w
(an) 929 3708 w
(algorithm) 1049 3708 w
(at) 1464 3708 w
(Bell) 1562 3708 w
(Labs) 1755 3708 w
(for) 1975 3708 w
(arithmetic) 2117 3708 w
(expressions) 2548 3708 w
(on) 3040 3708 w
(machines) 3166 3708 w
(with) 3569 3708 w
(simple) 3773 3708 w
(instruction) 4066 3708 w
(sets) 4520 3708 w
([70].) 4697 3708 w
(At) 4940 3708 w
(about) 720 3828 w
(the) 970 3828 w
(same) 1120 3828 w
(time,) 1353 3828 w
(Stephen) 1584 3828 w
(G.) 1934 3828 w
(Wasilew) 2059 3828 w
(used) 2436 3828 w
(dynamic) 2646 3828 w
(programming) 3017 3828 w
(in) 3588 3828 w
(a) 3693 3828 w
(code) 3764 3828 w
(generator) 3979 3828 w
(for) 4382 3828 w
(the) 4525 3828 w
(ESS) 4674 3828 w
(pro\255) 4874 3828 w
(gramming) 720 3948 w
(language) 1169 3948 w
(\(EPL\)) 1567 3948 w
(for) 1849 3948 w
(ESS) 2003 3948 w
(machines) 2214 3948 w
([71].) 2629 3948 w
(Later,) 2883 3948 w
(Aho) 3156 3948 w
(and) 3366 3948 w
(Johnson) 3548 3948 w
(merged) 3915 3948 w
(and) 4253 3948 w
(extended) 4436 3948 w
(these) 4835 3948 w
(separate) 720 4068 w
(approaches) 1082 4068 w
(to) 1566 4068 w
(obtain) 1680 4068 w
(a) 1966 4068 w
(general) 2046 4068 w
(algorithm) 2375 4068 w
(for) 2800 4068 w
(a) 2952 4068 w
(broad) 3032 4068 w
(class) 3294 4068 w
(of) 3523 4068 w
(machines.) 3641 4068 w
(To) 4103 4068 w
(produce) 4249 4068 w
(an) 4605 4068 w
(optimal) 4734 4068 w
(program, or even a good one, it is) 720 4188 w
(not) 2091 4188 w
(sufficient) 2245 4188 w
(to) 2648 4188 w
(deal) 2752 4188 w
(correctly) 2944 4188 w
(with) 3324 4188 w
(each) 3528 4188 w
(constituent) 3736 4188 w
(expression) 4201 4188 w
(and) 4654 4188 w
(state\255) 4824 4188 w
(ment;) 720 4308 w
(global) 975 4308 w
(considerations) 1252 4308 w
(are) 1856 4308 w
(also) 2004 4308 w
(crucial.) 2192 4308 w
(In) 2515 4308 w
(1961,) 2625 4308 w
(Vyssotsky) 2877 4308 w
(conceived) 3321 4308 w
(an) 3752 4308 w
(efficient) 3873 4308 w
(algorithm) 4232 4308 w
(for) 4648 4308 w
(global) 4790 4308 w
(data) 720 4428 w
(flow) 918 4428 w
(analysis,) 1133 4428 w
(and) 1512 4428 w
(used) 1688 4428 w
(it) 1903 4428 w
(to) 1991 4428 w
(provide) 2101 4428 w
(an) 2438 4428 w
(advanced) 2564 4428 w
(diagnostic) 2972 4428 w
(capability) 3416 4428 w
(in) 3843 4428 w
(the) 3954 4428 w
(Bell) 4109 4428 w
(Labs) 4309 4428 w
(compiler) 4536 4428 w
(for) 4924 4428 w
(FORTRAN II on the IBM 7090.) 720 4548 w
(Of) 970 4704 w
(course,) 1106 4704 w
(computers) 1423 4704 w
(were) 1871 4704 w
(originally) 2096 4704 w
(built) 2517 4704 w
(for) 2733 4704 w
(the) 2881 4704 w
(purpose) 3035 4704 w
(of) 3383 4704 w
(solving) 3498 4704 w
(mathematical) 3825 4704 w
(problems.) 4395 4704 w
(Their) 4824 4704 w
(spectacular) 720 4824 w
(successes) 1194 4824 w
(have) 1602 4824 w
(stimulated) 1816 4824 w
(a) 2259 4824 w
(great) 2329 4824 w
(effort to develop efficient algorithms for recurring mathemati\255) 2554 4824 w
(cal) 720 4944 w
(tasks) 864 4944 w
(and) 1092 4944 w
(to) 1265 4944 w
(make) 1372 4944 w
(them) 1617 4944 w
(readily) 1846 4944 w
(available) 2152 4944 w
(as) 2541 4944 w
(library) 2653 4944 w
(procedures) 2948 4944 w
(or) 3414 4944 w
(as) 3526 4944 w
(basic) 3638 4944 w
(operations) 3872 4944 w
(in) 4317 4944 w
(mathematically) 4424 4944 w
(oriented) 720 5064 w
(languages.) 1078 5064 w
(Although) 1557 5064 w
(numerical) 1965 5064 w
(analysis) 2394 5064 w
(was) 2746 5064 w
(probably) 2931 5064 w
(the) 3316 5064 w
(first) 3468 5064 w
(branch) 3659 5064 w
(of) 3960 5064 w
(mathematics) 4073 5064 w
(to) 4608 5064 w
(be) 4716 5064 w
(stud\255) 4840 5064 w
(ied) 720 5184 w
(from) 869 5184 w
(this) 1090 5184 w
(point) 1262 5184 w
(of) 1495 5184 w
(view,) 1605 5184 w
(the) 1851 5184 w
(goal) 2000 5184 w
(of) 2199 5184 w
(getting) 2309 5184 w
(results) 2614 5184 w
(of) 2902 5184 w
(provably) 3012 5184 w
(high) 3395 5184 w
(quality) 3601 5184 w
(at) 3907 5184 w
(a) 4007 5184 w
(reasonable) 4079 5184 w
(cost) 4533 5184 w
(is) 4722 5184 w
(still) 4817 5184 w
(a) 4996 5184 w
(topic) 720 5304 w
(for) 957 5304 w
(current) 1110 5304 w
(research.) 1429 5304 w
(Among) 1822 5304 w
(the) 2159 5304 w
(important) 2318 5304 w
(contributions) 2744 5304 w
(of) 3309 5304 w
(Bell) 3429 5304 w
(Labs) 3633 5304 w
(mathematicians) 3864 5304 w
(to) 4527 5304 w
(numerical) 4641 5304 w
(analysis) 720 5424 w
(in) 1071 5424 w
(the) 1178 5424 w
(early) 1329 5424 w
(1960s) 1557 5424 w
(were) 1825 5424 w
(a) 2047 5424 w
(thorough) 2120 5424 w
(study) 2510 5424 w
(by) 2756 5424 w
(Traub) 2885 5424 w
(of) 3152 5424 w
(the) 3264 5424 w
(complexity) 3415 5424 w
(of) 3894 5424 w
(a) 4006 5424 w
(large) 4080 5424 w
(family) 4309 5424 w
(of) 4600 5424 w
(iterative) 4713 5424 w
(numerical) 720 5544 w
(algorithms,) 1158 5544 w
(and) 1650 5544 w
(the) 1833 5544 w
(clear) 1994 5544 w
(recognition) 2226 5544 w
(by) 2720 5544 w
(Hamming) 2859 5544 w
(that) 3298 5544 w
(the) 3487 5544 w
(interests,) 3648 5544 w
(tastes,) 4045 5544 w
(and) 4331 5544 w
(objectives) 4514 5544 w
(of) 4957 5544 w
(practicing numerical analysts are necessarily quite different from those of most other mathematicians.) 720 5664 w
(Similarly,) 970 5820 w
(many) 1405 5820 w
(statisticians) 1664 5820 w
(in) 2168 5820 w
(the) 2283 5820 w
(early) 2442 5820 w
(1960s) 2678 5820 w
(found) 2954 5820 w
(themselves) 3225 5820 w
(motivated) 3707 5820 w
(more) 4145 5820 w
(by) 4388 5820 w
(the) 4526 5820 w
(desire) 4686 5820 w
(to) 4962 5820 w
(understand) 720 5940 w
(their) 1187 5940 w
(data) 1399 5940 w
(than) 1594 5940 w
(by) 1795 5940 w
(the) 1924 5940 w
(criteria) 2075 5940 w
(of) 2386 5940 w
(other) 2497 5940 w
(mathematicians,) 2730 5940 w
(and) 3410 5940 w
(Tukey) 3582 5940 w
(coined) 3865 5940 w
(the) 4159 5940 w
(phrase) 4309 5940 w
(data) 4597 5940 w
(analy\255) 4791 5940 w
(sis to characterize their emerging discipline [75].) 720 6060 w
(Inspired by Tukey, Bell) 2724 6060 w
(Labs) 3699 6060 w
(statisticians,) 3919 6060 w
(including) 4437 6060 w
(Mar\255) 4841 6060 w
(tin) 720 6180 w
(B.) 855 6180 w
(Wilk,) 976 6180 w
(John) 1230 6180 w
(D.) 1448 6180 w
(Gabbe,) 1574 6180 w
(and) 1888 6180 w
(John) 2061 6180 w
(M.) 2279 6180 w
(Chambers,) 2421 6180 w
(pioneered) 2879 6180 w
(in) 3300 6180 w
(the) 3406 6180 w
(use) 3556 6180 w
(of) 3717 6180 w
(computers) 3828 6180 w
(for) 4272 6180 w
(storing,) 4416 6180 w
(retriev\255) 4747 6180 w
(ing,) 720 6300 w
(and) 900 6300 w
(analyzing) 1071 6300 w
(very) 1486 6300 w
(large) 1690 6300 w
(sets) 1916 6300 w
(of) 2094 6300 w
(data.) 2205 6300 w
(Rapidly) 2424 6300 w
(improving) 2769 6300 w
(computer\255output) 3214 6300 w
(capabilities) 3908 6300 w
(\(see) 4391 6300 w
(Section) 4579 6300 w
(11\)) 4907 6300 w
(spurred) 720 6420 w
(the) 1047 6420 w
(development) 1197 6420 w
(of) 1741 6420 w
(probability) 1852 6420 w
(plotting) 2319 6420 w
(methods) 2659 6420 w
(in) 3026 6420 w
(the) 3132 6420 w
(middle) 3282 6420 w
(1960s,) 3587 6420 w
(and) 3878 6420 w
(the) 4049 6420 w
(introduction) 4198 6420 w
(of) 4714 6420 w
(inter\255) 4824 6420 w
(active) 720 6540 w
(color) 987 6540 w
(displays) 1221 6540 w
(\(see) 1578 6540 w
(Fig.) 1767 6540 w
(15\)) 1955 6540 w
(in) 2117 6540 w
(the) 2224 6540 w
(early) 2375 6540 w
(1970s) 2603 6540 w
(for) 2871 6540 w
(contour\255type) 3017 6540 w
(plotting) 3557 6540 w
(and) 3899 6540 w
(a) 4073 6540 w
(variety) 4147 6540 w
(of) 4454 6540 w
(other) 4567 6540 w
(scien\255) 4802 6540 w
(tific, technical, and artistic applications.) 720 6660 w
(One very common type of statistical computation is the Monte Carlo simulation of a process in) 970 6816 w
(which) 4796 6816 w
(statistics) 720 6936 w
(are) 1108 6936 w
(collected) 1272 6936 w
(on) 1675 6936 w
(a) 1818 6936 w
(large) 1905 6936 w
(number) 2147 6936 w
(of) 2495 6936 w
(trials) 2621 6936 w
(controlled) 2863 6936 w
(by) 3310 6936 w
(random) 3452 6936 w
(numbers.) 3799 6936 w
(This) 4235 6936 w
(technique) 4455 6936 w
(was) 4885 6936 w
(developed) 720 7056 w
(about) 1167 7056 w
(1920) 1426 7056 w
(by) 1663 7056 w
(Molina) 1801 7056 w
(\(the) 2128 7056 w
(inventor) 2321 7056 w
(of) 2692 7056 w
(the) 2813 7056 w
(relay) 2973 7056 w
(translator,) 3210 7056 w
(as) 3650 7056 w
(noted) 3771 7056 w
(in) 4031 7056 w
(Section) 4147 7056 w
(3\),) 4485 7056 w
(so) 4631 7056 w
(that) 4758 7056 w
(he) 4946 7056 w
(could) 720 7176 w
(simulate) 969 7176 w
(telephone) 1335 7176 w
(traffic) 1750 7176 w
(in) 2020 7176 w
(a) 2125 7176 w
(proposed) 2195 7176 w
(network) 2587 7176 w
(and) 2940 7176 w
(thereby) 3110 7176 w
(optimize) 3435 7176 w
(the) 3811 7176 w
(design) 3959 7176 w
(of) 4246 7176 w
(Bell) 4355 7176 w
(System) 4548 7176 w
(cen\255) 4869 7176 w
(tral) 720 7296 w
(offices.) 883 7296 w
(These) 1209 7296 w
(simulations) 1477 7296 w
(were) 1969 7296 w
(called) 2192 7296 w
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(throwdowns) 2460 7296 w
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(because) 2980 7296 w
(dice) 3326 7296 w
(were) 3523 7296 w
(literally) 3747 7296 w
(thrown) 4089 7296 w
(down) 4403 7296 w
(to) 4656 7296 w
(get) 4765 7296 w
(the) 4918 7296 w
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(\255 17 \255) 2772 480 w
(random) 720 840 w
(numbers.) 1061 840 w
(The) 1466 840 w
(necessary) 1657 840 w
(computing) 2080 840 w
(and) 2544 840 w
(collection) 2723 840 w
(of) 3152 840 w
(statistics) 3270 840 w
(were) 3650 840 w
(carried) 3878 840 w
(out) 4189 840 w
(by) 4352 840 w
(clerks,) 4487 840 w
(whose) 4785 840 w
(instructions would now be viewed as a computer program.) 720 960 w
(Thanks) 970 1116 w
(to) 1301 1116 w
(the) 1416 1116 w
(development) 1575 1116 w
(of) 2128 1116 w
(electronic) 2248 1116 w
(computers) 2679 1116 w
(with) 3133 1116 w
(large) 3349 1116 w
(high\255speed) 3586 1116 w
(memories,) 4062 1116 w
(Monte) 4519 1116 w
(Carlo) 4818 1116 w
(simulations) 720 1236 w
(soon) 1215 1236 w
(became) 1437 1236 w
(a) 1774 1236 w
(very) 1851 1236 w
(important) 2061 1236 w
(research) 2482 1236 w
(and) 2845 1236 w
(design) 3021 1236 w
(technique.) 3314 1236 w
(Among) 3759 1236 w
(the) 4091 1236 w
(notable) 4245 1236 w
(advances) 4571 1236 w
(at) 4968 1236 w
(Bell) 720 1356 w
(Labs) 922 1356 w
(in) 1151 1356 w
(the) 1264 1356 w
(early) 1421 1356 w
(1960s) 1655 1356 w
(were) 1929 1356 w
(the) 2157 1356 w
(Sequence) 2314 1356 w
(Diagram) 2731 1356 w
(Simulator) 3115 1356 w
(\(SDS\)) 3545 1356 w
(designed) 3830 1356 w
(by) 4220 1356 w
(John) 4356 1356 w
(P.) 4581 1356 w
(Runyon,) 4698 1356 w
(Donald) 720 1476 w
(L.) 1054 1476 w
(Dietmeyer,) 1180 1476 w
(Geoffrey) 1666 1476 w
(Gordon,) 2065 1476 w
(and) 2435 1476 w
(Berkley) 2619 1476 w
(A.) 2975 1476 w
(Tague) 3137 1476 w
(and) 3425 1476 w
(the) 3608 1476 w
(NEtwork) 3769 1476 w
(Analytical) 4174 1476 w
(SIMulator) 4629 1476 w
(\(NEASIM\) designed by Richard F. Grantges and Sinowitz [78].) 720 1596 w
(Both) 970 1752 w
(in) 1192 1752 w
(numerical) 1298 1752 w
(analysis) 1725 1752 w
(and) 2075 1752 w
(in) 2247 1752 w
(data) 2353 1752 w
(analysis,) 2547 1752 w
(one) 2922 1752 w
(of) 3094 1752 w
(the) 3205 1752 w
(most) 3355 1752 w
(common) 3578 1752 w
(tasks) 3956 1752 w
(is) 4184 1752 w
(the) 4279 1752 w
(computation) 4429 1752 w
(of) 4957 1752 w
(the) 720 1872 w
(discrete) 882 1872 w
(Fourier) 1232 1872 w
(transform.) 1566 1872 w
(This) 2019 1872 w
(was) 2237 1872 w
(often) 2432 1872 w
(prohibitively) 2676 1872 w
(time\255consuming) 3232 1872 w
(until) 3921 1872 w
(1965) 4144 1872 w
(when) 4383 1872 w
(James) 4638 1872 w
(W.) 4921 1872 w
(Cooley) 720 1992 w
(of) 1040 1992 w
(IBM) 1154 1992 w
(and) 1374 1992 w
(Tukey) 1549 1992 w
(of) 1836 1992 w
(Bell) 1951 1992 w
(Lab) 2150 1992 w
([79].) 2337 1992 w
(\(and,) 2560 1992 w
(independently,) 2794 1992 w
(Gordon) 3417 1992 w
(Sande) 3754 1992 w
(of) 4030 1992 w
(Princeton) 4145 1992 w
([80]\)) 4560 1992 w
(devel\255) 4791 1992 w
(oped) 720 2112 w
(and) 948 2112 w
(made) 1126 2112 w
(known) 1376 2112 w
(an) 1681 2112 w
(algorithm) 1808 2112 w
(for) 2230 2112 w
(the) 2379 2112 w
(purpose,) 2534 2112 w
(commonly) 2908 2112 w
(called) 3369 2112 w
(the) 3640 2112 w
(Fast) 3795 2112 w
(Fourier) 3995 2112 w
(Transform) 4322 2112 w
(\(FFT\),) 4776 2112 w
(which was later found to have a variety of precursors [81].) 720 2232 w
(Various) 970 2388 w
(forms) 1315 2388 w
(of) 1577 2388 w
(the) 1689 2388 w
(FFT) 1840 2388 w
(algorithm) 2042 2388 w
(spawned) 2460 2388 w
(the) 2839 2388 w
(development) 2991 2388 w
(of) 3537 2388 w
(a) 3650 2388 w
(family) 3724 2388 w
(of) 4015 2388 w
(special\255purpose) 4128 2388 w
(digital) 4784 2388 w
(FFT) 720 2508 w
(processors.) 927 2508 w
(The) 1407 2508 w
(cascade) 1596 2508 w
(\(or) 1939 2508 w
(pipeline\)) 2089 2508 w
(architecture) 2478 2508 w
(was) 2982 2508 w
(developed) 3170 2508 w
(in) 3613 2508 w
(1966) 3724 2508 w
(by) 3957 2508 w
(G.) 4090 2508 w
(David) 4220 2508 w
(Bergland) 4497 2508 w
(and) 4896 2508 w
(Richard) 720 2628 w
(Klahn) 1073 2628 w
([82].) 1354 2628 w
(Then,) 1582 2628 w
(in) 1849 2628 w
(1967,) 1964 2628 w
(Richard) 2226 2628 w
(R.) 2579 2628 w
(Shively) 2708 2628 w
(and) 3051 2628 w
(his) 3232 2628 w
(associates) 3386 2628 w
(completed) 3822 2628 w
(the) 4276 2628 w
(first) 4436 2628 w
(sequential) 4635 2628 w
(FFT) 720 2748 w
(processor) 921 2748 w
(\(see) 1331 2748 w
(Figs.) 1519 2748 w
(16) 1745 2748 w
(and) 1873 2748 w
(17\),) 2045 2748 w
(which) 2231 2748 w
(was) 2503 2748 w
(used) 2686 2748 w
(for) 2897 2748 w
(research) 3041 2748 w
(in) 3400 2748 w
(digital) 3506 2748 w
(signal) 3790 2748 w
(processing) 4057 2748 w
([83].) 4512 2748 w
(Finally,) 4731 2748 w
(in) 720 2868 w
(1969,) 824 2868 w
(Bergland) 1075 2868 w
(and) 1467 2868 w
(Donald) 1637 2868 w
(E.) 1958 2868 w
(Wilson) 2071 2868 w
(introduced) 2387 2868 w
(a) 2841 2868 w
(new) 2912 2868 w
(version) 3105 2868 w
(of) 3426 2868 w
(the) 3536 2868 w
(algorithm,) 3685 2868 w
(suitable) 4126 2868 w
(for) 4464 2868 w
(implemen\255) 4607 2868 w
(tation on computers employing multiple processors in parallel [84].) 720 2988 w
(Because) 970 3144 w
(of) 1343 3144 w
(their) 1467 3144 w
(universality,) 1691 3144 w
(computers) 2230 3144 w
(are) 2688 3144 w
(perfectly) 2851 3144 w
(capable) 3247 3144 w
(of) 3593 3144 w
(deriving) 3718 3144 w
(symbolic) 4093 3144 w
(mathematical) 4502 3144 w
(expressions) 720 3264 w
(as) 1220 3264 w
(well) 1337 3264 w
(as) 1543 3264 w
(numbers.) 1660 3264 w
(Since) 2063 3264 w
(symbolic) 2319 3264 w
(results) 2720 3264 w
(are) 3015 3264 w
(free) 3170 3264 w
(of) 3358 3264 w
(round\255off) 3474 3264 w
(error) 3889 3264 w
(and) 4115 3264 w
(may) 4292 3264 w
(provide) 4497 3264 w
(more) 4835 3264 w
(insight) 720 3384 w
(as) 1024 3384 w
(well,) 1139 3384 w
(Brown,) 1368 3384 w
(Tague,) 1697 3384 w
(and) 2003 3384 w
(John) 2179 3384 w
(P.) 2400 3384 w
(Hyde) 2513 3384 w
(of) 2761 3384 w
(Bell) 2876 3384 w
(Labs) 3075 3384 w
(developed) 3301 3384 w
(the) 3743 3384 w
(ALPAK) 3897 3384 w
(package) 4262 3384 w
(of) 4620 3384 w
(subrou\255) 4735 3384 w
(tines) 720 3504 w
(for) 942 3504 w
(symbolic) 1091 3504 w
(algebra) 1491 3504 w
(in) 1817 3504 w
(the) 1928 3504 w
(early) 2083 3504 w
(1960s) 2315 3504 w
([85].) 2587 3504 w
(Then,) 2811 3504 w
(in) 3073 3504 w
(the) 3183 3504 w
(middle) 3337 3504 w
(1960s,) 3647 3504 w
(Brown,) 3943 3504 w
(McIlroy,) 4272 3504 w
(Gerald) 4656 3504 w
(S.) 4959 3504 w
(Stoller,) 720 3624 w
(and) 1042 3624 w
(Leagus) 1216 3624 w
(developed) 1534 3624 w
(the) 1974 3624 w
(ALTRAN) 2126 3624 w
(language) 2561 3624 w
(to) 2951 3624 w
(facilitate) 3059 3624 w
(ALPAK) 3438 3624 w
(programming.) 3801 3624 w
(86) 4401 3624 w
(Shortly) 4532 3624 w
(after) 4858 3624 w
(the) 720 3744 w
(completion) 882 3744 w
(of) 1372 3744 w
(the) 1495 3744 w
(ALTRAN) 1657 3744 w
(translator,) 2102 3744 w
(the) 2544 3744 w
(IBM) 2706 3744 w
(7094) 2935 3744 w
(computers,) 3175 3744 w
(on) 3656 3744 w
(which) 3796 3744 w
(ALPAK) 4080 3744 w
(and) 4452 3744 w
(ALTRAN) 4635 3744 w
(were) 720 3864 w
(totally) 943 3864 w
(dependent,) 1229 3864 w
(began) 1694 3864 w
(to) 1962 3864 w
(be) 2070 3864 w
(replaced) 2194 3864 w
(by) 2562 3864 w
(newer) 2693 3864 w
(machines.) 2967 3864 w
(This) 3400 3864 w
(seemingly) 3609 3864 w
(unfortunate) 4051 3864 w
(situation) 4542 3864 w
(led) 4918 3864 w
(to) 720 3984 w
(a) 847 3984 w
(more) 940 3984 w
(advanced) 1194 3984 w
(ALTRAN) 1619 3984 w
(language) 2072 3984 w
(and) 2480 3984 w
(system) 2672 3984 w
(developed) 2998 3984 w
(by) 3456 3984 w
(Brown,) 3604 3984 w
(Hall,) 3949 3984 w
(Johnson,) 4194 3984 w
(Dennis) 4595 3984 w
(M.) 4926 3984 w
(Ritchie,) 720 4104 w
(and) 1069 4104 w
(Stuart) 1248 4104 w
(I.) 1522 4104 w
(Feldman,) 1615 4104 w
(which) 2025 4104 w
(is) 2304 4104 w
(highly) 2406 4104 w
(portable) 2697 4104 w
(\(see) 3059 4104 w
(Section) 3255 4104 w
(9\)) 3591 4104 w
(and) 3710 4104 w
(has) 3890 4104 w
(proven) 4059 4104 w
(useful) 4372 4104 w
(in) 4652 4104 w
(a) 4766 4104 w
(wide) 4846 4104 w
(variety) 720 4224 w
(of) 1026 4224 w
(scientific) 1138 4224 w
(applications,) 1533 4224 w
(both) 2070 4224 w
(at) 2277 4224 w
(Bell) 2378 4224 w
(Labs) 2574 4224 w
(and) 2797 4224 w
(elsewhere) 2970 4224 w
([87].) 3397 4224 w
(Later,) 3617 4224 w
(Feldman) 3881 4224 w
(and) 4260 4224 w
(Julia) 4433 4224 w
(Ho) 4651 4224 w
(added) 4802 4224 w
(a) 720 4344 w
(rational) 799 4344 w
(expression) 1139 4344 w
(evaluation) 1601 4344 w
(package) 2052 4344 w
(that) 2413 4344 w
(generates) 2598 4344 w
(accurate) 3009 4344 w
(and) 3376 4344 w
(efficient) 3556 4344 w
(FORTRAN) 3924 4344 w
(subroutines) 4427 4344 w
(for) 4924 4344 w
(the numerical evaluation of symbolic expressions produced by ALTRAN [88].) 720 4464 w
(One) 970 4620 w
(of) 1168 4620 w
(the) 1283 4620 w
(central) 1437 4620 w
(problems) 1740 4620 w
(in) 2144 4620 w
(symbolic) 2254 4620 w
(algebraic) 2653 4620 w
(systems) 3050 4620 w
(such) 3399 4620 w
(as) 3615 4620 w
(ALTRAN) 3731 4620 w
(is) 4169 4620 w
(the) 4269 4620 w
(computation) 4424 4620 w
(of) 4957 4620 w
(the) 720 4740 w
(greatest) 873 4740 w
(common) 1214 4740 w
(divisors) 1595 4740 w
(of) 1943 4740 w
(polynomials.) 2057 4740 w
(Early) 2608 4740 w
(attempts) 2855 4740 w
(to) 3224 4740 w
(generalize) 3332 4740 w
(Euclid's) 3771 4740 w
(algorithm) 4134 4740 w
(for) 4553 4740 w
(this) 4699 4740 w
(pur\255) 4874 4740 w
(pose) 720 4860 w
(encountered) 931 4860 w
(serious) 1446 4860 w
(computational) 1757 4860 w
(obstacles,) 2357 4860 w
(which) 2777 4860 w
(were) 3050 4860 w
(overcome) 3272 4860 w
(in) 3694 4860 w
(the) 3801 4860 w
(early) 3952 4860 w
(1970s) 4180 4860 w
(with) 4448 4860 w
(the) 4655 4860 w
(aid) 4806 4860 w
(of) 4957 4860 w
(basic) 720 4980 w
(contributions) 956 4980 w
(by) 1515 4980 w
(Brown) 1646 4980 w
(and) 1949 4980 w
(Traub) 2124 4980 w
([89].) 2393 4980 w
(Similar) 2615 4980 w
(obstacles) 2941 4980 w
(to) 3338 4980 w
(polynomial) 3446 4980 w
(factoring) 3932 4980 w
(were) 4322 4980 w
(overcome) 4545 4980 w
(at) 4968 4980 w
(about the same time with a fundamental algorithm devised by Elwyn R. Berlekamp [90].) 720 5100 w
(Bell) 970 5256 w
(Labs) 1166 5256 w
(mathematicians) 1389 5256 w
(have) 2045 5256 w
(contributed) 2262 5256 w
(basic) 2746 5256 w
(computer) 2981 5256 w
(algorithms) 3388 5256 w
(for) 3846 5256 w
(other) 3992 5256 w
(areas) 4227 5256 w
(of) 4461 5256 w
(nonnumeri\255) 4574 5256 w
(cal) 720 5376 w
(mathematics as well. In 1956, Kruskal presented a simple, elegant algorithm for finding a minimal span\255) 862 5376 w
(ning) 720 5496 w
(tree) 932 5496 w
(in) 1115 5496 w
(a) 1227 5496 w
(graph) 1305 5496 w
(with) 1566 5496 w
(edges) 1778 5496 w
(of) 2039 5496 w
(specified) 2156 5496 w
(lengths) 2550 5496 w
([91].) 2873 5496 w
(For) 3098 5496 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(dense) 3271 5496 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(graphs,) 3533 5496 w
(with) 3859 5496 w
(a) 4072 5496 w
(high) 4151 5496 w
(ratio) 4364 5496 w
(of) 4582 5496 w
(edges) 4700 5496 w
(to) 4962 5496 w
(nodes,) 720 5616 w
(Robert) 1005 5616 w
(C.) 1303 5616 w
(Prim) 1421 5616 w
(provided) 1642 5616 w
(a) 2023 5616 w
(more) 2093 5616 w
(efficient) 2324 5616 w
(procedure) 2682 5616 w
(in) 3106 5616 w
(1957) 3210 5616 w
([92].) 3436 5616 w
(An) 3678 5616 w
(efficient) 3826 5616 w
(algorithm) 4184 5616 w
(to) 4599 5616 w
(generate) 4703 5616 w
(all the spanning trees in a graph was given by McIlroy in 1969 [93].) 720 5736 w
(An) 970 5892 w
(important) 1122 5892 w
(problem) 1541 5892 w
(in) 1905 5892 w
(graph) 2014 5892 w
(theory,) 2272 5892 w
(called) 2583 5892 w
(the) 2852 5892 w
(traveling) 3005 5892 w
(salesman) 3391 5892 w
(problem,) 3788 5892 w
(is) 4177 5892 w
(to) 4275 5892 w
(find) 4384 5892 w
(the) 4576 5892 w
(shortest) 4729 5892 w
(closed) 720 6012 w
(path) 1011 6012 w
(through) 1219 6012 w
(all) 1565 6012 w
(the) 1700 6012 w
(nodes) 1857 6012 w
(of) 2125 6012 w
(a) 2243 6012 w
(graph.) 2322 6012 w
(For) 2609 6012 w
(large) 2783 6012 w
(graphs,) 3017 6012 w
(no) 3343 6012 w
(efficient) 3478 6012 w
(algorithm) 3845 6012 w
(is) 4269 6012 w
(known,) 4371 6012 w
(and) 4703 6012 w
(it) 4882 6012 w
(is) 4973 6012 w
(believed) 720 6132 w
(that) 1099 6132 w
(none) 1290 6132 w
(exists.) 1525 6132 w
(However,) 1819 6132 w
(in) 2250 6132 w
(the) 2369 6132 w
(late) 2532 6132 w
(1960s,) 2717 6132 w
(Shen) 3022 6132 w
(Lin) 3263 6132 w
(and) 3443 6132 w
(Brian) 3628 6132 w
(W.) 3891 6132 w
(Kernighan) 4051 6132 w
(of) 4513 6132 w
(Bell) 4637 6132 w
(Labs) 4846 6132 w
(invented) 720 6252 w
(a) 1091 6252 w
(number) 1162 6252 w
(of) 1493 6252 w
(increasingly) 1602 6252 w
(powerful) 2116 6252 w
(heuristic) 2502 6252 w
(methods,) 2872 6252 w
(which) 3262 6252 w
(produce) 3532 6252 w
(generally) 3879 6252 w
(good) 4276 6252 w
(solutions) 4502 6252 w
(that) 4890 6252 w
(are often optimal [94].) 720 6372 w
(In) 970 6528 w
(studying) 1088 6528 w
(the) 1468 6528 w
(problem) 1625 6528 w
(of) 1993 6528 w
(assigning) 2111 6528 w
(tasks) 2524 6528 w
(to) 2759 6528 w
(multiple) 2872 6528 w
(processors,) 3241 6528 w
(Ronald) 3722 6528 w
(L.) 4046 6528 w
(Graham) 4167 6528 w
(of) 4524 6528 w
(Bell) 4643 6528 w
(Labs) 4846 6528 w
(was) 720 6648 w
(perhaps) 906 6648 w
(the) 1247 6648 w
(first) 1400 6648 w
(to) 1592 6648 w
(analyze) 1701 6648 w
(the) 2036 6648 w
(quality) 2189 6648 w
(of) 2498 6648 w
(solutions) 2612 6648 w
(generated) 3005 6648 w
(by) 3423 6648 w
(such) 3554 6648 w
(techniques) 3768 6648 w
([95].) 4226 6648 w
(More) 4448 6648 w
(recently,) 4694 6648 w
(Graham) 720 6768 w
(and) 1073 6768 w
(his) 1249 6768 w
(associates) 1398 6768 w
(have) 1829 6768 w
(provided) 2049 6768 w
(similar) 2436 6768 w
(analyses) 2746 6768 w
(for) 3117 6768 w
(a) 3266 6768 w
(number) 3343 6768 w
(of) 3681 6768 w
(other) 3797 6768 w
(computationally) 4035 6768 w
(difficult) 4718 6768 w
(problems) 720 6888 w
([96].) 1128 6888 w
(Perhaps) 1380 6888 w
(the) 1732 6888 w
(most) 1890 6888 w
(ambitious) 2121 6888 w
(goal) 2552 6888 w
(in) 2760 6888 w
(the) 2874 6888 w
(application) 3032 6888 w
(of) 3511 6888 w
(computers) 3629 6888 w
(to) 4080 6888 w
(mathematics) 4193 6888 w
(is) 4733 6888 w
(auto\255) 4835 6888 w
(mated) 720 7008 w
(theorem) 996 7008 w
(proving.) 1355 7008 w
(An) 1723 7008 w
(early) 1877 7008 w
(milestone,) 2108 7008 w
(achieved) 2554 7008 w
(by) 2940 7008 w
(Hao) 3072 7008 w
(Wang) 3270 7008 w
(of) 3540 7008 w
(Oxford) 3655 7008 w
(University) 3975 7008 w
(during) 4430 7008 w
(his) 4724 7008 w
(sab\255) 4874 7008 w
(batical) 720 7128 w
(visit) 1012 7128 w
(to Bell Labs in the academic year 1959\2551960, was the development of a program that proved all) 1211 7128 w
(of) 720 7248 w
(the) 830 7248 w
(more) 979 7248 w
(than) 1211 7248 w
(350) 1410 7248 w
(theorems) 1587 7248 w
(of) 1980 7248 w
(first\255order) 2090 7248 w
(predicate) 2522 7248 w
(calculus) 2915 7248 w
(from) 3270 7248 w
(the) 3492 7248 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Principia) 3642 7248 w
(Mathematica) 4048 7248 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(in) 4603 7248 w
(only) 4709 7248 w
(8.4) 4915 7248 w
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10 /Times-Roman f
(\255 18 \255) 2772 480 w
(minutes on an IBM 704 computer [97].) 720 840 w
(While) 970 996 w
(the) 1248 996 w
(attempt) 1405 996 w
(to) 1740 996 w
(mechanize) 1853 996 w
(mathematics) 2314 996 w
(has) 2854 996 w
(raised) 3022 996 w
(many) 3295 996 w
(fascinating) 3552 996 w
(new.) 4025 996 w
(mathematical) 4251 996 w
(ques\255) 4824 996 w
(tions,) 720 1116 w
(its) 980 1116 w
(successes) 1115 1116 w
(have) 1537 1116 w
(created) 1765 1116 w
(new) 2092 1116 w
(mathematical) 2297 1116 w
(opportunities.) 2874 1116 w
(As) 3466 1116 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(objects) 3616 1116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(of) 3938 1116 w
(mathematical) 4060 1116 w
(study,) 4637 1116 w
(the) 4918 1116 w
(computer) 720 1236 w
(and) 1125 1236 w
(its) 1297 1236 w
(languages) 1420 1236 w
(have) 1847 1236 w
(opened) 2063 1236 w
(up) 2379 1236 w
(new) 2508 1236 w
(realms) 2703 1236 w
(of) 2998 1236 w
(fruitful) 3110 1236 w
(investigation.) 3422 1236 w
(As) 3993 1236 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(tools) 4133 1236 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(for) 4357 1236 w
(mathematical) 4502 1236 w
(study,) 720 1356 w
(they) 995 1356 w
(have) 1199 1356 w
(permitted) 1419 1356 w
(mathematics) 1834 1356 w
(to) 2371 1356 w
(evolve) 2481 1356 w
(into) 2779 1356 w
(an) 2967 1356 w
(experimental) 3093 1356 w
(science) 3646 1356 w
(and) 3971 1356 w
(at) 4147 1356 w
(the) 4251 1356 w
(same) 4405 1356 w
(time) 4642 1356 w
(have) 4852 1356 w
(helped) 720 1476 w
(mathematicians) 1017 1476 w
(to) 1675 1476 w
(prove) 1784 1476 w
(theorems) 2042 1476 w
(more) 2439 1476 w
(easily.) 2676 1476 w
(In) 2966 1476 w
(both) 3081 1476 w
(roles,) 3291 1476 w
(computers) 3542 1476 w
(have) 3990 1476 w
(shifted) 4210 1476 w
(the) 4514 1476 w
(emphasis) 4668 1476 w
(in) 720 1596 w
(mathematics) 824 1596 w
(from) 1355 1596 w
(static) 1575 1596 w
(theorems) 1812 1596 w
(to) 2204 1596 w
(dynamic) 2308 1596 w
(algorithms) 2678 1596 w
(and) 3132 1596 w
(have) 3302 1596 w
(thereby) 3516 1596 w
(contributed) 3841 1596 w
(to) 4322 1596 w
(a) 4426 1596 w
(deeper appre\255) 4496 1596 w
(ciation) 720 1716 w
(of) 1019 1716 w
(the) 1129 1716 w
(rich) 1278 1716 w
(structures) 1460 1716 w
(that) 1875 1716 w
(were) 2052 1716 w
(always) 2272 1716 w
(there.) 2576 1716 w
(Finally,) 2827 1716 w
(they) 3163 1716 w
(have) 3362 1716 w
(fundamentally) 3577 1716 w
(altered) 4181 1716 w
(the) 4480 1716 w
(real) 4630 1716 w
(world) 4807 1716 w
(to) 720 1836 w
(which) 830 1836 w
(mathematics) 1106 1836 w
(must) 1643 1836 w
(ultimately) 1870 1836 w
(relate,) 2308 1836 w
(and) 2586 1836 w
(have) 2762 1836 w
(provided) 2981 1836 w
(new) 3367 1836 w
(ways) 3564 1836 w
(in) 3800 1836 w
(which) 3909 1836 w
(that) 4184 1836 w
(relationship) 4365 1836 w
(may) 4868 1836 w
(occur.) 720 1956 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(References) 720 2232 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(1.) 720 2424 w
(C.) 970 2424 w
(A.) 1108 2424 w
(Lovell) 1251 2424 w
(and) 1558 2424 w
(L.) 1748 2424 w
(E.) 1880 2424 w
(Kittredge,) 2012 2424 w
("First) 2461 2424 w
(Crossbar) 2733 2424 w
(Throwdown\255Terminating) 3135 2424 w
(Train,") 4197 2424 w
(unpublished,) 4526 2424 w
(November 1937.) 970 2544 w
(2.) 720 2700 w
(B.) 970 2700 w
(D.) 1095 2700 w
(Holbrook) 1225 2700 w
(and) 1641 2700 w
(J.) 1818 2700 w
(T.) 1915 2700 w
(Dixon,) 2034 2700 w
("Load) 2342 2700 w
(Rating) 2621 2700 w
(Theory) 2921 2700 w
(for) 3242 2700 w
(Multi\255Channel) 3391 2700 w
(Amplifiers,") 4013 2700 w
(Bell) 4545 2700 w
(System) 4745 2700 w
(Technical J.18 \(October 1939\), pp. 624\255644.) 970 2820 w
(3.) 720 2976 w
(S.) 970 2976 w
(B.) 1077 2976 w
(Wright) 1195 2976 w
(and) 1504 2976 w
(E.) 1674 2976 w
(R.) 1786 2976 w
(Taylor,) 1904 2976 w
("Volume) 2221 2976 w
(Control) 2611 2976 w
(in) 2944 2976 w
(Telephone) 3049 2976 w
(Circuits,") 3497 2976 w
(U.) 3907 2976 w
(S.) 4031 2976 w
(Patent) 4139 2976 w
(No.) 4416 2976 w
(1,927,999,) 4615 2976 w
(filed September 1929, issued May 1933.) 970 3096 w
(4.) 720 3252 w
(The Development and Research Department of AT&T became part of Bell Labs in 1934.) 970 3252 w
(5a.) 720 3408 w
(H. S. Black, "Stabilized Feedback Amplifiers," Bell System Technical J. 13 \(January 1934\), pp. 1\25518.) 970 3408 w
(5b.) 720 3564 w
(H. W. Bode, Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design, D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1945.) 970 3564 w
(6.) 720 3720 w
(E. C. Molina, U.S. Patent No. 1,083,456, filed April 1906, issued January 1914.) 970 3720 w
(7.) 720 3876 w
(C. E. Shannon, "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits," Transactions) 970 3876 w
(of) 4430 3876 w
(the) 4539 3876 w
(AIEE) 4687 3876 w
(57) 4940 3876 w
(\(December 1938\), pp. 713\255723.) 970 3996 w
(8.) 720 4152 w
(For a general account of the planimeter, see the Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 1970 ed., vol.) 970 4152 w
(14, p. 1085.) 4540 4152 w
(9.) 720 4308 w
(William) 970 4308 w
(Thomson) 1332 4308 w
(\(Lord) 1744 4308 w
(Kelvin\),) 2005 4308 w
(Mathematical) 2370 4308 w
(and) 2954 4308 w
(Physical) 3133 4308 w
(Papers,) 3507 4308 w
(vol.) 3833 4308 w
(6) 4021 4308 w
(\(Cambridge) 4106 4308 w
(University) 4618 4308 w
(Press,) 970 4428 w
(1911\),) 1232 4428 w
(p.) 1516 4428 w
(287,) 1617 4428 w
(as) 1818 4428 w
(quoted) 1927 4428 w
(from) 2225 4428 w
(the) 2445 4428 w
(Catalogue) 2593 4428 w
(of) 3024 4428 w
(the) 3133 4428 w
(Special) 3281 4428 w
(Loan) 3601 4428 w
(Collection) 3832 4428 w
(of Scientific Appa\255) 4275 4428 w
(ratus at the South Kensington Museum, 1876, p. 11.) 970 4548 w
(10a.) 720 4704 w
(R.) 970 4704 w
(L.) 1094 4704 w
(Dietzold,) 1212 4704 w
("The) 1613 4704 w
(Isograph\255A) 1841 4704 w
(Mechanical) 2327 4704 w
(Root\255Finder,") 2824 4704 w
(Bell) 3411 4704 w
(Laboratories) 3610 4704 w
(Record) 4146 4704 w
(16) 4466 4704 w
(\(December) 4598 4704 w
(1937\), pp. 130\255134.) 970 4824 w
(10b.) 720 4980 w
(R. O. Mercner, "The Mechanism of the Isograph," Bell Laboratories Record 16) 970 4980 w
(\(December) 4163 4980 w
(1937\),) 4631 4980 w
(pp.) 4915 4980 w
(135\255140.) 970 5100 w
(11.) 720 5256 w
(C.) 970 5256 w
(A.) 1094 5256 w
(Lovell,) 1223 5256 w
("Continuous) 1541 5256 w
(Electrical) 2076 5256 w
(Computation,") 2490 5256 w
(Bell) 3111 5256 w
(Laboratories) 3310 5256 w
(Record) 3846 5256 w
(25) 4166 5256 w
(\(March) 4298 5256 w
(1947\),) 4624 5256 w
(pp.) 4915 5256 w
(114\25518.) 970 5376 w
(12.) 720 5532 w
(A.) 970 5532 w
(A.) 1097 5532 w
(Currie,) 1224 5532 w
("The) 1534 5532 w
(General) 1760 5532 w
(Purpose) 2105 5532 w
(Analog) 2457 5532 w
(Computer,") 2781 5532 w
(Bell) 3277 5532 w
(Laboratories) 3474 5532 w
(Record) 4008 5532 w
(29) 4327 5532 w
(\(March) 4458 5532 w
(1951\),) 4782 5532 w
(pp. 101\255108.) 970 5652 w
(13.) 720 5808 w
(E.) 970 5808 w
(G.) 1089 5808 w
(Andrews,) 1219 5808 w
("Bell) 1637 5808 w
(Laboratories) 1878 5808 w
(Digital) 2415 5808 w
(Computers,") 2726 5808 w
(Bell) 3264 5808 w
(Laboratories) 3464 5808 w
(Record) 4001 5808 w
(35) 4322 5808 w
(\(March) 4455 5808 w
(1957\),) 4782 5808 w
(pp. 81\25584.) 970 5928 w
(14.) 720 6084 w
(S.) 970 6084 w
(B.) 1078 6084 w
(Williams,) 1197 6084 w
("Remotely) 1617 6084 w
(Controlled) 2075 6084 w
(Electrical) 2531 6084 w
(Calculator,") 2941 6084 w
(U.S.) 3451 6084 w
(Patent) 3657 6084 w
(No.) 3935 6084 w
(2,434,681,) 4110 6084 w
(filed) 4563 6084 w
(Febru\255) 4774 6084 w
(ary 1943, issued January 1948.) 970 6204 w
(15.) 720 6360 w
(E.) 970 6360 w
(G.) 1098 6360 w
(Andrews,) 1237 6360 w
("Telephone) 1665 6360 w
(Switching) 2170 6360 w
(and) 2619 6360 w
(the) 2806 6360 w
(Early) 2971 6360 w
(Bell) 3230 6360 w
(Laboratories) 3440 6360 w
(Computers,") 3987 6360 w
(Bell) 4535 6360 w
(System) 4745 6360 w
(Technical J. 42 \(March 1963\), pp. 341\255353.) 970 6480 w
(16.) 720 6636 w
(Franz) 970 6636 w
(L.) 1229 6636 w
(Alt,) 1347 6636 w
("A) 1532 6636 w
(Bell) 1677 6636 w
(Telephone) 1876 6636 w
(Laboratories) 2329 6636 w
(Computing) 2865 6636 w
(Machine,") 3348 6636 w
(Mathematical) 3795 6636 w
(Tables) 4376 6636 w
(and) 4674 6636 w
(Aids) 4851 6636 w
(to Computation 3 \(January and April 1948\), pp. 1\25513 and 69\25584.) 970 6756 w
(17.) 720 6912 w
(E.) 970 6912 w
(G.) 1094 6912 w
(Andrews,) 1229 6912 w
("The) 1652 6912 w
(Bell) 1886 6912 w
(Computer) 2091 6912 w
(Model) 2529 6912 w
(VI,") 2828 6912 w
(Electrical) 3037 6912 w
(Engineering) 3457 6912 w
(68) 3983 6912 w
(\(September) 4121 6912 w
(1949\),) 4619 6912 w
(pp.) 4915 6912 w
(751\255756.) 970 7032 w
(18.) 720 7188 w
(T.) 970 7188 w
(L.) 1097 7188 w
(Dimond,) 1224 7188 w
("No.) 1618 7188 w
(5) 1847 7188 w
(Crossbar) 1938 7188 w
(AMA) 2334 7188 w
(Translator,") 2608 7188 w
(Bell) 3125 7188 w
(Laboratories) 3333 7188 w
(Record) 3878 7188 w
(29) 4207 7188 w
(\(February) 4348 7188 w
(1951\),) 4782 7188 w
(pp.62\25568.) 970 7308 w
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(19.) 720 840 w
(It is anticipated that more detailed information on automatic message accounting will be included in a) 970 840 w
(subsequent volume of this history.) 970 960 w
(20.) 720 1116 w
(G.) 970 1116 w
(R.) 1097 1116 w
(Frost,) 1219 1116 w
(W.) 1480 1116 w
(Keister,) 1629 1116 w
(and) 1972 1116 w
(A.) 2146 1116 w
(E.) 2273 1116 w
(Ritchie,) 2389 1116 w
("A) 2733 1116 w
(Throwdown) 2876 1116 w
(Machine) 3394 1116 w
(for) 3773 1116 w
(Telephone) 3920 1116 w
(Traffic) 4372 1116 w
(Studies,") 4679 1116 w
(Bell System Technical J. 32 \(March 1953\), pp.292\255359.) 970 1236 w
(21.) 720 1392 w
(Brian) 970 1392 w
(Randell) 1239 1392 w
(\(Ed.\),) 1597 1392 w
(The) 1871 1392 w
(Origins) 2073 1392 w
(of) 2420 1392 w
(Digital) 2550 1392 w
(Computers,) 2875 1392 w
(Springer\255Verlag,) 3386 1392 w
(New) 4106 1392 w
(York,) 4342 1392 w
(1975.) 4620 1392 w
(An) 4918 1392 w
(excellent summary of the work of Zuse and others begins on p. 155.) 970 1512 w
(22.) 720 1668 w
(H. H. Aiken et al., A) 970 1668 w
(Manual) 1825 1668 w
(of) 2156 1668 w
(Operation) 2265 1668 w
(for) 2690 1668 w
(the) 2832 1668 w
(Automatic) 2980 1668 w
(Sequence) 3428 1668 w
(Controlled) 3836 1668 w
(Calculator,) 4290 1668 w
(Annals) 4757 1668 w
(of) 970 1788 w
(the) 1082 1788 w
(Computation) 1233 1788 w
(Laboratory) 1785 1788 w
(of) 2257 1788 w
(Harvard) 2368 1788 w
(University,) 2722 1788 w
(Vol.) 3197 1788 w
(1,) 3400 1788 w
(Harvard) 3503 1788 w
(University) 3857 1788 w
(Press,) 4307 1788 w
(Cambridge,) 4571 1788 w
(Mass., 1946.) 970 1908 w
(23.) 720 2064 w
("Description) 970 2064 w
(of) 1511 2064 w
(a) 1628 2064 w
(Relay) 1706 2064 w
(Calculator,") 1973 2064 w
(Annals) 2489 2064 w
(of) 2806 2064 w
(the) 2923 2064 w
(Computation) 3079 2064 w
(Laboratory) 3636 2064 w
(of) 4114 2064 w
(Harvard) 4232 2064 w
(University,) 4593 2064 w
(Vol. 24, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1949.) 970 2184 w
(24.) 720 2340 w
(H.) 970 2340 w
(H.) 1102 2340 w
(Goldstine) 1235 2340 w
(and) 1660 2340 w
(A.) 1840 2340 w
(Goldstine,) 1973 2340 w
("The) 2423 2340 w
(Electronic) 2655 2340 w
(Numerical) 3101 2340 w
(Integrator) 3558 2340 w
(and) 3987 2340 w
(Computer) 4167 2340 w
(\(ENIAC\),") 4603 2340 w
(Mathematical Tables and Aids to Computation 2 \(July 1946\), pp. 97\255110.) 970 2460 w
(25.) 720 2616 w
(W. H. T. Holden, U.S. Patent No. 2,299,898, filed October 1941, issued October 1942.) 970 2616 w
(26.) 720 2772 w
(A. W. Horton, U.S. Patent No. 2,244,700, filed September 1939, issued June 1941.) 970 2772 w
(27.) 720 2928 w
(W.) 970 2928 w
(H.) 1116 2928 w
(MacWilliams,) 1240 2928 w
(Jr.,) 1836 2928 w
("A) 1986 2928 w
(Transistor) 2127 2928 w
(Gating) 2560 2928 w
(Matrix) 2860 2928 w
(for) 3160 2928 w
(a) 3304 2928 w
(Simulated) 3376 2928 w
(Warfare) 3810 2928 w
(Computer,") 4163 2928 w
(Bell) 4657 2928 w
(Lab\255) 4852 2928 w
(oratories Record 35 \(March 1957\), pp. 94\25599.) 970 3048 w
(28.) 720 3204 w
(V.) 970 3204 w
(M.) 1112 3204 w
(Wolontis,) 1271 3204 w
("A) 1708 3204 w
(Complete) 1866 3204 w
(Floating\255Decimal) 2300 3204 w
(Interpretive) 3050 3204 w
(System) 3561 3204 w
(for) 3902 3204 w
(the) 4064 3204 w
(IBM) 4232 3204 w
(650) 4467 3204 w
(Magnetic) 4663 3204 w
(Drum Calculator," IBM Technical Newsletter, No. 11, March 1956.) 970 3324 w
(29.) 720 3480 w
(F.) 970 3480 w
(J.) 1083 3480 w
(Corbato,) 1179 3480 w
(M.) 1558 3480 w
(M.) 1704 3480 w
(Daggett,) 1850 3480 w
(and) 2223 3480 w
(R.) 2399 3480 w
(C.) 2523 3480 w
(Daley,) 2647 3480 w
("An) 2942 3480 w
(Experimental) 3137 3480 w
(Time) 3707 3480 w
(Sharing) 3950 3480 w
(System,") 4293 3480 w
(Proceed\255) 4686 3480 w
(ings) 970 3600 w
(of) 1165 3600 w
(the) 1276 3600 w
(Spring) 1426 3600 w
(Joint) 1721 3600 w
(Computer) 1944 3600 w
(Conference) 2372 3600 w
(of) 2859 3600 w
(the) 2970 3600 w
(American) 3119 3600 w
(Federation) 3539 3600 w
(of) 3993 3600 w
(Information) 4103 3600 w
(Processing) 4607 3600 w
(Societies, 1962, pp. 335\255344.) 970 3720 w
(30.) 720 3876 w
(F.) 970 3876 w
(J.) 1085 3876 w
(Corbato,) 1183 3876 w
(V.) 1564 3876 w
(A.) 1695 3876 w
(Vyssotsky,) 1826 3876 w
(et) 2302 3876 w
(al.,) 2408 3876 w
("A) 2564 3876 w
(New) 2711 3876 w
(Remote) 2933 3876 w
(Accessed) 3279 3876 w
(Man\255Machine) 3690 3876 w
(System,") 4290 3876 w
(Proceed\255) 4686 3876 w
(ings) 970 3996 w
(of) 1174 3996 w
(the) 1294 3996 w
(Fall) 1452 3996 w
(Joint) 1644 3996 w
(Computer) 1875 3996 w
(Conference) 2311 3996 w
(of) 2806 3996 w
(the) 2925 3996 w
(American) 3083 3996 w
(Federation) 3512 3996 w
(of) 3975 3996 w
(Information) 4094 3996 w
(Processing) 4607 3996 w
(Societies, 1965, Part I, pp. 185\255247.) 970 4116 w
(31.) 720 4272 w
(S.) 970 4272 w
(P.) 1112 4272 w
(Morgan,) 1254 4272 w
("Minicomputers) 1656 4272 w
(in) 2369 4272 w
(Bell) 2508 4272 w
(Laboratories) 2736 4272 w
(Research,") 3302 4272 w
(Bell) 3795 4272 w
(Laboratories) 4024 4272 w
(Record) 4590 4272 w
(51) 4940 4272 w
(\(July/August 1973\), pp. 194\255201.) 970 4392 w
(32a.) 720 4548 w
(K.) 970 4548 w
(Thompson) 1101 4548 w
(and) 1563 4548 w
(D.) 1741 4548 w
(M.) 1872 4548 w
(Ritchie.) 2021 4548 w
("UNIX) 2370 4548 w
(Time) 2695 4548 w
(Sharing) 2941 4548 w
(System,") 3287 4548 w
(Communications) 3683 4548 w
(of) 4402 4548 w
(the) 4520 4548 w
(ACM) 4677 4548 w
(17) 4940 4548 w
(\(July 1974\), pp. 365\255375.) 970 4668 w
(32b.) 720 4824 w
(Special UNIX Issue, Bell System Technical Journal, July\255August 1978, Part 2.) 970 4824 w
(33.) 720 4980 w
(M.) 970 4980 w
(D.) 1131 4980 w
(McIlroy,) 1275 4980 w
("Macro) 1674 4980 w
(Instruction) 2023 4980 w
(Extension) 2504 4980 w
(of) 2952 4980 w
(Compiler) 3083 4980 w
(Languages,") 3509 4980 w
(Communications) 4055 4980 w
(of) 4787 4980 w
(the) 4918 4980 w
(ACM 3 \(April 1960\), pp. 214\255220.) 970 5100 w
(34.) 720 5256 w
(N.) 970 5256 w
(A.) 1103 5256 w
(Martellotto,) 1236 5256 w
(H.) 1747 5256 w
(Oehring,) 1880 5256 w
(and) 2268 5256 w
(M.) 2448 5256 w
(C.) 2598 5256 w
(Paull,) 2726 5256 w
("PROCESS) 2993 5256 w
(III:) 3505 5256 w
(A) 3669 5256 w
(Compiler\255Assembler) 3778 5256 w
(for) 4653 5256 w
(No.) 4806 5256 w
(1) 4990 5256 w
(ESS," Bell System Technical J. 43 \(September 1964\), pp. 2457\2552481.) 970 5376 w
(35.) 720 5532 w
(M.) 970 5532 w
(E.) 1117 5532 w
(Barton,) 1236 5532 w
("The) 1566 5532 w
(Macro) 1796 5532 w
(Assembler) 2090 5532 w
(SWAP\255\255A) 2551 5532 w
(General\255purpose) 3001 5532 w
(Interpretive) 3699 5532 w
(Processor,") 4198 5532 w
(Proceed\255) 4686 5532 w
(ings) 970 5652 w
(of) 1174 5652 w
(the) 1294 5652 w
(Fall) 1452 5652 w
(Joint) 1644 5652 w
(Computer) 1875 5652 w
(Conference) 2311 5652 w
(of) 2806 5652 w
(the) 2925 5652 w
(American) 3083 5652 w
(Federation) 3512 5652 w
(of) 3975 5652 w
(Information) 4094 5652 w
(Processing) 4607 5652 w
(Societies, 1970, pp. 1\2558..) 970 5772 w
(36.) 720 5928 w
(B.) 970 5928 w
(N.) 1089 5928 w
(Dickman,) 1213 5928 w
("CENTRAN:) 1631 5928 w
(A) 2199 5928 w
(Case) 2298 5928 w
(History) 2519 5928 w
(in) 2847 5928 w
(Extendible) 2953 5928 w
(Language) 3414 5928 w
(Design,") 3835 5928 w
(Bell) 4212 5928 w
(System) 4407 5928 w
(Techni\255) 4730 5928 w
(cal J. 54, SAFEGUARD Special Supplement \(May 1975\), pp. S161\255S172.) 970 6048 w
(37.) 720 6204 w
(J.) 970 6204 w
(L.) 1067 6204 w
(Kelly,) 1186 6204 w
(Jr.,) 1466 6204 w
(C.) 1621 6204 w
(C.) 1746 6204 w
(Lochbaum,) 1871 6204 w
(and) 2356 6204 w
(V.) 2533 6204 w
(A.) 2663 6204 w
(Vyssotsky,) 2793 6204 w
("A) 3268 6204 w
(Block) 3414 6204 w
(Diagram) 3686 6204 w
(Compiler,") 4068 6204 w
(Bell) 4545 6204 w
(System) 4745 6204 w
(Technical J. 40 \(May 1961\), pp. 669\255676.) 970 6324 w
(38.) 720 6480 w
(K.) 970 6480 w
(C.) 1109 6480 w
(Knowlton,) 1243 6480 w
("A) 1711 6480 w
(Programmer's) 1867 6480 w
(Description) 2481 6480 w
(of) 2990 6480 w
(L6,") 3116 6480 w
(Communications) 3336 6480 w
(of) 4063 6480 w
(the) 4189 6480 w
(ACM) 4354 6480 w
(9) 4625 6480 w
(\(August) 4718 6480 w
(1966\), pp. 616\255625.) 970 6600 w
(39.) 720 6756 w
(E.) 970 6756 w
(N.) 1083 6756 w
(Pinson) 1207 6756 w
(and) 1507 6756 w
(C.) 1679 6756 w
(Christensen,) 1799 6756 w
("Multi\255Function) 2324 6756 w
(Graphics) 3005 6756 w
(for) 3393 6756 w
(a) 3537 6756 w
(Large) 3609 6756 w
(Computer) 3869 6756 w
(System,") 4297 6756 w
(Proceed\255) 4686 6756 w
(ings) 970 6876 w
(of) 1174 6876 w
(the) 1294 6876 w
(Fall) 1452 6876 w
(Joint) 1644 6876 w
(Computer) 1875 6876 w
(Conference) 2311 6876 w
(of) 2806 6876 w
(the) 2925 6876 w
(American) 3083 6876 w
(Federation) 3512 6876 w
(of) 3975 6876 w
(Information) 4094 6876 w
(Processing) 4607 6876 w
(Societies, 1967, pp. 697\255711.) 970 6996 w
(40.) 720 7152 w
(M. V. Mathews, The Technology of Computer Music, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969.) 970 7152 w
(41.) 720 7308 w
(D.) 970 7308 w
(J.) 1094 7308 w
(Farber,) 1185 7308 w
(R.) 1497 7308 w
(E.) 1616 7308 w
(Griswold,) 1729 7308 w
(and) 2153 7308 w
(I.) 2324 7308 w
(P.) 2409 7308 w
(Polonsky,) 2517 7308 w
("SNOBOL:) 2942 7308 w
(A) 3438 7308 w
(String) 3538 7308 w
(Manipulation) 3811 7308 w
(Language,") 4378 7308 w
(J.) 4865 7308 w
(of) 4957 7308 w
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(the ACM 11 \(January 1964\), pp. 21\25530.) 970 840 w
(42.) 720 996 w
(R.) 970 996 w
(E.) 1097 996 w
(Griswold,) 1218 996 w
(J.) 1650 996 w
(F.) 1749 996 w
(Poage,) 1865 996 w
(and) 2169 996 w
(I.) 2348 996 w
(P.) 2442 996 w
(Polonsky,) 2559 996 w
(The) 2993 996 w
(SNOBOL4) 3184 996 w
(Programming) 3670 996 w
(Language,) 4256 996 w
(2nd) 4710 996 w
(ed.,) 4896 996 w
(Prentice\255Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971.) 970 1116 w
(43.) 720 1272 w
(R.) 970 1272 w
(E.) 1097 1272 w
(Griswold,) 1218 1272 w
(The) 1650 1272 w
(Macro) 1840 1272 w
(Implementation) 2136 1272 w
(of) 2805 1272 w
(SNOBOL4:) 2924 1272 w
(A) 3438 1272 w
(Case) 3546 1272 w
(Study) 3776 1272 w
(of) 4046 1272 w
(Machine\255Independent) 4165 1272 w
(Software Development, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1972.) 970 1392 w
(44.) 720 1548 w
(B.) 970 1548 w
(G.) 1091 1548 w
(Ryder,) 1217 1548 w
("The) 1515 1548 w
(PFORT) 1740 1548 w
(Verifier,") 2081 1548 w
(Software) 2491 1548 w
(Practice) 2880 1548 w
(and) 3230 1548 w
(Experience) 3403 1548 w
(4) 3881 1548 w
(\(October/December) 3961 1548 w
(1974\),) 4782 1548 w
(pp. 359\255377.) 970 1668 w
(45.) 720 1824 w
(D. M. Ritchie and B. W. Kernighan, The C Programming Language, Prentice Hall, 1978.) 970 1824 w
(46.) 720 1980 w
(Trademark of The Singer Company.) 970 1980 w
(47.) 720 2136 w
(W.) 970 2136 w
(D.) 1117 2136 w
(Farmer) 1242 2136 w
(and) 1558 2136 w
(E.) 1730 2136 w
(E.) 1845 2136 w
(Newhall,) 1960 2136 w
("An) 2352 2136 w
(Experimental) 2544 2136 w
(Distributed) 3111 2136 w
(Switching) 3590 2136 w
(System) 4025 2136 w
(to) 4349 2136 w
(Handle) 4456 2136 w
(Bursty) 4773 2136 w
(Computer) 970 2256 w
(Traffic,") 1405 2256 w
(Proceedings) 1782 2256 w
(of) 2305 2256 w
(the) 2423 2256 w
(ACM) 2580 2256 w
(Symposium) 2843 2256 w
(on) 3357 2256 w
(Problems) 3492 2256 w
(in) 3905 2256 w
(the) 4017 2256 w
(Optimization) 4173 2256 w
(of) 4735 2256 w
(Data) 4852 2256 w
(Communications Systems, Pine Mountain, Georgia, October 1969, pp.) 970 2376 w
(1\25534.) 3847 2376 w
(48.) 720 2532 w
(J.) 970 2532 w
(R.) 1078 2532 w
(Pierce,) 1214 2532 w
("Network) 1532 2532 w
(for) 1966 2532 w
(Block) 2126 2532 w
(Switching) 2409 2532 w
(of) 2859 2532 w
(Data,") 2986 2532 w
(Bell) 3284 2532 w
(System) 3495 2532 w
(Technical) 3834 2532 w
(J.) 4271 2532 w
(51) 4379 2532 w
(\(July/August) 4523 2532 w
(1972\), pp. 1133\2551145.) 970 2652 w
(49.) 720 2808 w
(A.) 970 2808 w
(G.) 1103 2808 w
(Fraser,) 1236 2808 w
("Spider\255A) 1546 2808 w
(Data) 1989 2808 w
(Communications) 2213 2808 w
(Experiment,") 2934 2808 w
(Computing) 3503 2808 w
(Science) 3991 2808 w
(Technical) 4338 2808 w
(Report) 4768 2808 w
(No. 23, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J., December 1974.) 970 2928 w
(50.) 720 3084 w
(A.) 970 3084 w
(R.) 1101 3084 w
(Breithaupt,) 1227 3084 w
("Project) 1708 3084 w
(Viperidae:) 2066 3084 w
(A) 2522 3084 w
(Bell) 2629 3084 w
(Labs) 2831 3084 w
(Computing) 3060 3084 w
(Network,") 3546 3084 w
(COMPCON) 3996 3084 w
(73) 4526 3084 w
(Digest) 4661 3084 w
(of) 4957 3084 w
(Papers, IEEE Computer Society International Conference, February 1973, pp.) 970 3204 w
(235\255238.) 4131 3204 w
(51.) 720 3360 w
(J.) 970 3360 w
(F.) 1060 3360 w
(Kaiser,) 1167 3360 w
("Graphs) 1478 3360 w
(Should) 1833 3360 w
(be) 2143 3360 w
(Computer) 2264 3360 w
(Drawn,") 2691 3360 w
(in) 3055 3360 w
(The) 3160 3360 w
(Human) 3342 3360 w
(Use) 3663 3360 w
(of) 3845 3360 w
(Computing) 3955 3360 w
(Machines,) 4433 3360 w
(Bell) 4873 3360 w
(Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J., June 1966, pp. 9\25514.) 970 3480 w
(52.) 720 3636 w
(W.) 970 3636 w
(L.) 1117 3636 w
(Brown) 1231 3636 w
(and) 1531 3636 w
(J.) 1703 3636 w
(D.) 1795 3636 w
(Gabbe,) 1920 3636 w
("The) 2233 3636 w
(Electron) 2457 3636 w
(Distribution) 2823 3636 w
(in) 3335 3636 w
(the) 3441 3636 w
(Earth's) 3591 3636 w
(Radiation) 3908 3636 w
(Belts) 4326 3636 w
(During) 4561 3636 w
(July) 4873 3636 w
(1962 as Measured by Telstar\256, J. of Geophysical Research 68 \(February 1963\), pp. 607\255618.) 970 3756 w
(53.) 720 3912 w
(E.) 970 3912 w
(E.) 1090 3912 w
(Zajac,) 1210 3912 w
("Computer\255Made) 1490 3912 w
(Perspective) 2225 3912 w
(Movies) 2719 3912 w
(as) 3053 3912 w
(a) 3170 3912 w
(Scientific) 3248 3912 w
(and) 3665 3912 w
(Communication) 3843 3912 w
(Tool,") 4522 3912 w
(Com\255) 4812 3912 w
(munications of the ACM 7 \(March 1964\), pp. 169\255170.) 970 4032 w
(54a.) 720 4188 w
(A.) 970 4188 w
(M.) 1119 4188 w
(Noll,) 1285 4188 w
("Computer\255Generated) 1540 4188 w
(Three\255Dimensional) 2475 4188 w
(Movies,") 3303 4188 w
(Computers) 3721 4188 w
(and) 4212 4188 w
(Automation) 4409 4188 w
(14) 4940 4188 w
(\(November 1965\), pp. 20\25523.) 970 4308 w
(54b.) 720 4464 w
(F. W. Sinden, "Synthetic Cinematography," Perspective 7, 1965, pp. 279\255289.) 970 4464 w
(55.) 720 4620 w
(K. C. Knowlton, "Computer\255Produced Movies," Science 150 \(November 1965\), pp.) 970 4620 w
(1116\2551120.) 4373 4620 w
(56.) 720 4776 w
(W.) 970 4776 w
(H.) 1118 4776 w
(Ninke,) 1245 4776 w
("GRAPHIC) 1544 4776 w
(I:) 2054 4776 w
(A) 2145 4776 w
(Remote) 2247 4776 w
(Graphical) 2588 4776 w
(Display) 3011 4776 w
(Console) 3352 4776 w
(System,") 3710 4776 w
(Proceedings) 4101 4776 w
(of) 4619 4776 w
(the) 4732 4776 w
(Fall) 4884 4776 w
(Joint) 970 4896 w
(Computer) 1214 4896 w
(Conference) 1663 4896 w
(of) 2171 4896 w
(the) 2303 4896 w
(American) 2474 4896 w
(Federation) 2916 4896 w
(of) 3392 4896 w
(Information) 3524 4896 w
(Processing) 4050 4896 w
(Societies) 4531 4896 w
(27) 4940 4896 w
(\(1965\), Part I, pp. 839\255846.) 970 5016 w
(57.) 720 5172 w
(See note 39, above.) 970 5172 w
(58.) 720 5328 w
(W.) 970 5328 w
(S.) 1115 5328 w
(Brown) 1222 5328 w
(and) 1520 5328 w
(J.) 1690 5328 w
(F.) 1781 5328 w
(Traub,) 1889 5328 w
("MERCURY:) 2179 5328 w
(A) 2770 5328 w
(System) 2869 5328 w
(for) 3191 5328 w
(the) 3334 5328 w
(Computer\255Aided) 3483 5328 w
(Distribution) 4187 5328 w
(of) 4698 5328 w
(Tech\255) 4808 5328 w
(nical Reports," Journal of the ACM 16 \(January 1969\), pp. 13\25525.) 970 5448 w
(59a.) 720 5604 w
(W.) 970 5604 w
(K.) 1124 5604 w
(Lowry,) 1256 5604 w
("Use) 1582 5604 w
(of) 1813 5604 w
(Computers) 1931 5604 w
(in) 2405 5604 w
(Information) 2518 5604 w
(Systems,) 3030 5604 w
(") 3424 5604 w
(Science) 3500 5604 w
(175) 3845 5604 w
(\(February) 4031 5604 w
(25,) 4460 5604 w
(1972\),) 4621 5604 w
(pp.) 4915 5604 w
(841\255846.) 970 5724 w
(59b.) 720 5880 w
(R. A.) 970 5880 w
(Kennedy,) 1210 5880 w
("Bell) 1621 5880 w
(Laboratories) 1855 5880 w
(Library) 2385 5880 w
(Real\255Time) 2710 5880 w
(Loan) 3163 5880 w
(System) 3394 5880 w
(\(BELLREL\),") 3715 5880 w
(Journal) 4312 5880 w
(of) 4632 5880 w
(Library) 4741 5880 w
(Automation 1 \(June 1968\), pp. 128\255146.) 970 6000 w
(60.) 720 6156 w
(N.) 970 6156 w
(R.) 1100 6156 w
(Sinowitz,) 1225 6156 w
("DATAPLUS:) 1639 6156 w
(A) 2264 6156 w
(Language) 2370 6156 w
(for) 2797 6156 w
(Real) 2947 6156 w
(Time) 3164 6156 w
(Information) 3409 6156 w
(Retrieval) 3920 6156 w
(from) 4320 6156 w
(Hierarchical) 4548 6156 w
(Data) 970 6276 w
(Bases,") 1194 6276 w
(Proceedings) 1529 6276 w
(of) 2053 6276 w
(the) 2172 6276 w
(Spring) 2330 6276 w
(Joint) 2633 6276 w
(Computer) 2863 6276 w
(Conference) 3298 6276 w
(of) 3792 6276 w
(the) 3910 6276 w
(American) 4067 6276 w
(Federation) 4495 6276 w
(of) 4957 6276 w
(Information Processing Societies 32 \(1968\), pp. 395\255401.) 970 6396 w
(61a.) 720 6552 w
(T.) 970 6552 w
(A.) 1085 6552 w
(Gibson) 1211 6552 w
(and) 1530 6552 w
(P.) 1704 6552 w
(F.) 1815 6552 w
(Stockhausen,) 1926 6552 w
("MASTER) 2486 6552 w
(LINKS:) 2963 6552 w
(A) 3315 6552 w
(Hierarchical) 3417 6552 w
(Data) 3939 6552 w
(System,") 4157 6552 w
(Bell) 4548 6552 w
(System) 4745 6552 w
(Technical J. 52 \(December 1973\), pp. 1691\2551724.) 970 6672 w
(61b.) 720 6828 w
(B.) 970 6828 w
(W.) 1104 6828 w
(Puerling) 1265 6828 w
(and) 1646 6828 w
(J.) 1832 6828 w
(T.) 1938 6828 w
(Roberto,) 2066 6828 w
("The) 2455 6828 w
(Natural) 2694 6828 w
(Dialogue) 3036 6828 w
(System,") 3445 6828 w
(Bell) 3849 6828 w
(System) 4059 6828 w
(Technical) 4397 6828 w
(J.) 4833 6828 w
(52) 4940 6828 w
(\(December 1973\), pp. 1725\2551741.) 970 6948 w
(62.) 720 7104 w
(L.) 970 7104 w
(E.) 1086 7104 w
(Heindel) 1202 7104 w
(and) 1548 7104 w
(J.) 1723 7104 w
(T.) 1818 7104 w
(Roberto,) 1935 7104 w
("The) 2313 7104 w
(Off\255The\255Shelf) 2540 7104 w
(System:) 3141 7104 w
(A) 3495 7104 w
(Packaged) 3598 7104 w
(Information) 4011 7104 w
(Management) 4519 7104 w
(System," Bell System Technical J. 52 \(December 1973\), pp. 1743\2551763.) 970 7224 w
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(\255 21 \255) 2772 480 w
(63.) 720 840 w
(Reference 31, page 200.) 970 840 w
(64.) 720 996 w
(C.) 970 996 w
(E.) 1107 996 w
(Shannon,) 1238 996 w
("A) 1658 996 w
(Mathematical) 1817 996 w
(Theory) 2412 996 w
(of) 2746 996 w
(Communication.) 2875 996 w
(Bell) 3591 996 w
(System) 3804 996 w
(Technical) 4145 996 w
(J.) 4584 996 w
(27) 4694 996 w
(\(July) 4840 996 w
(1948\), pp. 379\255423 and \(October 1948\), pp. 623\255656. \(See esp. p.380.\)) 970 1116 w
(65.) 720 1272 w
(R.) 970 1272 w
(W.) 1094 1272 w
(Hamming,) 1245 1272 w
("Error) 1702 1272 w
(Detecting) 1985 1272 w
(and) 2405 1272 w
(Error) 2582 1272 w
(Correcting) 2825 1272 w
(Codes,) 3285 1272 w
(Beg) 3593 1272 w
(System) 3787 1272 w
(Technical) 4115 1272 w
(J.) 4541 1272 w
(29) 4663 1272 w
(\(April) 4796 1272 w
(1950\), pp. 147\255160.) 970 1392 w
(66a.) 720 1548 w
(G.) 970 1548 w
(H.) 1120 1548 w
(Mealy,) 1270 1548 w
("A) 1603 1548 w
(Method) 1769 1548 w
(for) 2133 1548 w
(Synthesizing) 2302 1548 w
(Sequential) 2873 1548 w
(Circuits,") 3349 1548 w
(Beg) 3786 1548 w
(System) 4001 1548 w
(Technical) 4350 1548 w
(J.) 4797 1548 w
(34) 4940 1548 w
(\(September 1955\), pp. 1045\2551079.) 970 1668 w
(66b.) 720 1824 w
(E.) 970 1824 w
(F.) 1098 1824 w
(Moore,) 1221 1824 w
("Gedanken) 1554 1824 w
(Experiments) 2041 1824 w
(on) 2588 1824 w
(Sequential) 2730 1824 w
(Machines,") 3194 1824 w
(in) 3690 1824 w
(Automata) 3810 1824 w
(Studies) 4247 1824 w
(\(eds.) 4585 1824 w
(C.) 4819 1824 w
(E.) 4954 1824 w
(Shannon and J. McCarthy\), Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1956, pp. 129\255153.) 970 1944 w
(67.) 720 2100 w
(A.) 970 2100 w
(V.) 1100 2100 w
(Aho) 1231 2100 w
(and) 1437 2100 w
(J.) 1615 2100 w
(D.) 1713 2100 w
(Ullman,) 1844 2100 w
(The) 2203 2100 w
(Theory) 2392 2100 w
(of) 2714 2100 w
(Parsing,) 2831 2100 w
(Translation) 3190 2100 w
(and) 3679 2100 w
(Compiling,) 3857 2100 w
(2) 4345 2100 w
(vols.,) 4429 2100 w
(Prentice\255) 4680 2100 w
(Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ., 1972 and 1973.) 970 2220 w
(68.) 720 2376 w
(A.) 970 2376 w
(V.) 1109 2376 w
(Aho,) 1249 2376 w
(S.) 1489 2376 w
(C.) 1613 2376 w
(Johnson,) 1748 2376 w
(and) 2144 2376 w
(J.) 2331 2376 w
(D.) 2438 2376 w
(Ullman,) 2578 2376 w
("Deterministic) 2946 2376 w
(Parsing) 3574 2376 w
(of) 3917 2376 w
(Ambiguous) 4043 2376 w
(Grammars,") 4553 2376 w
(Communications of the ACM 18 \(August 1975\), pp. 441\255458.) 970 2496 w
(69.) 720 2652 w
(S.) 970 2652 w
(C.) 1078 2652 w
(Johnson,) 1197 2652 w
("YACC:) 1577 2652 w
(Yet) 1951 2652 w
(Another) 2122 2652 w
(Compiler) 2477 2652 w
(Compiler,") 2883 2652 w
(Computing) 3355 2652 w
(Science) 3834 2652 w
(Technical) 4172 2652 w
(Report) 4593 2652 w
(No.) 4893 2652 w
(32, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J., July 1975.) 970 2772 w
(70.) 720 2928 w
(R.) 970 2928 w
(Sethi) 1089 2928 w
(and) 1322 2928 w
(J.) 1493 2928 w
(D.) 1584 2928 w
(Ullman,) 1708 2928 w
("The) 2060 2928 w
(Generation) 2283 2928 w
(of) 2753 2928 w
(Optimal) 2863 2928 w
(Code) 3218 2928 w
(for) 3456 2928 w
(Arithmetic) 3599 2928 w
(Expressions,") 4059 2928 w
(Journal) 4635 2928 w
(of) 4957 2928 w
(the ACM 17 \(October 1970\), pp. 715\255728.) 970 3048 w
(71.) 720 3204 w
(S.) 970 3204 w
(G.) 1094 3204 w
(Wasilew,) 1234 3204 w
("A) 1651 3204 w
(Compiler) 1807 3204 w
(Writing) 2228 3204 w
(System) 2582 3204 w
(with) 2921 3204 w
(Optimization) 3143 3204 w
(Capabilities) 3715 3204 w
(for) 4237 3204 w
(Complex) 4397 3204 w
(Order) 4808 3204 w
(Structures," Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 1971.) 970 3324 w
(72.) 720 3480 w
(A.) 970 3480 w
(V.) 1098 3480 w
(Aho) 1226 3480 w
(and) 1429 3480 w
(S.) 1604 3480 w
(C.) 1716 3480 w
(Johnson,) 1839 3480 w
("Optimal) 2223 3480 w
(Code) 2623 3480 w
(Generation) 2865 3480 w
(for) 3340 3480 w
(Expression) 3488 3480 w
(Trees,") 3964 3480 w
(Proceedings) 4283 3480 w
(of) 4803 3480 w
(the) 4918 3480 w
(7th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, May 1975, pp.) 970 3600 w
(207\255217.) 3879 3600 w
(73.) 720 3756 w
(M.) 970 3756 w
(S.) 1119 3756 w
(Hecht) 1235 3756 w
(and) 1508 3756 w
(J.) 1687 3756 w
(D.) 1786 3756 w
(Ullman,) 1918 3756 w
("Analysis) 2278 3756 w
(of) 2704 3756 w
(a) 2822 3756 w
(Simple) 2901 3756 w
(Algorithm) 3220 3756 w
(for) 3672 3756 w
(Global) 3823 3756 w
(Data) 4130 3756 w
(Flow) 4354 3756 w
(Problems,") 4596 3756 w
(Proceedings) 970 3876 w
(of) 1490 3876 w
(the) 1605 3876 w
(ACM) 1759 3876 w
(Symposium) 2019 3876 w
(on) 2530 3876 w
(Principles) 2662 3876 w
(of) 3094 3876 w
(Programming) 3209 3876 w
(Languages.) 3791 3876 w
(October) 4305 3876 w
(1973,) 4658 3876 w
(pp.) 4915 3876 w
(207\255217. \(See esp. p.207.\)) 970 3996 w
(74a.) 720 4152 w
(J.) 970 4152 w
(F.) 1068 4152 w
(Traub,) 1183 4152 w
(Iterative) 1480 4152 w
(Methods) 1846 4152 w
(for) 2230 4152 w
(the) 2380 4152 w
(Solution) 2536 4152 w
(of) 2910 4152 w
(Equations,) 3027 4152 w
(Prentice\255Hall,) 3486 4152 w
(Englewood) 4077 4152 w
(Cliffs,) 4566 4152 w
(N.J.,) 4854 4152 w
(1964.) 970 4272 w
(74b.) 720 4428 w
(R. W. Hamming, "Numerical Analysis vs. Mathematics," Science 148 \(April 1965\), pp.) 970 4428 w
(473\255475.) 4526 4428 w
(75.) 720 4584 w
(J.) 970 4584 w
(W.) 1061 4584 w
(Tukey,) 1207 4584 w
("The) 1514 4584 w
(Future) 1737 4584 w
(of) 2025 4584 w
(Data) 2135 4584 w
(Analysis,") 2350 4584 w
(Annals) 2793 4584 w
(of) 3103 4584 w
(Mathematical) 3213 4584 w
(Statistics) 3790 4584 w
(33) 4180 4584 w
(\(March) 4308 4584 w
(1962\),) 4629 4584 w
(pp.) 4915 4584 w
(1\25567.) 970 4704 w
(76a.) 720 4860 w
(J.) 970 4860 w
(D.) 1065 4860 w
(Gabbe,) 1193 4860 w
(M.) 1509 4860 w
(B.) 1654 4860 w
(Wilk,) 1777 4860 w
(and) 2033 4860 w
(W.) 2208 4860 w
(L.) 2358 4860 w
(Brown,) 2475 4860 w
("Statistical) 2803 4860 w
(Analysis) 3271 4860 w
(and) 3653 4860 w
(Modeling) 3829 4860 w
(of) 4250 4860 w
(the) 4365 4860 w
(High\255Energy) 4519 4860 w
(Proton) 970 4980 w
(Data) 1266 4980 w
(from) 1483 4980 w
(the) 1706 4980 w
(Telstar\256) 1857 4980 w
(I) 2239 4980 w
(Satellite,") 2301 4980 w
(Beg) 2724 4980 w
(System) 2914 4980 w
(Technical) 3238 4980 w
(J.) 3660 4980 w
(46) 3752 4980 w
(\(September) 3880 4980 w
(1967\),) 4368 4980 w
(pp.) 4654 4980 w
(1301\255) 4807 4980 w
(1450.) 970 5100 w
(76b.) 720 5256 w
(J.) 970 5256 w
(M.) 1064 5256 w
(Chambers,) 1208 5256 w
("A) 1668 5256 w
(Statistical) 1811 5256 w
(Data) 2236 5256 w
(Language,") 2454 5256 w
(in) 2943 5256 w
(Statistical) 3051 5256 w
(Computation) 3476 5256 w
(\(eds.) 4029 5256 w
(R.) 4250 5256 w
(Milton) 4372 5256 w
(and) 4675 5256 w
(J.) 4849 5256 w
(A.) 4943 5256 w
(Nelder\), Academic Press, New York, 1969, pp. 179\255199.) 970 5376 w
(77a.) 720 5532 w
(M.) 970 5532 w
(B.) 1116 5532 w
(Wilk) 1240 5532 w
(and) 1472 5532 w
(R.) 1649 5532 w
(Gnanadesikan,) 1774 5532 w
("Probability) 2397 5532 w
(Plotting) 2916 5532 w
(Methods) 3267 5532 w
(for) 3650 5532 w
(the) 3799 5532 w
(Analysis) 3954 5532 w
(of) 4337 5532 w
(Data,") 4453 5532 w
(Biome\255) 4740 5532 w
(trika 55 \(March 1968\), pp. 1\25517.) 970 5652 w
(77b.) 720 5808 w
(P. B. Denes, "Computer Graphics in Color," Beg Laboratories Record 52 \(May 1974\), pp.) 970 5808 w
(139\255146.) 4617 5808 w
(78a.) 720 5964 w
(D.) 970 5964 w
(L.) 1100 5964 w
(Dietmeyer,) 1219 5964 w
(G.) 1699 5964 w
(Gordon,) 1830 5964 w
(J.) 2194 5964 w
(P.) 2292 5964 w
(Runyon,) 2407 5964 w
(and) 2783 5964 w
(B.) 2961 5964 w
(A.) 3087 5964 w
(Tague,) 3218 5964 w
("An) 3526 5964 w
(Interpretive) 3723 5964 w
(Simulation) 4222 5964 w
(Program) 4696 5964 w
(for) 970 6084 w
(Estimating) 1152 6084 w
(Occupancy) 1652 6084 w
(and) 2166 6084 w
(Delay) 2376 6084 w
(in) 2680 6084 w
(Traffic\255Handling) 2823 6084 w
(Systems) 3569 6084 w
(Which) 3968 6084 w
(Are) 4299 6084 w
(Incompletely) 4513 6084 w
(Detailed," AIEE Conference Paper 60\2551090, Pacific General Meeting, August 1960 \(unpublished\).) 970 6204 w
(78b.) 720 6360 w
(R. F. Grantges) 970 6360 w
(and) 1579 6360 w
(N.) 1749 6360 w
(R.) 1872 6360 w
(Sinowitz,) 1990 6360 w
("NEASIM:) 2397 6360 w
(A) 2875 6360 w
(General) 2973 6360 w
(Purpose) 3314 6360 w
(Computer) 3662 6360 w
(Simulation) 4088 6360 w
(Program) 4554 6360 w
(for) 4924 6360 w
(Load\255Loss) 970 6480 w
(Analysis) 1428 6480 w
(of) 1808 6480 w
(Multistage) 1921 6480 w
(Central) 2379 6480 w
(Office) 2703 6480 w
(Switching) 2987 6480 w
(Networks,") 3423 6480 w
(Beg) 3907 6480 w
(System) 4098 6480 w
(Technical) 4423 6480 w
(J.) 4846 6480 w
(43) 4940 6480 w
(\(May 1964\), pp. 965\2551004.) 970 6600 w
(79.) 720 6756 w
(J.) 970 6756 w
(W.) 1075 6756 w
(Cooley) 1235 6756 w
(and) 1565 6756 w
(J.) 1750 6756 w
(W.) 1855 6756 w
(Tukey,) 2015 6756 w
("An) 2336 6756 w
(Algorithm) 2540 6756 w
(for) 2998 6756 w
(the) 3155 6756 w
(Machine) 3318 6756 w
(Calculation) 3709 6756 w
(of) 4212 6756 w
(Complex) 4337 6756 w
(Fourier) 4746 6756 w
(Series," Mathematics of Computation 19 \(April 1965\), pp.297\255301.) 970 6876 w
(80.) 720 7032 w
(C.) 970 7032 w
(Bingham,) 1088 7032 w
(M.) 1506 7032 w
(D.) 1646 7032 w
(Godfrey,) 1769 7032 w
(and) 2152 7032 w
(J.) 2323 7032 w
(W.) 2414 7032 w
(Tukey,) 2560 7032 w
("Modern) 2867 7032 w
(Techniques) 3251 7032 w
(of) 3738 7032 w
(Power) 3848 7032 w
(Spectrum) 4130 7032 w
(Estimation,") 4540 7032 w
(IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics AU\25515 \(June 1967\), pp. 5666.) 970 7152 w
(81.) 720 7308 w
(J.) 970 7308 w
(W.) 1067 7308 w
(Cooley,) 1219 7308 w
(P.) 1566 7308 w
(A.) 1680 7308 w
(W.) 1810 7308 w
(Lewis,) 1962 7308 w
(and) 2264 7308 w
(P.) 2441 7308 w
(D.) 2555 7308 w
(Welch,) 2685 7308 w
("Historical) 3003 7308 w
(Notes) 3471 7308 w
(on) 3737 7308 w
(the) 3870 7308 w
(Fast) 4025 7308 w
(Fourier) 4225 7308 w
(Transform,") 4553 7308 w
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(\255 22 \255) 2772 480 w
(Proceedings of the IEEE 55 \(October 1967\), pp.1675\2551677.) 970 840 w
(82.) 720 996 w
(G.) 970 996 w
(D.) 1101 996 w
(Bergland) 1232 996 w
(and) 1632 996 w
(R.) 1810 996 w
(Klahn,) 1936 996 w
("Digital) 2239 996 w
(Processor) 2592 996 w
(for) 3014 996 w
(Calculating) 3164 996 w
(Fourier) 3659 996 w
(Coefficients,") 3988 996 w
(U.S.) 4577 996 w
(Patent) 4790 996 w
(No. 3,544,775, filed December 1966, issued December 1970.) 970 1116 w
(83.) 720 1272 w
(R.) 970 1272 w
(R.) 1091 1272 w
(Shively,) 1212 1272 w
("A) 1573 1272 w
(Digital) 1716 1272 w
(Processor) 2024 1272 w
(to) 2442 1272 w
(Generate) 2550 1272 w
(Spectra) 2939 1272 w
(in) 3268 1272 w
(Real) 3376 1272 w
(Time,") 3589 1272 w
(IEEE) 3896 1272 w
(Transactions) 4142 1272 w
(on) 4682 1272 w
(Com\255) 4812 1272 w
(puters C\25517 \(May 1968\), pp. 485\255491.) 970 1392 w
(84.) 720 1548 w
(G.) 970 1548 w
(D.) 1094 1548 w
(Bergland) 1218 1548 w
(and) 1611 1548 w
(D.) 1782 1548 w
(E.) 1906 1548 w
(Wilson,) 2019 1548 w
("A) 2361 1548 w
(Fast) 2502 1548 w
(Fourier) 2697 1548 w
(Transform) 3019 1548 w
(Algorithm) 3468 1548 w
(for) 3913 1548 w
(a) 4057 1548 w
(Global) 4129 1548 w
(Highly) 4429 1548 w
(Parallel) 4735 1548 w
(Processor," IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics AU\25517 \(June 1969\), pp. 125\255127.) 970 1668 w
(85.) 720 1824 w
(W.) 970 1824 w
(S.) 1126 1824 w
(Brown,) 1244 1824 w
(J.) 1578 1824 w
(P.) 1679 1824 w
(Hyde,) 1797 1824 w
(and) 2075 1824 w
(B.) 2256 1824 w
(A.) 2385 1824 w
(Tague) 2519 1824 w
("The) 2805 1824 w
(ALPAK) 3038 1824 w
(System) 3408 1824 w
(for) 3740 1824 w
(Nonnumerical) 3893 1824 w
(Algebra) 4501 1824 w
(on) 4859 1824 w
(a) 4996 1824 w
(Digital) 970 1944 w
(Computer,") 1285 1944 w
(Bell) 1788 1944 w
(System) 1992 1944 w
(Technical) 2324 1944 w
(J.42,) 2753 1944 w
(pp.) 2978 1944 w
(2081\2552119,) 3139 1944 w
(September) 3633 1944 w
(1963;) 4096 1944 w
(43,) 4360 1944 w
(pp.) 4521 1944 w
(785\255804,) 4682 1944 w
(March 1964; 43, pp. 1547\2551562, July 1964.) 970 2064 w
(86.) 720 2220 w
(W.) 970 2220 w
(S.) 1124 2220 w
(Brown,) 1240 2220 w
("A) 1572 2220 w
(Language) 1720 2220 w
(and) 2148 2220 w
(System) 2327 2220 w
(for) 2657 2220 w
(Symbolic) 2808 2220 w
(Algebra,") 3227 2220 w
(System) 3649 2220 w
(Analysis) 3979 2220 w
(by) 4364 2220 w
(Digital) 4499 2220 w
(Com\255) 4812 2220 w
(puter \(eds. F. F. Kuo and J. F. Kaiser\), John Wiley, New York, 1966, pp. 349\255369.) 970 2340 w
(87.) 720 2496 w
(A.) 970 2496 w
(D.) 1093 2496 w
(Hall,) 1216 2496 w
("The) 1440 2496 w
(ALTRAN) 1663 2496 w
(System) 2095 2496 w
(for) 2417 2496 w
(Rational) 2560 2496 w
(Function) 2926 2496 w
(Manipulation\255A) 3309 2496 w
(Survey,") 3980 2496 w
(Communications) 4356 2496 w
(of the ACM 14 \(August 1971\), pp. 517\255521.) 970 2616 w
(88.) 720 2772 w
(S.) 970 2772 w
(I.) 1077 2772 w
(Feldman) 1161 2772 w
(and) 1537 2772 w
(J.) 1707 2772 w
(Ho,) 1797 2772 w
("A) 1970 2772 w
(Rational) 2110 2772 w
(Expression) 2476 2772 w
(Evaluation) 2947 2772 w
(Package,") 3407 2772 w
(Computing) 3832 2772 w
(Science) 4310 2772 w
(Technical) 4647 2772 w
(Report No. 34, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J., September 1975.) 970 2892 w
(89a.) 720 3048 w
(W.) 970 3048 w
(S.) 1120 3048 w
(Brown,) 1232 3048 w
("On) 1560 3048 w
(Euclid's) 1754 3048 w
(Algorithm) 2118 3048 w
(and) 2566 3048 w
(the) 2742 3048 w
(Computation) 2896 3048 w
(of) 3451 3048 w
(Polynomial) 3566 3048 w
(Greatest) 4060 3048 w
(Common) 4424 3048 w
(Divi\255) 4829 3048 w
(sors," Journal of the ACM 18 \(October 1971\), pp. 478\255504.) 970 3168 w
(89b.) 720 3324 w
(W.) 970 3324 w
(S.) 1125 3324 w
(Brown) 1242 3324 w
(and) 1550 3324 w
(J.) 1730 3324 w
(F.) 1830 3324 w
(Traub,) 1947 3324 w
("On) 2246 3324 w
(Euclid's) 2446 3324 w
(Algorithm) 2816 3324 w
(and) 3270 3324 w
(the) 3451 3324 w
(Theory) 3610 3324 w
(of) 3935 3324 w
(Subresultants,") 4055 3324 w
(J.) 4697 3324 w
(of) 4798 3324 w
(the) 4918 3324 w
(ACM 18 \(October 1971\), pp. 505\255514.) 970 3444 w
(90.) 720 3600 w
(E.) 970 3600 w
(R.) 1083 3600 w
(Berlekamp,) 1202 3600 w
("Factoring) 1692 3600 w
(Polynomials) 2143 3600 w
(over) 2671 3600 w
(Large) 2875 3600 w
(Finite) 3134 3600 w
(Fields,") 3395 3600 w
(Mathematics) 3734 3600 w
(of) 4278 3600 w
(Computation) 4389 3600 w
(24) 4940 3600 w
(\(July 1970\), pp. 713\255735.) 970 3720 w
(91.) 720 3876 w
(J.) 970 3876 w
(B.) 1064 3876 w
(Kruskal,) 1186 3876 w
("On) 1557 3876 w
(the) 1750 3876 w
(Shortest) 1902 3876 w
(Spanning) 2260 3876 w
(Subtree) 2669 3876 w
(of) 3005 3876 w
(a) 3119 3876 w
(Graph) 3194 3876 w
(and) 3474 3876 w
(the) 3649 3876 w
(Traveling) 3802 3876 w
(Salesman) 4221 3876 w
(Problem,") 4635 3876 w
(Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 7 \(February 1956\), pp. 48\25550.) 970 3996 w
(92.) 720 4152 w
(R.) 970 4152 w
(C.) 1094 4152 w
(Prim,) 1218 4152 w
("Shortest) 1470 4152 w
(Connection) 1871 4152 w
(Networks) 2364 4152 w
(and) 2784 4152 w
(Some) 2961 4152 w
(Generalizations,") 3222 4152 w
(Bell) 3947 4152 w
(System) 4147 4152 w
(Technical) 4475 4152 w
(J36) 4901 4152 w
(\(November 1957\), pp. 1389\2551401.) 970 4272 w
(93.) 720 4428 w
(M.) 970 4428 w
(D.) 1125 4428 w
(McIlroy) 1263 4428 w
("Algorithm) 1631 4428 w
(354:) 2130 4428 w
(Generator) 2349 4428 w
(of) 2788 4428 w
(Spanning) 2912 4428 w
(Trees,") 3331 4428 w
(Communications) 3659 4428 w
(of) 4384 4428 w
(the) 4508 4428 w
(ACM) 4671 4428 w
(12) 4940 4428 w
(\(September 1969\), p. 511.) 970 4548 w
(94.) 720 4704 w
(S.) 970 4704 w
(Lin) 1087 4704 w
(and) 1262 4704 w
(B.) 1442 4704 w
(W.) 1570 4704 w
(Kernighan,) 1725 4704 w
("An) 2207 4704 w
(Effective) 2406 4704 w
(Heuristic) 2807 4704 w
(Algorithm) 3209 4704 w
(for) 3662 4704 w
(the) 3814 4704 w
(Traveling) 3973 4704 w
(Salesman) 4398 4704 w
(Prob\255) 4818 4704 w
(lem," Operations Research 21 \(March/April 1973\), pp. 498\255516.) 970 4824 w
(95.) 720 4980 w
(R.) 970 4980 w
(L.) 1111 4980 w
(Graham,) 1246 4980 w
("Bounds) 1641 4980 w
(for) 2037 4980 w
(Certain) 2203 4980 w
(Multiprocessing) 2547 4980 w
(Anomalies,") 3247 4980 w
(Bell) 3796 4980 w
(System) 4013 4980 w
(Technical) 4358 4980 w
(J.) 4801 4980 w
(45) 4940 4980 w
(\(November 1966\), pp. 1563\2551581.) 970 5100 w
(96.) 720 5256 w
(D.) 970 5256 w
(S.) 1095 5256 w
(Johnson,) 1204 5256 w
(A.) 1585 5256 w
(Demers,) 1710 5256 w
(J.) 2073 5256 w
(D.) 2165 5256 w
(Ullman,) 2291 5256 w
(M.) 2645 5256 w
(R.) 2788 5256 w
(Garey,) 2909 5256 w
(and) 3206 5256 w
(R.) 3379 5256 w
(L.) 3500 5256 w
(Graham,) 3615 5256 w
("Worst\255Case) 3990 5256 w
(Performance) 4531 5256 w
(Bounds) 970 5376 w
(for) 1305 5376 w
(Simple) 1450 5376 w
(One\255Dimensional) 1763 5376 w
(Packing) 2502 5376 w
(Algorithms,") 2853 5376 w
(SIAM) 3404 5376 w
(Journal) 3683 5376 w
(on) 4006 5376 w
(Computing) 4135 5376 w
(3) 4614 5376 w
(\(Decem\255) 4692 5376 w
(ber 1974\), pp. 299\255325.) 970 5496 w
(97a.) 720 5652 w
(Hao) 970 5652 w
(Wang,) 1172 5652 w
("Proving) 1471 5652 w
(Theorems) 1865 5652 w
(by) 2300 5652 w
(Pattern) 2437 5652 w
(Recognition,) 2757 5652 w
(I,") 3308 5652 w
(Communications) 3444 5652 w
(of) 4165 5652 w
(the) 4285 5652 w
(ACM) 4444 5652 w
(3) 4709 5652 w
(\(April) 4796 5652 w
(1960\), pp. 220\255234.) 970 5772 w
(97b.) 720 5928 w
(A. N. Whitehead and B. Russell, Principia Mathematica, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1927.) 970 5928 w
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(\255 23 \255) 2772 480 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(Index of Authors and Researchers) 2150 960 w
(Name) 720 1176 w
(Section\(s\)) 1781 1176 w
(Ref\(s\)) 2356 1176 w
10 /S f
(_) 720 1196 w
(__________________________________________) 739 1196 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Aho, Alfred V.) 720 1316 w
(12) 1781 1316 w
(67,68,72) 2356 1316 w
(Aiken, Howard H.) 720 1436 w
(5.6) 1781 1436 w
(22,23) 2356 1436 w
(Alt, Franz L.) 720 1556 w
(5.3) 1781 1556 w
(16) 2356 1556 w
(Amsler, Jacob) 720 1676 w
(4) 1781 1676 w
(8) 2356 1676 w
(Andrews, Ernest G.) 720 1796 w
(5.1,5.2,5.4) 1781 1796 w
(13,15,17) 2356 1796 w
(Baldwin, George L.) 720 1916 w
(8) 1781 1916 w
(Bardeen, John) 720 2036 w
(6) 1781 2036 w
(Barton, Marshall E.) 720 2156 w
(9) 1781 2156 w
(35) 2356 2156 w
(Bergland, G. David) 720 2276 w
(12) 1781 2276 w
(82,84) 2356 2276 w
(Berlekamp, Elwyn R.) 720 2396 w
(12) 1781 2396 w
(90) 2356 2396 w
(Bingham, Christopher) 720 2516 w
(12) 1781 2516 w
(80) 2356 2516 w
(Black, Harold S.) 720 2636 w
(3) 1781 2636 w
(5) 2356 2636 w
(Bode, Hendrik W.) 720 2756 w
(3) 1781 2756 w
(5) 2356 2756 w
(Brattain, Walter H.) 720 2876 w
(6) 1781 2876 w
(Breithaupt, Allan R.) 720 2996 w
(10) 1781 2996 w
(50) 2356 2996 w
(Brown, W. Stanley) 720 3116 w
(11,12) 1781 3116 w
(58,85\25587,89) 2356 3116 w
(Brown, Walter L.) 720 3236 w
(11,12) 1781 3236 w
(52,76) 2356 3236 w
(Bush, Vannevar) 720 3356 w
(4) 1781 3356 w
(Canaday, Rudd H.) 720 3476 w
(8) 1781 3476 w
(32) 2356 3476 w
(Chambers, John M.) 720 3596 w
(12) 1781 3596 w
(76) 2356 3596 w
(Christensen, Carl) 720 3716 w
(9,11) 1781 3716 w
(39,56,57) 2356 3716 w
(Cooley, James W.) 720 3836 w
(12) 1781 3836 w
(79,81) 2356 3836 w
(Corbato, Fernando J.) 720 3956 w
(8) 1781 3956 w
(29,30) 2356 3956 w
(Currie, Allan A.) 720 4076 w
(4) 1781 4076 w
(12) 2356 4076 w
(Daggett, M. M.) 720 4196 w
(8) 1781 4196 w
(29) 2356 4196 w
(Daley, Robert C.) 720 4316 w
(8) 1781 4316 w
(29) 2356 4316 w
(Demers, Alan) 720 4436 w
(12) 1781 4436 w
(96) 2356 4436 w
(Denes, Peter B.) 720 4556 w
(12) 1781 4556 w
(77) 2356 4556 w
(Dickman, Bernard N.) 720 4676 w
(9) 1781 4676 w
(36) 2356 4676 w
(Dietmeyer, Donald L.) 720 4796 w
(12) 1781 4796 w
(78) 2356 4796 w
(Dietzold, Robert L.) 720 4916 w
(4) 1781 4916 w
(10) 2356 4916 w
(Dimond, Thomas L.) 720 5036 w
(5.4) 1781 5036 w
(18) 2356 5036 w
(Dixon, John T.) 720 5156 w
(2) 1781 5156 w
(2) 2356 5156 w
(Drummond, Ronald E.) 720 5276 w
(8) 1781 5276 w
(Dunn, Hugh K.) 720 5396 w
(2) 1781 5396 w
(Eastwood, Douglas E.) 720 5516 w
(9) 1781 5516 w
(33) 2356 5516 w
(Eckert, J. Presper) 720 5636 w
(5.6) 1781 5636 w
(24) 2356 5636 w
(Farber, David J.) 720 5756 w
(9) 1781 5756 w
(41) 2356 5756 w
(Farmer, Wayne D.) 720 5876 w
(10) 1781 5876 w
(47) 2356 5876 w
(Feldman, Stuart I.) 720 5996 w
(12) 1781 5996 w
(87,88) 2356 5996 w
(Fraser, Alexander G.) 720 6116 w
(10) 1781 6116 w
(49) 2356 6116 w
(Frost, George R.) 720 6236 w
(5.5) 1781 6236 w
(20) 2356 6236 w
(Gabbe, John D.) 720 6356 w
(11,12) 1781 6356 w
(52,76) 2356 6356 w
(Garey, Michael R.) 720 6476 w
(12) 1781 6476 w
(96) 2356 6476 w
(Gibson, Thomas A.) 720 6596 w
(11) 1781 6596 w
(61) 2356 6596 w
(Gnanadesikan, R.) 720 6716 w
(12) 1781 6716 w
(77) 2356 6716 w
(Godfrey, Michael D.) 720 6836 w
(12) 1781 6836 w
(80) 2356 6836 w
(Goldstine, Adele) 720 6956 w
(5.6) 1781 6956 w
(24) 2356 6956 w
(Goldstine, Herman H.) 720 7076 w
(5.6) 1781 7076 w
(24) 2356 7076 w
(Gordon, Geoffrey) 720 7196 w
(12) 1781 7196 w
(78) 2356 7196 w
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(\255 24 \255) 2772 480 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(Name) 720 900 w
(Section\(s\)) 1857 900 w
(Ref\(s\)) 2412 900 w
10 /S f
(_) 720 920 w
(___________________________________________) 737 920 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Graham, Ronald L.) 720 1040 w
(12) 1857 1040 w
(95,96) 2412 1040 w
(Grampp, Frederick T.) 720 1160 w
(8) 1857 1160 w
(Grantges, Richard F.) 720 1280 w
(12) 1857 1280 w
(78) 2412 1280 w
(Griswold, Ralph E.) 720 1400 w
(9) 1857 1400 w
(41\25543) 2412 1400 w
(Hall, Andrew D.) 720 1520 w
(9,12) 1857 1520 w
(44,87) 2412 1520 w
(Hamming, Richard W.) 720 1640 w
(4,7,12) 1857 1640 w
(65,74) 2412 1640 w
(Hecht, Matthew S.) 720 1760 w
(12) 1857 1760 w
(73) 2412 1760 w
(Heindel, Lee E.) 720 1880 w
(11) 1857 1880 w
(62) 2412 1880 w
(Hersey, Ralph E.) 720 2000 w
(12) 1857 2000 w
(Ho, Julia) 720 2120 w
(12) 1857 2120 w
(88) 2412 2120 w
(Holbrook, Bernard D.) 720 2240 w
(2) 1857 2240 w
(2) 2412 2240 w
(Holden, William H. T.) 720 2360 w
(6) 1857 2360 w
(25) 2412 2360 w
(Horton, Arthur W., Jr.) 720 2480 w
(6) 1857 2480 w
(26) 2412 2480 w
(Hyde, John P.) 720 2600 w
(12) 1857 2600 w
(85) 2412 2600 w
(Johnson, David S.) 720 2720 w
(12) 1857 2720 w
(96) 2412 2720 w
(Johnson, Stephen C.) 720 2840 w
(12) 1857 2840 w
(68,69,72,87) 2412 2840 w
(Kaiser, James F.) 720 2960 w
(11) 1857 2960 w
(51) 2412 2960 w
(Keister, William) 720 3080 w
(5.5) 1857 3080 w
(20) 2412 3080 w
(Kelly, John L. ,Jr.) 720 3200 w
(9) 1857 3200 w
(37) 2412 3200 w
(Kelvin, Lord) 720 3320 w
(4) 1857 3320 w
(9) 2412 3320 w
(Kennedy, Robert A.) 720 3440 w
(11) 1857 3440 w
(59) 2412 3440 w
(Kernighan, Brian W.) 720 3560 w
(9,12) 1857 3560 w
(45,94) 2412 3560 w
(Kittredge, Linus E.) 720 3680 w
(2) 1857 3680 w
(1) 2412 3680 w
(Klahn, Richard) 720 3800 w
(12) 1857 3800 w
(82) 2412 3800 w
(Knowlton, Kenneth C.) 720 3920 w
(9,11) 1857 3920 w
(38,55) 2412 3920 w
(Kruskal, Joseph B.) 720 4040 w
(11,12) 1857 4040 w
(91) 2412 4040 w
(Lakatos, Emory) 720 4160 w
(4) 1857 4160 w
(12) 2412 4160 w
(Leagus, Dolores C.) 720 4280 w
(7,12) 1857 4280 w
(28,86) 2412 4280 w
(Lesk, Michael E.) 720 4400 w
(9,11) 1857 4400 w
(45,63) 2412 4400 w
(Lewis, Peter A. W.) 720 4520 w
(12) 1857 4520 w
(81) 2412 4520 w
(Lin, Shen) 720 4640 w
(12) 1857 4640 w
(94) 2412 4640 w
(Lochbaum, Carol C.) 720 4760 w
(9) 1857 4760 w
(37) 2412 4760 w
(Lovell, Clarence A.) 720 4880 w
(2,4) 1857 4880 w
(1,11) 2412 4880 w
(Lowry, W. Kenneth) 720 5000 w
(11) 1857 5000 w
(59) 2412 5000 w
(MacWilliams, Walter H.) 720 5120 w
(6) 1857 5120 w
(27) 2412 5120 w
(Martellotto, Nicholas A.) 720 5240 w
(9,10) 1857 5240 w
(34,50) 2412 5240 w
(Mathews, Max V.) 720 5360 w
(9) 1857 5360 w
(40) 2412 5360 w
(Mauchly, John W.) 720 5480 w
(5.6) 1857 5480 w
(24) 2412 5480 w
(McCarthy, John) 720 5600 w
(12) 1857 5600 w
(66) 2412 5600 w
(McClure, Robert M.) 720 5720 w
(11) 1857 5720 w
(McDonald, Henry S.) 720 5840 w
(8,11) 1857 5840 w
(56) 2412 5840 w
(McIlroy, M. Douglas) 720 5960 w
(9,12) 1857 5960 w
(33,93) 2412 5960 w
(Mealy, George H.) 720 6080 w
(12) 1857 6080 w
(66) 2412 6080 w
(Mercner, Raymond O.) 720 6200 w
(4) 1857 6200 w
(10) 2412 6200 w
(Michelson, Albert A.) 720 6320 w
(4) 1857 6320 w
(10) 2412 6320 w
(Molina, Edward C.) 720 6440 w
(3,12) 1857 6440 w
(6) 2412 6440 w
(Moore, Edward F.) 720 6560 w
(12) 1857 6560 w
(66) 2412 6560 w
(Morgan, Samuel P.) 720 6680 w
(8,11) 1857 6680 w
(31,63) 2412 6680 w
(Newhall, Edwin E.) 720 6800 w
(10) 1857 6800 w
(47) 2412 6800 w
(Ninke, William H.) 720 6920 w
(11) 1857 6920 w
(56,57) 2412 6920 w
(Noll, A. Michael) 720 7040 w
(11) 1857 7040 w
(54) 2412 7040 w
(Oehring, Hans) 720 7160 w
(9) 1857 7160 w
(34) 2412 7160 w
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(\255 25 \255) 2772 480 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(Name) 720 900 w
(Section\(s\)) 1736 900 w
(Ref\(s\)) 2291 900 w
10 /S f
(_) 720 920 w
(___________________________________________) 741 920 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Ossanna, Joseph F.) 720 1040 w
(1 l) 1736 1040 w
(Parkinson, David B.) 720 1160 w
(4) 1736 1160 w
(11) 2291 1160 w
(Paull, Marvin C.) 720 1280 w
(9) 1736 1280 w
(34) 2291 1280 w
(Pease, Clement F.) 720 1400 w
(11) 1736 1400 w
(Pierce, John R.) 720 1520 w
(10) 1736 1520 w
(48) 2291 1520 w
(Pinson, Elliot N.) 720 1640 w
(9,11) 1736 1640 w
(39,57) 2291 1640 w
(Poage, James F.) 720 1760 w
(9) 1736 1760 w
(42) 2291 1760 w
(Polonsky, Ivan P.) 720 1880 w
(9) 1736 1880 w
(41,42) 2291 1880 w
(Prim, Robert C.) 720 2000 w
(12) 1736 2000 w
(92) 2291 2000 w
(Puerling, Bruce W.) 720 2120 w
(11) 1736 2120 w
(61) 2291 2120 w
(Randell, Brian) 720 2240 w
(5.6) 1736 2240 w
(21) 2291 2240 w
(Ritchie, Alistair E.) 720 2360 w
(5.5) 1736 2360 w
(20) 2291 2360 w
(Ritchie, Dennis M.) 720 2480 w
(8,9,12) 1736 2480 w
(32,45,87) 2291 2480 w
(Roberto, Jerry T.) 720 2600 w
(1 1) 1736 2600 w
(61,62) 2291 2600 w
(Runyon, John P.) 720 2720 w
(12) 1736 2720 w
(78) 2291 2720 w
(Russell, Bertrand) 720 2840 w
(12) 1736 2840 w
(97) 2291 2840 w
(Ryder, Barbara G.) 720 2960 w
(9) 1736 2960 w
(44) 2291 2960 w
(Sande, Gordon) 720 3080 w
(12) 1736 3080 w
(80) 2291 3080 w
(Sethi, Ravi) 720 3200 w
(12) 1736 3200 w
(70) 2291 3200 w
(Shannon, Claude E.) 720 3320 w
(3,12) 1736 3320 w
(7,64,66) 2291 3320 w
(Shively, Richard R.) 720 3440 w
(12) 1736 3440 w
(83) 2291 3440 w
(Shockley, William) 720 3560 w
(6) 1736 3560 w
(Sinden, Frank W.) 720 3680 w
(11) 1736 3680 w
(54) 2291 3680 w
(Sinowitz, Norman R.) 720 3800 w
(11,12) 1736 3800 w
(60,78) 2291 3800 w
(Stibitz, George R.) 720 3920 w
(5.1,5.2) 1736 3920 w
(13,15) 2291 3920 w
(Stockhausen, Peter F.) 720 4040 w
(11) 1736 4040 w
(61) 2291 4040 w
(Stoller, Gerald S.) 720 4160 w
(12) 1736 4160 w
(86) 2291 4160 w
(Stratton, Samuel W.) 720 4280 w
(4) 1736 4280 w
(10) 2291 4280 w
(Tague, Berkley A.) 720 4400 w
(12) 1736 4400 w
(78,85) 2291 4400 w
(Taylor, Edmund R.) 720 4520 w
(3) 1736 4520 w
(3) 2291 4520 w
(Thompson, Kenneth) 720 4640 w
(8) 1736 4640 w
(32) 2291 4640 w
(Thomson, William) 720 4760 w
(4) 1736 4760 w
(9) 2291 4760 w
(Traub, Joseph F.) 720 4880 w
(11,12) 1736 4880 w
(58,74,89) 2291 4880 w
(Tukey, John W.) 720 5000 w
(12) 1736 5000 w
(64,75,79,80 .) 2291 5000 w
(Ullman, Jeffrey D.) 720 5120 w
(12) 1736 5120 w
(67,68,70,73,96) 2291 5120 w
(Von Neumann, John) 720 5240 w
(5.6) 1736 5240 w
(Vyssotsky, Victor A.) 720 5360 w
(8,9.12) 1736 5360 w
(30,37,73) 2291 5360 w
(Wang, Hao) 720 5480 w
(12) 1736 5480 w
(97) 2291 5480 w
(Wasilew, Stephen G.) 720 5600 w
(12) 1736 5600 w
(71) 2291 5600 w
(Weiss, Ruth A.) 720 5720 w
(7) 1736 5720 w
(Welch, Peter D.) 720 5840 w
(12) 1736 5840 w
(81) 2291 5840 w
(Whitehead, Alfred N.) 720 5960 w
(12) 1736 5960 w
(97) 2291 5960 w
(Wiener, Norbert) 720 6080 w
(5.1) 1736 6080 w
(Wilk, Martin B.) 720 6200 w
(12) 1736 6200 w
(76,77) 2291 6200 w
(Williams, Samuel B.) 720 6320 w
(5.1, 5.2) 1736 6320 w
(13\25515) 2291 6320 w
(Wilson, Donald E.) 720 6440 w
(12) 1736 6440 w
(84) 2291 6440 w
(Wolontis, V. Michael) 720 6560 w
(7) 1736 6560 w
(28) 2291 6560 w
(Wright, Sumner B.) 720 6680 w
(3) 1736 6680 w
(3) 2291 6680 w
(Zajac, Edward E.) 720 6800 w
(11) 1736 6800 w
(53) 2291 6800 w
(Zuse, Konrad) 720 6920 w
(5.6) 1736 6920 w
(21) 2291 6920 w
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10 /Times-Roman f
(\255 26 \255) 2772 480 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(Index of Events) 2546 960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Date) 720 1176 w
(Section \(s\)) 1417 1176 w
(Ref\(s\)) 1997 1176 w
(Event) 2396 1176 w
10 /S f
(_) 720 1196 w
(_______________________________________________________________________________________) 724 1196 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(Before 1920) 720 1316 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(1854) 720 1436 w
(4) 1417 1436 w
(8) 1997 1436 w
(Polar planimeter invented.) 2396 1436 w
(1876) 720 1556 w
(4) 1417 1556 w
(9) 1997 1556 w
(Ball\255and\255disk integrator used to predict tides.) 2396 1556 w
(1906) 720 1676 w
(3) 1417 1676 w
(6) 1997 1676 w
(Relay translator invented.) 2396 1676 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(The 1920s) 720 1796 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Early 1920s) 720 1916 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(12) 1417 2036 w
(Throwdowns to simulate telephone traffic.) 2396 2036 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Late 1920s) 720 2156 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(1927) 720 2276 w
(3) 1417 2276 w
(5) 1997 2276 w
(Feedback amplifier invented.) 2396 2276 w
(1928) 720 2396 w
(1) 1417 2396 w
(Desk calculators and slide rules used for design calculations.) 2396 2396 w
(2) 1417 2516 w
(Punched\255card equipment used for cost accounting.) 2396 2516 w
(1929) 720 2636 w
(3) 1417 2636 w
(3) 1997 2636 w
(Analog adder invented for radiotelephone control.) 2396 2636 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(The 1930s) 720 2756 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Early 1930s) 720 2876 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(4) 1417 2996 w
(Electrical control added to mechanical analog computers.) 2396 2996 w
(4) 1417 3116 w
(Mechanical analog computers used for gun control.) 2396 3116 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Middle 1930s) 720 3236 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(2) 1417 3356 w
(1) 1997 3356 w
(Punched\255card equipment used for traffic\255congestion problems.) 2396 3356 w
(6) 1417 3476 w
(25) 1997 3476 w
(AND gate invented.) 2396 3476 w
(6) 1417 3596 w
(26) 1997 3596 w
(OR gate invented.) 2396 3596 w
(1936) 720 3716 w
(5.6) 1417 3716 w
(21) 1997 3716 w
(Electrical digital computer proposed by Zuse.) 2396 3716 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Late 1930s) 720 3836 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(1937) 720 3956 w
(3,12) 1417 3956 w
(7) 1997 3956 w
(Boolean algebra used for circuit design.) 2396 3956 w
(4) 1417 4076 w
(10) 1997 4076 w
(Isograph mechanical analog computer developed.) 2396 4076 w
(5.1) 1417 4196 w
(Complex Number Computer conceived.) 2396 4196 w
(1938) 720 4316 w
(2) 1417 4316 w
(2) 1997 4316 w
(Analog adders used to design multi\255channel amplifiers.) 2396 4316 w
(3) 1417 4436 w
(3) 1997 4436 w
(Analog adder used to control radio\255telephone facilities.) 2396 4436 w
(12) 1417 4556 w
(Error\255detecting codes invented.) 2396 4556 w
(1939) 720 4676 w
(5.1) 1417 4676 w
(13) 1997 4676 w
(Complex Number Computer completed; later called the Model 1.) 2396 4676 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(The 1940s) 720 4796 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Early 1940s) 720 4916 w
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(1940) 720 5036 w
(4) 1417 5036 w
(11) 1997 5036 w
(Electrical analog computer invented.) 2396 5036 w
(5.1) 1417 5156 w
(14) 1997 5156 w
(Complex Number Computer demonstrated remotely.) 2396 5156 w
(1942) 720 5276 w
(4) 1417 5276 w
(M\2559 gun director delivered to the Army.) 2396 5276 w
(5.2) 1417 5396 w
(15) 1997 5396 w
(Paper\255tape input introduced in the Model II relay computer.) 2396 5396 w
(12) 1417 5516 w
(Error\255detecting codes introduced in the Model II relay computer.) 2396 5516 w
(1943) 720 5636 w
(5.2) 1417 5636 w
(15) 1997 5636 w
(Model II relay computer placed in service.) 2396 5636 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Middle 1940s) 720 5756 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(5.6) 1417 5876 w
(23) 1997 5876 w
(Mark II electro\255mechanical computer developed by Aiken.) 2396 5876 w
(1944) 720 5996 w
(4) 1417 5996 w
(M\2559 gun director used in Britain.) 2396 5996 w
(5.2) 1417 6116 w
(15) 1997 6116 w
(Model III relay computer placed in service.) 2396 6116 w
(1945) 720 6236 w
(5.2) 1417 6236 w
(16) 1997 6236 w
(Model IV relay computer placed in service.) 2396 6236 w
(5.6) 1417 6356 w
(22) 1997 6356 w
(Mark I electro\255mechanical computer completed by Aiken.) 2396 6356 w
(1946) 720 6476 w
(5.3) 1417 6476 w
(16) 1997 6476 w
(Model V relay computer delivered to the NACA.) 2396 6476 w
(5.6) 1417 6596 w
(24) 1997 6596 w
(ENIAC vacuum\255tube computer completed by Mauchly and Eckert.) 2396 6596 w
(5.6) 1417 6716 w
(Stored\255program computer conceived by Von Neumann.) 2396 6716 w
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10 /Times-Roman f
(\255 27 \255) 2772 480 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(Date) 720 900 w
(Section\(s\)) 1417 900 w
(Ref\(s\)) 1972 900 w
(Event) 2371 900 w
10 /S f
(_) 720 920 w
(______________________________________________________________________________________) 752 920 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Late 1940s) 720 1040 w
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(1947) 720 1160 w
(5.3) 1417 1160 w
(Second Model V relay computer delivered to the BRL.) 2371 1160 w
(6) 1417 1280 w
(Transistor effect discovered.) 2371 1280 w
(1948) 720 1400 w
(5.5) 1417 1400 w
(19) 1972 1400 w
(Relay computer developed for automatic message accounting.) 2371 1400 w
(12) 1417 1520 w
(64) 1972 1520 w
(Shannon's mathematical theory of information.) 2371 1520 w
(12) 1417 1640 w
(64) 1972 1640 w
(Tukey coins the word "bit".) 2371 1640 w
(12) 1417 1760 w
(65) 1972 1760 w
(Error\255correcting codes invented; algebraic coding theory founded.) 2371 1760 w
(1949) 720 1880 w
(4) 1417 1880 w
(12) 1972 1880 w
(General Purpose Analog Computer developed.) 2371 1880 w
(5.1) 1417 2000 w
(Complex Number Computer retired.) 2371 2000 w
(6) 1417 2120 w
(27) 1972 2120 w
(Transistor gating matrix for simulated\255warfare computer.) 2371 2120 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(The 1950s) 720 2240 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(5.5) 1417 2360 w
(Relay computers used for automatic message accounting.) 2371 2360 w
(6) 1417 2480 w
(Transistor computers developed for the armed forces.) 2371 2480 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Early 1950s) 720 2600 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(5.5) 1417 2720 w
(20) 1972 2720 w
(Relay computer developed for traffic\255congestion problems.) 2371 2720 w
(6) 1417 2840 w
(Time rented on commercial computers.) 2371 2840 w
(1950) 720 2960 w
(5.4) 1417 2960 w
(17) 1972 2960 w
(Model VI relay computer placed in service.) 2371 2960 w
(5.4) 1417 3080 w
(18) 1972 3080 w
(Dimond\255ring translators used for semipermanent subroutines.) 2371 3080 w
(5.6) 1417 3200 w
(EDVAC vacuum\255tube computer placed in service.) 2371 3200 w
(1952) 720 3320 w
(6) 1417 3320 w
(IBM Card Programmed Calculator acquired.) 2371 3320 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Middle 1950s) 720 3440 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(10) 1417 3560 w
(Tape\255to\255tape transmission of digital data.) 2371 3560 w
(1955) 720 3680 w
(6) 1417 3680 w
(IBM 650 acquired.) 2371 3680 w
(7) 1417 3800 w
(28) 1972 3800 w
(L1 language introduced \(also known as Bell 1\).) 2371 3800 w
(12) 1417 3920 w
(66) 1972 3920 w
(Mealy's abstract model of computers.) 2371 3920 w
(1956) 720 4040 w
(5.4) 1417 4040 w
(Model VI relay computer to Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute) 2371 4040 w
(6) 1417 4160 w
(Second IBM 650 acquired.) 2371 4160 w
(7) 1417 4280 w
(L2 language introduced \(also known as Bell 2\).) 2371 4280 w
(10) 1417 4400 w
(Data transmission by telephone.) 2371 4400 w
(2) 1417 4520 w
(66) 1972 4520 w
(Moore's abstract model of computers.) 2371 4520 w
(12) 1417 4640 w
(91) 1972 4640 w
(Kruskal's algorithm for minimal spanning trees.) 2371 4640 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Late 1950s) 720 4760 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(6) 1417 4880 w
(Magnetic cores and crystal diodes used in vacuum\255tube computers.) 2371 4880 w
(7) 1417 5000 w
(Bell 1 and Bell 2 widely used on IBM 650s.) 2371 5000 w
(1957) 720 5120 w
(7) 1417 5120 w
(IBM 704 acquired.) 2371 5120 w
(8) 1417 5240 w
(BESYS\2552 placed in service.) 2371 5240 w
(9) 1417 5360 w
(Symbolic assembly languages with macros.) 2371 5360 w
(12) 1417 5480 w
(92) 1972 5480 w
(Prim's algorithm for minimal spanning trees.) 2371 5480 w
(1959) 720 5600 w
(8) 1417 5600 w
(IBM 704 installed at Whippany.) 2371 5600 w
(9) 1417 5720 w
(33) 1972 5720 w
(Conditional and recursive macros introduced.) 2371 5720 w
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10 /Times-Roman f
(\255 28 \255) 2772 480 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(Date) 720 900 w
(Section\(s\)) 1417 900 w
(Ref\(s\)) 1972 900 w
(Event) 2371 900 w
10 /S f
(_) 720 920 w
(___________________________________________________________________________________) 757 920 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(The 1960s) 720 1040 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Early 1960s) 720 1160 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(9) 1417 1280 w
(41) 1972 1280 w
(SNOBOL language.) 2371 1280 w
(10) 1417 1400 w
(Remote computing service for branch laboratories.) 2371 1400 w
(11) 1417 1520 w
(Microfilm package.) 2371 1520 w
(11) 1417 1640 w
(52) 1972 1640 w
(Plots of earth's radiation belts.) 2371 1640 w
(11) 1417 1760 w
(Movie of incoming missiles and decoys.) 2371 1760 w
(11) 1417 1880 w
(Movie of multidimensional scaling iterations.) 2371 1880 w
(12) 1417 2000 w
(74) 1972 2000 w
(Complexity studies of iterative numerical algorithms.) 2371 2000 w
(12) 1417 2120 w
(74) 1972 2120 w
(Numerical analysis contrasted with classical mathematics.) 2371 2120 w
(12) 1417 2240 w
(75) 1972 2240 w
(Tukey coins the phrase "data analysis.") 2371 2240 w
(12) 1417 2360 w
(85) 1972 2360 w
(ALPAK system for symbolic algebra.) 2371 2360 w
(1960) 720 2480 w
(4) 1417 2480 w
(GPAC analog computers to Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute) 2371 2480 w
(4) 1417 2600 w
(Commercial analog computer acquired.) 2371 2600 w
(5.4) 1417 2720 w
(Model VI relay computer arrives at the University of Bihar.) 2371 2720 w
(8) 1417 2840 w
(BESYS\2553 placed in service.) 2371 2840 w
(9) 1417 2960 w
(33) 1972 2960 w
(Macros used for language extension.) 2371 2960 w
(12) 1417 3080 w
(78) 1972 3080 w
(Sequence Diagram Simulator.) 2371 3080 w
(12) 1417 3200 w
(97) 1972 3200 w
(Theorem proving programs for first\255order predicate calculus.) 2371 3200 w
(1961) 720 3320 w
(9) 1417 3320 w
(37) 1972 3320 w
(BLODI language.) 2371 3320 w
(11) 1972 3440 w
(12) 1417 3560 w
(73) 1972 3560 w
(Vyssotsky's algorithm for global data flow analysis.) 2371 3560 w
(1962) 720 3680 w
(8) 1417 3680 w
(BESYS\2554 placed in service.) 2371 3680 w
(8) 1417 3800 w
(29) 1972 3800 w
(Compatible Time Sharing Service developed at MIT.) 2371 3800 w
(10) 1417 3920 w
(Computing center at Holmdel served from Murray Hill.) 2371 3920 w
(10) 1417 4040 w
(Data transmission via TELSTAR) 2371 4040 w
10 /LucidaSansUnicode21 f
(") 3701 4040 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(satellite demonstrated.) 3807 4040 w
(1963) 720 4160 w
(8) 1417 4160 w
(BESYS\2555 placed in service.) 2371 4160 w
(10) 1417 4280 w
(1.5 megabaud link between Murray Hill and Holmdel installed.) 2371 4280 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Middle 1960s) 720 4400 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(12) 1417 4520 w
(77) 1972 4520 w
(Probability plotting methods developed.) 2371 4520 w
(12) 1417 4640 w
(86) 1972 4640 w
(Early ALTRAN language and system.) 2371 4640 w
(1964) 720 4760 w
(8) 1417 4760 w
(BESYS\2557 placed in service.) 2371 4760 w
(8) 1417 4880 w
(30) 1972 4880 w
(Research on MULTICS begun.) 2371 4880 w
(8) 1417 5000 w
(Work on TSS begun.) 2371 5000 w
(9) 1417 5120 w
(34) 1972 5120 w
(Process III assembler.) 2371 5120 w
(11) 1417 5240 w
(53) 1972 5240 w
(Movie of satellite motion.) 2371 5240 w
(11) 1417 5360 w
(PB 250 used as intelligent terminal.) 2371 5360 w
(12) 1417 5480 w
(78) 1972 5480 w
(Network Analytic Simulator) 2371 5480 w
(1965) 720 5600 w
(11) 1417 5600 w
(54) 1972 5600 w
(Educational movie.) 2371 5600 w
(11) 1417 5720 w
(54) 1972 5720 w
(Stereographic three\255dimensional movie.) 2371 5720 w
(11) 1417 5840 w
(55) 1972 5840 w
(BEFLIX language.) 2371 5840 w
(11) 1417 5960 w
(56) 1972 5960 w
(GRAPHIC\2551 terminal.) 2371 5960 w
(12) 1417 6080 w
(79\25581) 1972 6080 w
(FFT algorithm developed.) 2371 6080 w
(1966) 720 6200 w
(9) 1417 6200 w
(38) 1972 6200 w
(L6 language.) 2371 6200 w
(10) 1417 6320 w
(Computing center at Murray Hill served from Holmdel.) 2371 6320 w
(11) 1417 6440 w
(51) 1972 6440 w
(TPLOT subroutine for drawing graphs.) 2371 6440 w
(11) 1417 6560 w
(58) 1972 6560 w
(MERCURY system for report distribution placed in service.) 2371 6560 w
(12) 1417 6680 w
(82) 1972 6680 w
(Cascade architecture for FFT processors.) 2371 6680 w
(12) 1417 6800 w
(95) 1972 6800 w
(Analyses of heuristic solutions to assignment problems.) 2371 6800 w
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10 /Times-Roman f
(\255 29 \255) 2772 480 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(Date) 720 900 w
(Section\(s\)) 1417 900 w
(Ref\(s\)) 1972 900 w
(Event) 2371 900 w
10 /S f
(_) 720 920 w
(________________________________________________________________________________) 763 920 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Late 1960s) 720 1040 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(8) 1417 1160 w
(31) 1972 1160 w
(Pioneering uses of minicomputers.) 2371 1160 w
(12) 1417 1280 w
(94) 1972 1280 w
(Heuristic methods for the traveling salesman problem.) 2371 1280 w
(1967) 720 1400 w
(8) 1417 1400 w
(IBM 360/67 acquired at Indian Hill.) 2371 1400 w
(8,10) 1417 1520 w
(GE 635/645 acquired at Murray Hill.) 2371 1520 w
(9) 1417 1640 w
(39) 1972 1640 w
(GRIN language.) 2371 1640 w
(11) 1417 1760 w
(57) 1972 1760 w
(GRAPHIC 2 terminal.) 2371 1760 w
(12) 1417 1880 w
(76) 1972 1880 w
(Analysis of very large sets of data.) 2371 1880 w
(12) 1417 2000 w
(83) 1972 2000 w
(Sequential FFT processor.) 2371 2000 w
(1968) 720 2120 w
(8) 1417 2120 w
(BE90 emulator installed.) 2371 2120 w
(10) 1417 2240 w
(47) 1972 2240 w
(Experimental loop network by Farmer and Newhall.) 2371 2240 w
(11) 1417 2360 w
(59) 1972 2360 w
(BELLREL library circulation system placed in service.) 2371 2360 w
(11) 1417 2480 w
(60) 1972 2480 w
(DATAPLUS system for interactive information retrieval.) 2371 2480 w
(1969) 720 2600 w
(8) 1417 2600 w
(Last IBM 7094 at Bell Labs retired.) 2371 2600 w
(8) 1417 2720 w
(32) 1972 2720 w
(UNIX operating system developed.) 2371 2720 w
(9) 1417 2840 w
(40) 1972 2840 w
(MUSIC\255V language.) 2371 2840 w
(12) 1417 2960 w
(70) 1972 2960 w
(Algorithm for optimal code generation on simple machines.) 2371 2960 w
(12) 1417 3080 w
(71) 1972 3080 w
(Code generator for the EPL language for ESS computers.) 2371 3080 w
(12) 1417 3200 w
(76) 1972 3200 w
(Statistical data language.) 2371 3200 w
(12) 1417 3320 w
(84) 1972 3320 w
(Parallel FFT algorithm.) 2371 3320 w
(12) 1417 3440 w
(93) 1972 3440 w
(Algorithm to generate all the spanning trees of a graph.) 2371 3440 w
10 /Times-Bold f
(The 1970s) 720 3560 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Early 1970s) 720 3680 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(9) 1417 3800 w
(45) 1972 3800 w
(C language.) 2371 3800 w
(12) 1417 3920 w
(77) 1972 3920 w
(Advances in formal language theory.) 2371 3920 w
(12) 1417 4040 w
(77) 1972 4040 w
(Interactive color displays.) 2371 4040 w
(9,12) 1417 4160 w
(87) 1972 4160 w
(Revised ALTRAN language and portable implementation.) 2371 4160 w
(1970) 720 4280 w
(8) 1417 4280 w
(IBM TSS fully operational at Indian Hill.) 2371 4280 w
(9) 1417 4400 w
(35) 1972 4400 w
(SWAP assembler.) 2371 4400 w
(10) 1417 4520 w
(48) 1972 4520 w
(Loop network proposed by Pierce.) 2371 4520 w
(10) 1417 4640 w
(49) 1972 4640 w
(SPIDER network proposed by Fraser.) 2371 4640 w
(12) 1417 4760 w
(89) 1972 4760 w
(Polynomial GCD algorithm.) 2371 4760 w
(12) 1417 4880 w
(90) 1972 4880 w
(Polynomial factoring algorithm.) 2371 4880 w
(1971) 720 5000 w
(9) 1417 5000 w
(36) 1972 5000 w
(CENTRAN compiler \(also known as ETC\).) 2371 5000 w
(9) 1417 5120 w
(42) 1972 5120 w
(SNOBOL\2554 language.) 2371 5120 w
(1972) 720 5240 w
(8) 1417 5240 w
(BE90 emulator retired.) 2371 5240 w
(9) 1417 5360 w
(43) 1972 5360 w
(Portable SNOBOL\2554 processor.) 2371 5360 w
(10) 1417 5480 w
(50) 1972 5480 w
(Bell Labs Interlocation Computing Network proposed.) 2371 5480 w
(1973) 720 5600 w
(11) 1417 5600 w
(61) 1972 5600 w
(Master Links data management system.) 2371 5600 w
(11) 1417 5720 w
(61) 1972 5720 w
(Natural Dialogue system for interactive dialogue.) 2371 5720 w
(11) 1417 5840 w
(62) 1972 5840 w
(Off\255the\255Shelf system for developing IMSs.) 2371 5840 w
(11) 1417 5960 w
(31) 1972 5960 w
(Experimental automated directory assistance system.) 2371 5960 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(Middle 1970s) 720 6080 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(11) 1417 6200 w
(TROFF language.) 2371 6200 w
(1974) 720 6320 w
(9) 1417 6320 w
(44) 1972 6320 w
(PFORT Verifier.) 2371 6320 w
(10) 1417 6440 w
(Bell Labs Interlocation Computing Network completed.) 2371 6440 w
(12) 1417 6560 w
(96) 1972 6560 w
(Analyses of heuristic solutions to packing problems.) 2371 6560 w
(1975) 720 6680 w
(12) 1417 6680 w
(68) 1972 6680 w
(Formal language theory applied to ambiguous grammars.) 2371 6680 w
(12) 1417 6800 w
(69) 1972 6800 w
(YACC parser generator developed.) 2371 6800 w
(12) 1417 6920 w
(72) 1972 6920 w
(General algorithm for optimal code generation.) 2371 6920 w
(12) 1417 7040 w
(88) 1972 7040 w
(Rational expression evaluation package for ALTRAN.) 2371 7040 w
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